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Julie Nguyo
@jnguyo
Fri, 13 Sep 2024

SSD24_DAY 2: Afrikan Suns: Nourishing the African Film Ecosystem

DocA collaborated with Docubox in the compelling panel “Afrikan Suns: Nourishing the African Film Ecosystem.” This discussion emphasised the necessity of discovering and supporting African storytellers to boost Africa’s representation globally. Essential actions include nurturing talent, offering financial support, and showcasing their work on both local and international platforms. Together, we are committed to reclaiming and illuminating Africa’s narratives on the global stage.

Panels

Support
@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa(Sierra Leone)

Panels

SIERRA LEONE, THE COUNTRY

Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests.

Freetown, located in the Western Area of the country, is the capital and largest city, as well as its economic, commercial and political centre. Bo, located in the Southern Province of the country, is the country’s second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.

The population of Sierra Leone comprises about sixteen ethnic groups, each with its own language and costume. The two largest and most influential are the Temne and the Mende.

Although English is the language of instruction in schools and the official language in government administration, the Krio language (derived from English and several indigenous African languages) is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leone’s different ethnic groups, and is spoken by 90% of the country’s population.

Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the largest producers of titanium, bauxite and is a major producer of gold. The country has one of the world’s largest deposits of rutile. Sierra Leone is also home to the third largest natural harbor in the world, where shipping from all over the globe berth at Freetown’s famous Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Despite this natural wealth, 70% of the country’s people live in poverty.

Between 1991 and 2002 the Sierra Leone Civil War devastated the country, leaving more than 50,000 people dead, much of the country’s infrastructure destroyed, and over two million people displaced in neighboring countries as refugees; mainly to Guinea, which was home to over 600,000 Sierra Leonean refugees.

 

HISTORY OF FILMMAKING IN SIERRA LEONE 

Due to the 10 year civil war that ravaged the country, Sierra Leone has lost all of its archives. Filmmaking in Sierra Leone started after the war ended in 2000, thus it is a fairly young industry.

 

THE FILM INDUSTRY IN SIERRA LEONE

RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRIEF

The film industry in Sierra Leone is relatively very young, filmmaking took off about 5 years ago and the country is still struggling to put structures together as those that used to exist were destroyed by the 10 year civil war. The idea or concept of documentary films is still in infancy. There have been a few attempts with NGOs commissioning documentaries, but it is still a relatively unexplored area.

The major challenge faced by filmmakers in Sierra Leone is a lack of basic knowledge. Young filmmakers there teach themselves to make films. Other challenges include funding for productions, availability of equipment and training facilities.

Professional Developmental Support

There is little or no structure in the film industry in Sierra Leone. There are no funds available from the government for filmmakers in Sierra Leone, there are no film schools, government or private, and there are no regulatory bodies for film. There are two guilds in Sierra Leone: The Sierra Leone Film Industry Labor and Marketing Guild and the Sun Valley Guild. Their contribution to the industry is limited to their understanding and experiences.

Film festivals started recently in Sierra Leone. There are only two that include documentary so far, We One Human Rights Film Festival and The Sierra Leone International Film Festival. Government archives are said to have been burnt down during the war. Sierra Leone Broadcasting Cooperation (SLBC) formerly government owned is the only nationwide TV service and they do not broadcast throughout the country. The broadcast media do not commission works from filmmakers. You have to pay air time. The government recently passed a copyright law in Sierra Leone, its effectiveness however is yet to be seen.

Distribution and audience cultivation:

Feature length films are distributed in the form of DVDs, via street hawkers. Cinema houses have long ceased to operate and so films do not premiere, they go straight to DVD. Audience cultivation is through posters, banners, radio, TV adverts and billboards. Documentary films are not popular in Sierra Leone, but those made are distributed through the internet (Facebook, My Space, YouTube) and film festivals.

SLFilmNet

The Sierra Leone Film Network (SLFilm.Net) is the country’s first dedicated online resource for Sierra Leone film. It hosts a national film database (in progress) and social networking and collaborative tools designed specifically for the benefit of all those with an interest in Sierra Leone films; filmmakers and industry professionals, investors, researchers and academics, as well as audiences world wide. The first iteration started in 2008 and has been improving ever since. (N.B. It is currently off-line and being completely rebuilt for a planned relaunch in early 2014.)

SLFilmTV    www.slfilm.tv

SLFilm TV grew from an early project (XTV-SL) and the first of its kind to provide an online production and broadcasting platform for young Sierra Leone filmmakers. This became SLFilmTV, an online platform that serves to deliver Sierra Leone films to a global internet audience. It is used to screen works from the Sierra Leone Film Foundation and will also screen works from the Sierra Leone Film Archive Project.

Structure and Focus of funding

Funding as suggested by filmmakers on the ground should be focused on training, skills development of filmmakers, acquiring equipment and setting up recognised organisations like a censorship board and advocacy groups for filmmakers. Filmmakers believe that any funds coming in should not be passed through the government. It should be administered through NGOs or an organisation specifically set up to administer the funds.

Legal Framework and regulatory environment

A representative from the Ministry of Information insists the government would have no objection if funding were to be brought in for filmmakers as long as it went through proper government processing.

 

QUALITATIVE STUDY 

REGULATORY BODIES FOR FILM IN SIERRA LEONE

Volume of film produced in Sierra Leone in a 5 year period: There are no statistics available. Numbers provided are speculations made available by filmmakers on the ground

The film industry in Sierra Leone is very young. Sierra Leonean feature length movies became popular only about 3 years ago. Estimating volume of films produced annually is difficult as most records were destroyed during the 10 year civil war. Filmmakers in the country estimate the number of feature length films produced annually to be about 50.

There are no statistics for documentaries produced in Sierra Leone, but a general estimate given by experienced filmmakers is one documentary for every ten films produced.

REGULATORY ORGANISATIONS FOR FILM IN SIERRA LEONE

There are no regulatory organisations for film in Sierra Leone.

 

FILM EDUCATION IN SIERRA LEONE

GOVERNMENT FILM SCHOOL

There are no Government Film Schools in Sierra Leone.

PRIVATE FILM SCHOOLS IN SIERRA LEONE

There are no well organised film schools in Sierra Leone, but there are some organisations that purport to teach film.

WE OWN TV

(http://www.weowntv.org)

About We Own TV

We Own TV debuted in Sierra Leone in January 2009 as a continuation of seven years of collaboration between the founders with artists and humanitarian organisations in the region.

In 2002, the founders of We Own TV began their work in Sierra Leone as the filmmaking team behind the documentary film Sierra Leone’s Refugee All Stars (2006) which won more than a dozen international film festival awards and has been viewed by millions via broadcast television in North America, Latin America, Europe, Japan, Korea, South Africa and Uganda. Experiencing the inspiration this story has brought to the people of Sierra Leone and war-torn communities around the world has been life-changing for the filmmakers and fueled the fire for launching We Own TV.

The intention of the organisation is to continually reinforce the idea that no one is more qualified to help Sierra Leone than Sierra Leoneans themselves. We Own TV aims to build on this spirit of self-reliance as community members, specifically young men and women affected by more than a decade of war, are given the opportunity to create their own stories in their own words. Project participants areencouraged to look within to find their voice. In Sierra Leone there are incredible oral traditions that exist within the culture and it is this tradition that informs the storytelling enabled by newly acquired skills of film and video production.

We Own TV launched in Sierra Leone by facilitating a month-long filmmaking workshop for 18 young men and women just outside the capital city Freetown. Leveraging a community-engaged curriculum in which project participants collaboratively create and produce their own independent media, We Own TV aims to engage a wide-range of participants-from young media professionals and students, to ex-combatant, street kids and former prostitutes.

The inaugural class of We Own TV participants was selected not based on technical skills or prior experience, but on the enthusiasm, eloquence and sense of purpose each of them exhibited during the interview process. Many participants had never held a camera or touched a computer and many have not finished school, but they each demonstrated an incredible strength and resolve in overcoming tragic circumstances. The aspiring filmmakers came from all areas of the country: the diamond mining district of Kono, the dusty small town of Makeni (a rebel stronghold during the war) and from the hardscrabble slums of the country’s capital city, Freetown. The group also includes physically disabled individuals, all of whom showed they have a remarkable gift to give in their creativity.

Through its educational programmes, the establishment of a Media Center in Freetown and exhibition support through its website and licensing agreements, We Own TV will provide the continued technical support, encouragement and training that will allow these young adults to produce their own media, enabling them to share their stories and creative voices with the world and reawaken their imaginations to the possibility of positive change.

 

AUDIO-VISUAL/ DOCUMENTARY ARCHIVES

Some audio-visual archives may be found at the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Cooperation.

 

SIERRA LEONE BROADCASTING COOPERATION

The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services (SLBS) was created by the government in 1934 making it the earliest English language radio broadcast service in West Africa.

SLBS recently became SLBC when they became independent from the Sierra Leone Government.

 

GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING BODIES FOR FILM

There are no governmental funding bodies for film in Sierra Leone.

 

NON-GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING BODIES FOR DOCUMENTARY FILMMAKERS

There are no organisations that fund filmmaking/ documentary filmmaking in Sierra Leone. Though this may change if the Sierra Leone Film Foundation is successful in its efforts to create a fund for this purpose.

 

ADVOCACY  GROUPS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

SIERRA LEONE FILM INDUSTRY LABOR AND MARKETING GUILD (S.L.F.L.M)

www.slfilmguild.org

Background History

Recognising the need for the attainment and maintenance of professional standards of practice in the Sierra Leone film industry, the Sierra Leone Film Guild is the first initiative to develop an internationally recognised national membership organisation for professionals working in all aspects of the Sierra Leone film industry.

Working with leading organisations in the UK and Africa, an internationally recognised constitutional framework has been developed. Using this framework, and through member-led democratic processes a credible professional body hopes to create international recognition of Sierra Leone’s filmmaking professionals.

The Guild’s primary purpose is to promote the interests of those working in the film-making sector by organising professionals and using our collective influence to persuade employers to treat their staff fairly, be they employed or freelance. Improvements to pay, conditions of employment and the proper protection of the workforce through a commitment to improving health and safety, equality and training define the SLFILM Guild.

In summary, the SLFILM Guild aims to:

  • bring Sierra Leone’s film professionals – individuals and groups – together to define and pursue common and mutually beneficial policies
  • to lobby the Government to implement policies that will benefit all people at work, especially those in the film, media and other related sectors
  • campaign on economic and social issues
  • represent working professionals on public bodies
  • represent Sierra Leone workers in international bodies
  • carry out research on film industry employment- related issues
  • collaborate with training and education programmes for Guild representatives
  • help develop new services for members
  • arbitrate disputes between film professionals or organisations
  • build links with other professional and trade union bodies worldwide

The formation of the Guild is the product of the dedication of its founding members and other supportive individuals and organisations who have worked long and hard over a period of five years to finally realise this dream for the future benefit of all present and future in the Sierra Leone film industry. As the country’s first internationally recognised organisation of its kind, the formation of the Guild has also now established Sierra Leone’s embryonic film industry’s credentials as a serious and legitimate player amongst the wider international filmmaking industry.

In accordance with international policy agreements, Sierra Leone legislation gives everyone the right to belong to a trade union.

The SL Film Guild is administrated by its members and exists solely to support and promote the interests of Sierra Leone’s film professionals.

THE SIERRA LEONE NATIONAL FILM UNION (SUNVALLEY)

http://sunvalleysalone.com

A brief history

After summarising the need for a strong and formidable film union, we the members of the “SIERRA LEONE NATIONAL FILM UNION” shall bring all filmmakers, actors and actresses together for the betterment and progress of members regardless of their category of literacy, social, race, religion, ethnicity, cultural and political backgrounds. Also recognising the rate at which people are developing interest in filming and other forces trying to frustrate the efforts of filmmakers and actors through piracy, it was ultimately purposeful to facilitate a process to build a strong union to ensure that the vision of filmmaking and acting is actualised. Filmmaking in the country is becoming a stepping stone in addressing the unemployment among youth and young adults. The film union shall therefore encourage and protect all the rights and welfare of the film houses and their members. It is therefore necessary for the founders to establish the “SIERRA LEONE NATIONAL FILM UNION” to serve as a national body comprising of representatives of all categories of persons and film houses.

SIERRA LEONE FILM FOUNDATION

www.sierraleonefilmfoundation.org

The Sierra Leone Film Foundation is a Sierra Leone non-profit organization founded to support the long-term sustainable development and promotion of a Sierra Leone filmmaking industry.

As the first organisation of its kind in Sierra Leone, founded by Sierra Leone film industry professionals, and supported by international groups and individuals, the Foundation aims to work collaboratively with national and international industry stakeholders including government and civic agencies, non-profit organisations, corporate institutions as well as film industry professionals, academics and general audiences. With the support of all stakeholders, it aims to further support for Sierra Leone national and international productions, co-productions, events, programmes and related campaigns and projects that will provide mutual benefit for filmmakers and audiences in Sierra Leone as well as in countries around the world.

Through our various projects, the Foundation aims to bring together the skills, talents, experiences and resources, as well as the interest and enthusiasm for Sierra Leone filmmaking that abounds in Sierra Leone and beyond. By channeling these energies in the support of the development of a sustainable Sierra Leone filmmaking practice, its aim is to ensure that Sierra Leone filmmaking is developed, established and sustained as a permanent and positive contribution to the continued social, cultural and economic development of Sierra Leone.

The SL Film Foundation develops and maintains a variety of projects that are designed to help in the formulation and implementation of a viable strategic infrastructure for the development of a national filmmaking sector; one that will help support and shape the positive development of Sierra Leone filmmaking.

NATIONAL FILM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

As the first national film organisation of its kind, the Foundation has contributed to the establishment and development of the following sectors:-

 

  • Professional Training & Education
  • Film Festivals & Events
  • Industry Standards and Regulations
  • National Research & Development
Research and Development

Other projects that are currently underway include:

  • Film Archives: Compiling the country’s first national archive and online database of Sierra Leone
  • Film Distribution: Exploring international commercial distribution opportunities to provide increased reach for Sierra Leone filmmakers to bigger audiences and international revenues to further support their filmmaking
  • Film Funding: Identifying sources of funding through traditional sources as well as developing a film finance programme for Sierra Leone
  • Film Council: Supporting initiatives to develop a national film council to co-ordinate and lead the development of the film
  • Film Institute: Researching the acquisition of a building to provide a central hub and focus for national filmmaking activities and resources, including training, production/editing facilities, screenings, etc.

 

DOCUMENTARY FILM FESTIVALS IN SIERRA LEONE

ABOUT OPIN YU YI (OPEN YOUR EYES) FILM FESTIVAL
Vision

Visual storytelling, through film, has significant power to convey messages, promote public engagement and policy change. As Sierra Leone continues to rebuild and reconcile following years of extensive human rights violations, this first Human Rights Film Festival intends to play a role in cultivating knowledge and commitment to human rights principles amongst all Sierra Leoneans, particularly young people. We hope to empower and inspire individuals to support and defend human rights principles by opening their eyes.

Focus

The festival is aimed at students, civil society and policy makers as well as the general public. Many people do not have access to films with such powerful messages due to lack of distribution and available venues in Sierra Leone.

The films featured include internationally acclaimed documentary and feature films with human rights themes as well as short advocacy films, features and documentaries made by Sierra Leonean filmmakers and civil society.

Founders

Idriss Kpange is a Sierra Leonean filmmaker, video journalist for Reuters and founder of multimedia studio, Concept Multimedia. He has worked on several projects with human rights themes, such as Lost Freetown, Without Borders and Leh Wi Learn Buk.

Sabrina Mahtani is a human rights lawyer who has worked in Sierra Leone for over six years. She is co- founder and Executive Director of AdvocAid, a civil society organisation which works with girls and women in conflict with the law.

Organising Partner

Our organising partner is Concept Multimedia, a Sierra Leonean multimedia studio whose aim is to use multimedia to document the voices, stories and creativity of Sierra Leone as well as raise awareness, create conversation and generate change.

THE SIERRA LEONE INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL

Website: http://www.sierraleoneinternationalfilmfestival.com/

About Sierra Leone International Film Festival

The Sierra Leone International Film Festival (SLIFF) is a year-round collaborative film exploration featuring ongoing education programmes and an annual six day film festival. Through its programmes SLIFF aims to create a platform for audiences to rejoice in the culture and communities of Sierra Leone as they experience cinema from around the world.

The annual festival takes place in the capital city of Freetown, with additional screenings and education programmes in Kenema, Bo, Kono and Makeni. This allows the festival to reach across tribal and political lines unifying the country in a positive, creative, educational experience while hosting international visitors and sharing in the world of cinema together. Whether festival goers are screening international documentary and feature films, participating in workshops, hand rowing a tree canoe to Bunce Island slave port, taking in an evening screening on the beach or discussing film at a panel in a remote village, the Sierra Leone International Film Festival is an experience like no other.

 

INTERVIEWS WITH KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

Idriss Kpange is a young and upcoming filmmaker/TV correspondent in Sierra Leone. He has a diploma in Reporting and Documentary Making from the Deutsche Welle TV academy Accra Ghana. He is the director of Lost Freetown a documentary of environmental degradation. He is the founder and General Manger of Concept Multimedia -Studios.

Dr. Julius Spencer is a former Minister of information and communications in Sierra Leone and a veteran in the film industry. He has a PhD in Theatre Arts and has taught Mass Communications as a Senior Lecturer at the Fuorabay College Sierra Leone. Dr. Spencer has produced and directed several films such as CRACK (2008), and BUILDING BRIDGES (1997).He is currently the Managing Director of Premier Media Consultancy and has been active in the movie industry.

Pastor Aiah Momoh, is the President of the Sierra Leone National Film Union (SunValley). He is a graduate of the school of Evangelism and Mission, and a pastor and a filmmaker. He is the C.E.O and Director of The Ushers Film Company.

INTERVIEWS WITH KEY PLAYERS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

INTERVIEW WITH DR. JULIUS SPENCER
Filmmaker and Managing Director of Premier Media Group
FO: I have read a lot about you, I have read about your work, your contributions, and the investments you have made in the industry yourself, so you are an obvious choice in Sierra Leone to talk about. Idriss, I am sure he is a young filmmaker you know, Velma is also a young creative who I am sure you must be familiar with. To me, the energy of what they are doing is what I have also tried to immerse myself in — to talk to the young people and ask them what they are doing, what do they wish, would happen. However, all of that is immaterial if I don’t get the background on where the industry has come from, what structures were put in place and how you see the industry in terms of how it can be stabilised. I want to break my conversation into three parts:
Part one would be in film and education building, the kind of structures that are on ground and the type that you think should be on the ground.
Secondly, in terms of funding for emerging filmmakers, after they get skills, they have to make films. How do they make those film, what should the structure of the funding be, who should administer the funding?
The third part is in terms of government regulations. Are there guilds, should there be guilds, are those guilds effective, will those guilds interfere with any intervention that is progressive in financial terms? And then government also along those lines, are there laws that need to be enacted, are there laws against outside intervention in terms of bringing in funding?
If you could introduce yourself and just give us a bit of a background: your contribution, your time in government, what you are doing now in the private sector, your media property and then give me a background of the film industry in Sierra Leone, where it came from and how you see what’s going on in the tribe now?

JS: I am Julius Spencer, currently Managing Director of Premier Media Group Limited as it is now called, it is used to be called Premier Media Consultancy Limited. My background is originally in theatre. I studied theatre arts at the University of Ibadan, I did a Masters and PhD there, taught in the school there, did some work on television in Nigeria as a means of survival, wrote some scripts, acted on television dramas in Ibadan and then came back home. I taught at the Njala University College for about three years and then transferred to Fuorabay College, taught English, taught Drama, then set up a small theatre company called Spence Productions and started doing live theatre. After a while I moved into radio drama, TV drama, documentaries and so on. Then I went on sabbatical to Boston University and sat in on some film and television production courses. Then the coup happened in Sierra Leone. I came back and set up a radio station for the government in exile called RADIO DEMOCRACY. After the government was restored, I became the Minister of Information, Communication, Tourism and Culture for about a year and after the signing of the peace agreement, the ministry was broken up and I became Minister of Information and Broadcasting. I left government in 2001 and I set up Premier Media Consultancy as a corporate profit making body. We started in a small space somewhere else and started doing the same kind of things that Spence Production was doing — the theatre, the radio drama, TV drama and so on and then we moved into public relations and events management. Then we set up a newspaper and a radio station. Now we are in the process of restructuring, so we now have Premier Media Group and we are going to have subsidiaries, premier PR and events, premier films, premier news corporation which should be the radio, the newspaper, the internet maybe at some point and the television hopefully. In the area of film production, my first effort was in 1994, and prior to that there had been a couple of attempts by others. There had been one in the late ‘80s directed by Pat Madi, in fact I think it was some Nigerians who came and wanted to do production linked up with a playwright who had done this play and they tried to convert it to a film but it didn’t work — but that was the first attempt, it was in 1988 or 1989. Around the same time, we did our first film, it was 94awa and there was also another one which was done by another group, it was called wan bone and pikin by the Bell brothers. Those were the earliest efforts. After we did that one in 1994, we then did another one in 1995, Off to America and after that we stopped because we had huge challenges with marketing. We could not recover investments. We did another one in 2008, it was shot in 2005 but released in 2008, it is called Crack and it did better than the earlier ones. In fact, by that time obviously, I had acquired more skills as a director. The other person who I believe has done a lot of work in film is Jimmy Bangura (jimmy b), who I hope you will be talking to because he has done a number of movies, worked with Nigerians, Ghanaians and his movies are screened on DSTV and so on. Generally I will say in a way that catalogues the history of filmmaking here,I think in the past a year or two years, there has been some kind of massive interest in filmmaking in Sierra Leone. A lot of movies are being produced now. We have about one every two weeks being released, most of them are of very poor quality because the filmmakers don’t know anything about film production, but they are enthusiastic.

There is also a huge interest from the public. Right now there has been such an interest in Sierra Leonean movies that people are no longer buying Nigerian movies. They want to buy Sierra Leone movies. So if you look around the streets, you will see all these posters of movies all over the place. There’s also a new copyright law which was established early last year. It is a much better legal regime for copyright issues such as penalties and so forth. That has helped in terms of marketing movies. On the side of training, there is very little or nothing. I know Balanta Academy at some point was trying to do something but I don’t know if they are still doing it, and there is nothing at the university. There is really nowhere you can go to study film production. Fuorabay College has a mass communication programme, they do some TV production, but it is a weak programme. In fact, I taught in it for a couple of years after I left government but I didn’t have enough time so I gave up teaching. So, training, I think it’s critical. We need a lot of training. In the area of documentary film production, I think there is a bit more competence because of television but even that is very limited. The quality of local documentary production you see on television is rather weak. I think there are a few people who are trying to produce documentaries. We have done a few but we only do documentaries if somebody hires us to do them and we have done quite a few for companies, government departments and so on. In a nutshell, I think that there is a great need for training.

I am not aware of any legal regime that prohibits funding coming in or assistance of any form. We do not have a censorship board or film classification board, it doesn’t exist. We used to have one long ago but it’s moribund. In fact, I had a discussion with the minister a couple of weeks ago and raised the issue that we need to establish film classification because some of the movies that some people are trying to produce now… some people are moving into quite a bit of explicit sex in the movies. I don’t have anything against that but it needs to be classified so that people will know that this kind of movie, kids are not allow to watch it etc. The minister liked the idea. I am suppose to send him some proposals which I have not yet gotten around to doing. They have training also and I have proposed some short time training courses which I am prepared to lead. I also spoke to the university vice chancellor about the university getting involved and partnering so that whatever training we organise can be certificated by the university and he liked the idea and he was going to pass it on to the Dean of Arts. Again, I haven’t followed up, so basically that’s where we are.

FO: Thank you very much. I want to just ask a few questions because really you are like an elder statesman. Strangely enough, I did a documentary once and it’s amazing how many of the African cultural intelligentia had spent time in Ibadan. I wanted to ask… why you think African stories, the experience of Africans, remains so untold in their own voice. Why is the global information order as of today so disadvantageous to the experiences of Africans as a whole?

JS: I think it is a combination of factors. First of all, maybe because we live in it, we do not always see it and we do not recognise the need to tell the story. We sit around ourselves and tell the story and at times we turn it into jokes, especially in Sierra Leone. We tell the stories to ourselves but we do not recognise the importance of telling the story to others.

Secondly, there is a lack of skill sets. In a way, we do not have enough people with the skills to be able to tell the story effectively and to be able to get into the international media. You have to be able to achieve a certain quality and format which not many Africans are competent with.

Then there are the bread and butter issues, many of us are so engaged with just making a living, just being able to get the basics, we do not have time… For example, I have ideas to do documentaries that I have been toying with for years. I will not be able to get down to doing it because I just do not have the time, even to write my own memoirs. I have lived a very interesting life — I have been to prison, I have been in the war front, I have carried a weapon myself, I have done all kinds of things. I have not been able to sit down and write it because my days are taken up with just being able to make a living in this part of the world. If I were to have maybe three months where I didn’t have to worry about where I am going to make my next whatever. I’d write. I would have written long ago — it’s been more than ten years and I haven’t written anything. I haven’t even been able to sit down and read for leisure. I don’t have the time because I am working. I come here in the morning and at times I am in this office till 9 or 10 at night. I think that also is a factor.

The knowledge and the ability to access funding is also an issue. Most of us either do not know where to go to get the funds or do not have the skills to be able to do the proposals that will attract the funding to be able to do the work that needs to be done. I think it’s a combination of factors. Also, non-Africans come into Africa and some of the things we take for granted, they see. I’ll give you an example. I grew up in Sierra Leone, all my schooling was in Sierra Leone, my first degree was in Sierra Leone, and then I went to Nigeria. It was while I was in Nigeria doing research for my PhD that I discovered publications about Sierra Leoneans. That was when I came home on vacation and I heard for the first time about somebody who is famous in America. He is not quite famous in Sierra Leone. He was a guy called Sengbe Pieh who staged a mutiny on a slave ship and that group of Sierra Leoneans eventually landed in America. They are credited with having inspired the abolitionist movement and helping to end slavery. I knew nothing about him and it took an American lecturing at Fuorabay College…A friend of mine was in that course and fortunately he recorded the lecture and he gave it to me and he said, “Go listen to this”, and I went home that night and I decided to listen to it. It was on cassette then and I couldn’t believe my ears. I couldn’t sleep and was spellbound listening to the story of this Sierra Leonean that I had never heard about. Another famous Sierra Leonean Bai Bureh, whom we grew up singing derogatory songs about staged a revolt against colonialism called the Hut Tax War (1898) and eventually he was sent into exile. We had these derogatory songs we learned as children and it was when I was in Nigeria doing my research that

I came across some of the dispatches from the British governor about him and I came to understand what had really happened to him and I ended up writing a play about him later. I eventually wrote an article that led me to travel and lecture in different countries. While I was doing my research for my PhD, I was of the impression that as far as theatre in Sierra Leone is concerned, it emerged during the colonial period with peasant African gatherings, but while I was in Nigeria I discovered an article written by a German about a Mende story teller in Sierra Leone which was pure theatre. I came back home and I searched for the man, I found him. I observed some of his performances and I wrote this article called the Mende story telling theatre which became quite widely circulated. It was published in Theatre Quarterly, a major theatre magazine. The amazing thing for me was that I had lived all my life here, yet I did not know about these things because they were not taught in schools. Our education was tailored in the white man’s image so the history we were taught was from the white man’s perspective. It is only recently that Africans have been writing history books that tell it from our perspective.

There are all of these factors ,which is why I think that we have not yet been able to tell our own stories effectively. Some of those problems are disappearing with the histories being almost re-written and more people are understanding the issue but the other challenges still remain.

FO: I need to ask about the civil war and the impact on the cultural landscape. I see all these young people who are now creating and trying to express themselves. The accessibility of digital media is empowering younger people, they don’t need big equipment to create things anymore. Their laptops, their software and DSLR cameras liberate them to tell a story. As someone who has lived through several stages of Sierra Leonean history, what do you think the impact of that period is on this new generation? As someone who was in government before, what are your feelings about how this whole cultural industry is beginning to emerge and what do you see going into the future with this particular generation?

JS: I think that the generation that were either very young or grown up during the war, particularly those who directly experienced the war have a different kind of attitude towards life than those of us who knew Sierra Leone before the war. There is quite a bit more aggression, there is a propensity to violence but also there is quite a bit of anger largely because we have not been able to, in a way, provide for them. Many young people missed out on their childhood. They missed out on education at a certain stage so they are disadvantaged in many ways. In terms of the creative industries, I think that what has been happening in Sierra Leone has been happening without any real support from government. Music blossomed in Sierra Leone in early 2000 and there was a time when you could go to parties, you could go to night clubs and Sierra Leone music was being played. Then there was a reversal. But it is better now than it was before and you have a lot of young people who want to get involved in the performing arts. When the music industry blossomed, everybody wanted to be a musician but now everybody wants to be an actor or an actress. If I were to call an audition here now, this whole building would not be big enough. We have auditioned for a month and the place was full everyday and people were paying to go register to audition but I never knew that it would be like that. Every day, I receive calls about the movies that will be released and everyday, I receive several calls with people asking, “How can I join your industry?” I tell them to come to the office with their picture or leave their contact details and I tell them that if we have anything, we will call you.

So interestingly, it is the females that seem to be desperate to go on screen. I think they have this idea of glamour and so on, so there is a huge enthusiasm among young people to get involved in the performing arts. Unfortunately, successive governments have not yet recognised the importance of the creative industry and what they can do for this country. I have had discussions with the last government and this government. We developed a cultural policy with help from UNESCO. It’s been sitting now for about five years and nothing has happened with it and in fact, they did another validation workshop conference and the cabinet of the last government in their last few weeks approved it. It was supposed to go for legislation to create a council or commission for arts and culture but nothing happened. This government came in, and I raised the matter with them. They said they were going to do something but nothing happened and after a while, they said they need to revalidate it. They did another validation conference, and then nothing happened again.

Without a cultural policy in place, without an institution that has a responsibility to harness the power of the cultural industry, to be able to help them develop we are not really going to make much headway. All that has been happening has been happening by individual efforts without any support from government, without even a frame of being in place. I think some of these things need to be put in place for things to really happen. Any time I talk to anybody in government, I raise the issue about the work we should be doing with the cultural industry. We could create jobs for young people. Young people will not only be able to make a living, they will become wealthy. Look at what Hollywood has done for America, look at what Bollywood has done for India, look at what Nollywood is doing for Nigeria, look at the music industry in Nigeria, look at Ghana. Somehow, people don’t seem to see the importance of that. So you have all these young people who have some talents. They need some training, they need support, they need guidance, which they are not getting, so some of them who have talent try, they start and then they get frustrated and move on to doing something else. We have lot of people who want to do something in the performing arts but they don’t have the opportunity, they don’t have the support, they don’t have access to training opportunities, so after a while, it fizzles out. They have a few who make it even without any of that kind of support but if the support were available, they would do even better than they are doing. I am not quite sure of what the future holds. I think until and unless we can establish a council or commission for arts and culture, and task it with helping this sector develop, nothing much will happen. Some of us will do what we can as individuals, some of us have been trying, and quite a number of people have been doing the best they can but it gets to a point where without some kind of support, without some kind of establishment that can help structure things, nothing happens.

Then there is the copyright law. For the copyright law to be effective, there has to be a collection society. It has not been established because really left to ourselves, we don’t seem to be able to get together and organise things. This is partly because the majority of us do not have the technical or intellectual background to be able to structure these things properly and to set up what needs to be set up and do it right. Everybody has their own ideas. The vast majority of Sierra Leonean artists have had no exposure, no training, and everybody believes he or she is an expert, and so there we are.

FO: If there is going to be intervention, how do you suggest that it be structured? What strategies, in your opinion, will be imperative for the intervention to have the widest impact and the most positive outcomes?

JS: I think that some organisation needs to be set up or needs to get together, maybe like a guild of producers. Maybe that will be the first thing that we need to get together — a guild of producers that could get together and have a proper structure and whatever support could then come through that guild. There has to be some training component and there has to be some equipment support. I think those would be the two main things that need to be in place . There is some in terms of copyright. We also need to probably encourage and maybe support government to establish the censorship or film classification board. I think that if we have the film classification board in place and we have the guild of producers in place, we can then provide the leadership for whatever organisation needs to be put in place and then the training could probably be linked up with the university.

I think that kind of coordinated triumvirate — film classification board, guild of producers, university should be able to make things move. If you have that in place and then technical support for the training for some period, maybe even somebody coming to administer the guild for a while… also for the film classification because as far as I know, I don’t think anybody is still alive who served on the film censorship board in those days but in terms of people who have had some experience of running that kind of institution, I don’t think there are many people in this country. When it comes to appointments which are done by government, you can almost be sure that the right people are unlikely to get appointed. So we may have an institution set up which doesn’t have the capacity to do what it needs to do, because the right people are not there, and it does not have the support.

If we have a new set-up and appointments are made, there must be at least one technical person who has the skills and knowledge, and who can provide the guidance to the institution. Then it could work, and for the producer’s guild as well. Part of the problem is that we are all too busy to do the kind of administrative work that is necessary. So we need a structure with the right people.

FO: I just want to ask you a final question about your work as an entrepreneur. Where do you think the opportunities lie? You clearly have the resources, the business plan, the structure… how is business?

JS: Bad (laughs), we don’t have the resources. I think because of public relations we are able to create the impression that we have the resources. Our major problem is financing. In the area of film production, I believe that we have a great future both in documentary production and feature film, etc., so I am working on raising finances to be able to do that. In fact, my idea is to basically be almost like a production company, but first of all we need to have enough people who know what to do. I used the models that I used for Spence Productions which was a theatre company. We had a small team. In fact, I only had one full time employee at a time and when we wanted to do a production, we’d hire people then.

In the area of film production, to hire people, you have to have people who know what to do — cameramen, directors, actors and actresses, lighting technicians, etc. Scriptwriters are the major area where we have a problem. Premier Media cannot produce enough movies on its own to satisfy the market. Julius Spencer can only direct so many movies, so we need so many people who can direct properly, we need more people who can write good scripts etc. We could be producing five movies at the same time, but we need qualified crew and actors and actresses who can act for movies rather than the stage.

Financing is a major issue. I have been talking to banks, even investment funds and they are not yet convinced that a movie is what they should invest in. They think there is too much risk attached to it. I keep telling them there is no risk for producing movies in Sierra Leone now. I can produce a movie in Sierra Leone for five thousand dollars. A big budget here for a movie would be ten to fifteen thousand dollars. I can produce that movie if I have set up the marketing properly, and then I can get it on TV right here, I can get it screened in the UK, I can get it on to other channels in Africa, I can sell DVDs in Sierra Leone, ten thousand copies, fifteen thousand copies, I can get it into Nigeria, I can sell copies in the UK and in America. Fifteen thousand dollars, a big budget movie for Sierra Leone, and I can make the money back in three months — but they do not yet see that. So access to financing is still a challenge.

To be able to set up distribution properly, one needs to have the financing to set up the distribution network and so on. There are marketers now and some of them are doing a fairly good job. To make the DVDs costs four thousand Leones, you sell it at six thousand or six thousand five hundred to the marketers, they sell it to somebody else and by the time it gets in to the market, the streets, it is ten thousand. So you who have invested in the movie only get two thousand, or two thousand five hundred Leones off of it.. Those who duplicate films get four thousand and well, they have costs, of course, for the material and those who sell probably get more than you do. If you can sell large volumes, you make your money back, but it would be better if we can establish a distribution network which is not dictated by the marketers. In Nigeria at some point, and I don’t know if it has changed, the marketers were determining what sort of movies were being made. They thought they knew what people would buy, so they told producers who they wanted in the movies. I don’t want us to get to that point here. In fact, we have already started that here because there are one or two marketers who have started financing movies. Thank God they have not started producing good quality yet. Professional filmmakers need to be in control. If we do not take control quickly enough, we stand the risk of having the people with the money taking over and telling us what to do.

I think that the professionals need to get together at some point, but right now there is some unpleasantness. For example, jimmy B — and I keep saying he is the most successful Sierra Leonean filmmaker to date because his movies have gotten released, and he has produced more than anybody else in terms of numbers — started using “Sollywood” for Sierra Leone movies. I don’t like the name because it sounds like soil to me. Then a group of young people from the eastern part of the city got together and they have set up what they call SunValley films. Now they are trying to get everybody to start using “SunValley”.

I keep insisting that we should produce quality movies, let people see them and let them name what is coming out of Sierra Leone. We have no business arguing who we should be or whether we should call ourselves SunValley or Sollywood, etc. So there is some kind of divide. Some of us are trying to bridge the divide but some people have their own ideas. Some of it is being fuelled by marketers as well. That’s why I think that we need to get a proper structure in place pretty soon and be able to do things properly.

FO: Are you positive about the future…what hope do you have? 

JS: I am very positive and I think that Premier Media has the potential to influence things in a positive way. As I said, I have been talking to government officials and the response has been positive. I just need to find a time to put things on paper and take it further. They said that the film classification board, training and even a movie that we want to produce was getting support from the military and that everything is positive. There is a lot of enthusiasm among young people to do movies, both to produce and to act in movies, so I think we are at a watershed now where we have many positive things in place. We need to be able to harness them now or pretty soon so that we can move things in the right direction. I think that there is a lot of potential here and I am positive that things will work out. I think we have learned some lessons from the music industry and some of us are determined that things should move in the right direction. I think we would be able to achieve a lot in the next few months but it may take a little longer than that. Maybe after the elections, we will be able to have certain structure in place.

FO: Thank you so much Dr. Spencer. I really appreciate it. 

JS: You are welcome.

 

INTERVIEW WITH THE PERMANENT SECRETARY TO THE MINISTRY OF INFORMATION IN SIERRA LEONE,

SHEKU TAMU & DENNIS STREETER
Events Manager

FO: Thank you very much sir for accepting to see me. The main reason I asked to see you is to find out:

  1. What are the statutory pillars of the film industry and I hate to say film industry, I am more interested in the creative industry e. the things driving the new generation — What are the statutory or legal frameworks around which they operate?
  1. Are there any laws or legal protections for intellectual property?
  1. What is the government currently doing to encourage this incredibly interesting lucrative industry that is going on across Africa and across the same generation?
  1. I also want to know if there are any any legal restrictions to funding coming into the country to support the filmmaking community? So basically, what are the things that government has put down as the rules of the game for those in the creative industry? That is really what I need to know from you

ST: From the point of view of government, we encourage freedom of speech, freedom of expression, and we almost let them go unhindered. We have the Ministry of Information. The film industry or the creative industry falls under the arm of the Ministry of Information. The film industry is growing but it has not developed yet and what we try to ensure is that films are morally acceptable for kids, school children, who watch them. We are not really censoring them, but we are trying to ensure that the films are good, that the films have no immoral aspect, and if they have, they should be rated for adults. We do not prevent any company, any industry from getting funding from outside. It is free, you can fund them directly or you can fund them through the government.

FO: Are there any kinds of government regulations for guilds and foundations, to be sure they’re legitimate?

ST: I understand what you mean, because if safeguards are not put in place, and perhaps you deal with an institution directly, you don’t know much about their background, the money may not be used for the purpose which it is given. If monies come through the government, then it can be stated who the beneficiaries are, and the government will see to it that they go to the right place. If monies are to go through other institutions, we would have to look into it and try to come up with safeguard measures. As of now, we haven’t had any experience of somebody trying to support the film industry.

FO: One last question concerning film education. One of the things I have heard over and over again from everybody is the need for skills, education. I mean the guys who are making film are passionate in everything but they need education, they need some skills transferred, they need equipment, and I understand there is, as we speak, no university or institution that has a curriculum, even though I understand from Dr. Spencer that there have been conversations about creating one. Just specifically from government, do you have the details of any kind of plan already in development for this

ST: I think government is not averse to having a curriculum that deals with art, performing arts, acting and the like. That falls under the arm of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. From the point of view of Information, we will be very supportive of it, and the moment they hash out the ideas, do the research, get the details, write a cabinet paper, cabinet approves and it becomes a government policy — it will be followed through.

FO: If someone were to come with a fund, who do they talk to in government? 

DS: The structures that you are actually looking for, we cannot guarantee that those are well made. You have come at a point in time when the eggs have almost been hatched. All the enthusiasm that is spilling out is this new enigma that has just hatched up in the society, so you have pockets of people producing here, unions competing there, and all of that as far as I am concerned is because of a lot of ignorance about how the whole thing operates. So from your point of view, your interest in terms of safeguards, you are looking at something. At least yo safeguards: there should be a commission that is in charge, a body that will give you a guarantee that if we stamp this officially, then you know this company or that one is okay. It is only now that we are putting all of these things together. I happen to be a producer, actor, director in my own small corner. We have just completed the production of another movie. We had our director from Ghana and artists from Nigeria, Tanzania, Gambia, Ghana. You know that kind of collaboration, but as I said, the administrative angle of the film industry is yet to be consolidated. There are still misconceptions, and misunderstandings as to what we are doing.

It’s just like the music industry and how it started. Once one was successful, everybody jumped out of their house that day and we are all going to the studios and we are all rappers overnight. After a space of time, we came to realise that you can have a union registered with bargaining power and then the guilds come in, then the union, then the actor’s forum, then the board, and the censorship level.

Now, because this thing has become catchy, the bush fire is on in the harmattan. It’s now that we are realising these are structures we need to even control the quality of the production and to safeguard the interest of the buying public. We need to have a stamp of authority so we can feel confidence as buyers that this is a worthwhile home video, that it does not contain content that will shock our children, and so forth. Up til now it’s been the private sector dealing with all this, but because of the dimension it is taking now, the regulatory and administrative side ought to be looked after. But even before it gets to that point, we as practitioners and stake holders in the industry need to get our act together and make the necessary recommendations for government.

ST: I think that is the issue, it is a growing industry, iand perhaps government needs to start paying more attention to it and get it focused just like when these mobile companies started coming. It took time and when government realised that there needed to be a regulatory body, then we did set up the National Telecommunications Commission to regulate them. I think with time, within the shortest possible time, government should focus attention on it and perhaps your interview is a trigger in the right direction because I will inform my minister and we will start putting measures in place.

FO: Thank you both.

 

INTERVIEW WITH IDRISS KPANGE

TV JOURNALIST
AND CEO OF CONCEPT MULTIMEDIA
FO: I’m just going to ask you to identify yourself.

IK: My name is Idriss Kpange and I am a filmmaker and a TV journalist.

FO: So how do you operate here, you as a filmmaker, what are the things that you do?

IK: For me, I started this whole thing as a television journalist and during that time I was focused on doing a lot of documentaries, news pieces, documentary style for news, so it was over those years that I developed a passion to actually start doing my own stories which are not news based stories but human stories.

So that was how it started, but the platform for making those kinds of film is really not there so young and upcoming filmmakers like us have to struggle.Obviously there is no fund, there has never been any kind of funding from government or from any institution. So if you want to make your film, you have to fund it yourself or if you are lucky you can fund it with one of those overseas funding people. All of the good films that have been made, like documentaries in this country, have been made by foreign people. People who get funding from their country and then they come and they make films here. It’s been difficult. That’s the reason why people are really not interested in becoming documentary filmmakers here, because what’s the point?

FO: I understand the difficulty for filmmakers but in terms of audience are documentaries something they want to consume, do they have any understanding of how important documentaries may be for them? Even if only for entertainment, do they watch on television, how are documentaries distributed?

IK: Well, there is no network first of all in terms of distributing documentaries, but obviously people do watch documentaries that have been made over the years by different people. For instance, there is a film called Fambul Tok (Family Talk). You know, after the war they set up the truth and reconciliation commission but they didn’t really go down to the community level where people still hold grudges over the whole thing that happened. Some people were never forgiven because of what they did during the war, so these filmmakers came in and took the reconciliation process to the community level wherein people would come in and sit round the fire and then discuss and say, “This guy did this to me and I was never asked and he didn’t say he was sorry”.

It’s a very powerful film where people came together at the community level and said, “Sorry, I killed your mother, I killed your father”, but at the community level. It really had very good reviews internationally and people are watching that here like they really understand. So there is an audience obviously on TV and people understand the story once it relates to them. Recently we also started a film festival here. We showed a lot of documentaries that were made by some small filmmakers and some other international films. People were really interested. It was the first time we had a huge turn out and lot of people came.

FO: You need to talk to me about the festival in a second, but let me just try and locate the environment in which you are working. How many across Sierra Leone would you say are known filmmakers and documentary filmmakers? How many people are even trying to do any work in that genre?

IK: I don’t think there are up to ten really serious people who are interested in making documentary film, but for dramas and local films, there are a lot of people who are into those.

FO: Let us talk about the film industry as a whole. How big is it here, the local film industry itself? How are they distributing their work, because that’s also somewhere I want to go. I want to be able to visit a cinema here. If they sell it in the market, I want to see where they sell it, and to look at what the figures are in terms of general filmmaking here.

IK: The distribution is through marketers. I make my films and take it to a marketer and we negotiate a price and say ok, I want five thousand dollars for it and then the marketer gives me my five thousand dollars and takes the film, makes copies of it and sells them. Now people are becoming more interested in Sierra Leonean local films. It’s really growing now. Every single day four to five new films come out. Just like Nollywood.

I think that’s the trend. People are doing a lot of films every single day. If you go around town, you will see posters everywhere for new films coming out but the distribution is only done through the marketing stake — the people who sell the V-CDs or DVDs.

FO: So what happened to the cinemas?

IK: The cinemas all got run down, and there is no cinema culture anymore. For instance, one cinema was sold, the space was sold and used as a store and what they focus more on is showing the English Premier League and people come to pay and watch the Premier League. But now it’s shifting a bit. People go to movie premieres and the local movie cinemas to see the films that are out and sometimes they announce the movies that they are going to show. There is one cinema, Porsche cinema, but they mostly target expats who work in Sierra Leone and most of the films they show there are western films and not really our own local films that are produced here.

FO: In terms of the larger industry, do you think a marketer will buy a documentary? Do you think there is a chance that distributing a documentary through the same channel would work here?

IK: I think if the story relates to the people, if it is a story they are interested in, yes they will. You know, people are becoming more aware and interested in real issues, not just drama and other genres, especially young people coming from the university or young people from high school. There is also a surge in people becoming interested in becoming filmmakers because I think they see it — through local dramas that are being produced here — they see it as an art they want to be involved in. A lot of people are opting to becoming filmmakers so I think with time, things are really going to change. I think we are the last country that is really trying to catch up with the rest of West Africa in terms of film and cinema. No Sierra Leonean has ever made a big movie here that has gone out and made a lot of noise. For instance, Newton Aduka, he did Ezra, a Sierra Leonean story, he went to FESPACO and he won a lot of awards for that film, but Newton is not a Sierra Leonean. Blood Diamond is another classic example so I think there is a lot that needs to be done in the industry here.

FO: In terms of funding, if for instance there were to be a structured funding for filmmakers here, how do you see that operating?

IK: I think the first thing we need if there is ever going to be funding is to build capacity of filmmakers before you start dishing out money because right now, a lot of the people don’t understand how it works in terms of story telling. People may just become interested in becoming a filmmaker but they need to know the process, how it works, what the local and international markets are looking for, how you can match the standard of other people. So they need a lot of training in a lot of areas first of all.

FO: So are there any film training schools?

IK: No

FO: None at all?

IK: There is one that someone started a few months ago. He is trying to bring that kind of system into the education system and it has been very difficult because people don’t just get it.

FO: So you think in terms of intervention, you think the most important thing right now is film education and proper training?

IK: Yes, I think so. Some people have made very good films but they don’t understand how the business works. For instance, they go into the festivals with their movies or try to approach international distributors but they don’t know how, so I think they need a lot of education in that direction too — when you have your film, what to do, where to take it to and who to take it to.

FO: From the government angle, how focused is government on the film industry itself and what opportunities is government creating?

IK: Government has never been focused on filmmaking. They have never supported filmmaking. The government is more focused on the mining contracts, roads and other infrastructures, but film? No. A couple of years ago the universities started the mass communication departments wherein some students went to study television. The equipment that they were given almost ten years ago is the same equipment that they are still using and there are really no teachers to actually to teach TV. All they are given is theory. They just read about it and then they come out of college. Some people go and work in newspapers or the radio or they become public relations officers or work in an advertising company.

I think Sierra Leone needs a lot of help in that direction. I think people are putting a lot of money in different areas and are completely forgetting and ignoring this other part of the art. I have stayed in this country and I have travelled overseas. I have seen what other people are doing, and I have decided to come back. I can say that I want to really do this and I want to do it here. It is really difficult and challenging.

FO: Are the TV stations here not funded by government? How does it work if you make a film and you would like to broadcast it?

IK: There are no structures. The TV is government owned. They changed it into a corporation but it is still a 100% government controlled station and the content on TV is really not good. They prefer to play a lot of western movies and Nollywood films or some Chinese kung fu movies. The TV is terrible and there is only one TV station.

The broadcaster doesn’t pay for anything – but they just passed a new copyright law and it’s coming into existence now. Before I could take your work and do whatever I wanted to do with it and there was nothing that would really happen to me because there was no law.

I think the national TV needs to step up their game in terms of promoting the Sierra Leonean artists and filmmakers who are trying to do something. Then again, the TV is only interested in money. They only show something when you pay for it, even if it is your work. You can give them something and say, “Show this, educate the people”, and they will ask you, “Are you going to pay for it?” So that’s how it works.

FO: If you have to put a number to it, if someone should say, “I’m going to create a training programme for filmmakers, how many people do you estimate would attend such a programme, in terms of intakes, in terms of impact, how many people will such a programme impact immediately?

IK: I think a lot of people will come for the first few weeks, then some will leave because they maybe find it boring. But regardless, many people will be come and stay interested. They can give you the best training but it is up to you to decide what you want to do with that, how passionate you are and what you want to use it for. A couple of years ago, the British Council sponsored the project with Scriptnet. Scriptnet came here and they trained scriptwriters how to write short films and that workshop went on for a couple of months in different stages — the writing stage, the scripting, then production. These guys had no prior film education but all of them were very serious people who went to that workshop and they learned a lot and produced some of the films. Some films went into festivals and they won awards. Most of the people really interested in filmmaking left, everybody is gone.

FO: I’m sure Sierra Leone is not just Freetown. There must be several parts to Sierra Leone. Where are the cultural centers or the centers where film making is likely to thrive or where emerging filmmakers are very active?

IK: I think it’s Freetown, and once Freetown kicks off it will spill over to other parts of the country because this is a very small country. People up country are always interested in what people are doing in Freetown and then start copying what they do.

FO: To what extent does what is happening here influence what happens in Liberia? If something was being done here, is it likely to spill over to Liberia, for instance, or vice-versa? Can it be combined? If something is happening in one country, is the other country impacted in some way?

IK: Yes, definitely because these West African countries especially these five countries, they all share a lot of things in common. Liberia, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Ghana, we all share a lot of culture. We have things in common. With the music, there has always been that kind of thing. They make music in Liberia and when it comes to Sierra Leone it has a very huge impact. Then it happens the same way with the Gambians and in other countries, even Nigerian music is hitting with videos and everything.

I think there is this artist who switched off to become a filmmaker named Jimmy B. What he has been doing is making Nollywood kind of movies. He goes to Nigeria, works with the artist there, takes the artist from Nigeria, brings them here and they make a film. So there is that collaborative kind of thing going on, even Desmond Elliot (Nigerian actor) is currently here doing a film with Sierra Leonean actors and producers.

FO: You guys have basically the same history as Nigeria in terms of what the British, the colonizer, did in regard to how they used cinema as a basic political tool. I wanted to ask you about archives. Did they leave a lot of films here in archive in terms of the history of Sierra Leone, in terms of perhaps what happened in the colonial days? Because we don’t have anything, we have an archive that has nothing in it.

IK: Well, unfortunately, no. The national broadcaster used to have all these archives during the colonial day. During the war the whole library was burned down and so I think that was the only the national archive in terms of images that we had on film and TV. That was completely destroyed, and so no, there is nothing. I once worked with the Commonwealth in London and I was going through the archives and I saw a lot of those materials. They still have them there but we don’t have any.

FO: Talking about the war, what was the impact of the say on filmmaking in Sierra Leone?

IK: I think during the war, people were really not interested in filmmaking. People were thinking maybe there was something the foreigners could do. The only Sierra Leonean that ever tried to make a film that I remember was Hilton Fyle. He did a documentary on the NPRC — the military guys that overthrew the former APC government back in the ‘90s. He did a film about Captain Valentine Strasser because he was the youngest president in the world. That film really had a huge impact. This was 20 years ago, but before the war? No. I think most of what was going on was just drama — stage plays. We have a professor Pat Madi who tried to make a film even before Hilton Fyle. He had gone to school with Wole Soyinka. They were in school together and he was the director of most plays that they wrote in school. He tried to make a film then but it didn’t work out because they didn’t have the technology. Later on Dr. Julius Spencer came in and tried to do a lot of films. They shot television series and that was really how things started to progress. It was when the war was ending that people were starting to go into films.

FO: How much structure was in place for film before the war and how much of that remained after the war?

IK: Nothing, there was no structure. There has not really been any education about film in the curriculum of the university or other institutions.

FO: I find that traumatic events like a war creates a lot of stories for filmmakers. People need to come to terms with what happened, people need to hear inspirational stories of how people survived the war and usually you need the artistic industry, you need dramas and documentaries to bring closure to those things for people emotionally. Are filmmakers here looking at that? And if there was a capacity, or a capability or the funding, what kind of stories do you think people would find interesting?

IK: I think with the war a lot of people have stories that they want to tell, but they don’t just have a platform. A lot of people went through hell and they have stories that they haven’t told anybody. Even filmmakers have stories because everybody was part of it, but some of those stories, you can’t really express. These small dramas that they do need to be a real life story. The only way you can tell that story is to probably use a documentary style of filmmaking.

FO: Where were you during the war?

IK: Here, in Freetown.

FO: And how did you survive the war? 

IK: I was hiding, place to place, going under bunkers, and like that…and sweet talk. People who knew how to talk better than me were killed.

FO: As a filmmaker, do you have memories of that era that you would like to commit to film?

IK: I wish I could re-enact some of those things that I saw during the war. I wish I could bring them back to life and then I would be able to tell those stories through film. For instance, I have a film that I am working on but I have been looking for two thousand dollars for five years and nobody will give me two thousand dollars. That’s how serious it is. I have cameras, and I want to do the film in Guinea. I have every other resource and it is just something to facilitate my movement. I have been asking everybody and nobody is giving me the money, so that’s just it. I think it’s frustrating for people like us to go through this. When you go to other countries, especially the Francophone countries, they have lots of arts and cultural centers and it might not be that much but at least there is something. Go to Ouagadougou. I have been to FESPACO and if you go you will see their institution and their film schools there. There is an international Film School in Ouagadougou and people from all over the world come there. There is this big festival, a lot of arts, a lot of cultural centers and there is money for filmmakers. I think we also need that kind of structure. Since the colonial masters didn’t do anything, we are trying to do it for ourselves now.

FO: What’s the government’s attitude (the current government in place) towards the industry itself?

IK: I really don’t know what their attitude is but I think to some extent they are supporting filmmakers. Some guys did a film a couple of months ago and when they needed some military hardware the government was able to give all the military hardware for the crew to use. That’s a plus, but if I wanted to tell a very critical story of the government in a film, I don’t really know how they would take it or whether they would say, “He is just trying to express himself through that kind medium”. We are also doing some legal education drama now for one NGO. We are using the police station and the police cells, the court and the police and the inspector general of police gave us everything and they have been supportive of the project. So I think to some extent they will support filmmaking and filmmakers?

FO: Are there legislations, laws, legal instruments that support the industry to grow? Is there any legislation against piracy, and is there any legislation that allocates a part of the budget into supporting the growth of the arts or cinema or documentary?

IK: In terms of budgeting, no. When they announce the national budget there is nothing about that that goes to the Ministry of Culture on film. There is nothing like that or maybe they have it and they are being corrupt. In terms of legislation for piracy, they just passed a new piracy act that has come into law now and at least to some extent they have reduced the piracy right now with the music and the films. That is why there is a surge now with the Sierra Leonean films competing with the Nollywood movies. Before, when it was purely Nollywood movies, it could take 2 to 3 years before one Sierra Leonean movie came out.

FO: So, right now you have a lot of Sierra Leonean filmmakers working with Nigerian filmmakers and vice-versa?

IK: Yes.

FO: I want to know the truth about the two guilds.

IK: Ian Noah is a Sierra Leonean but he was born in England. He grew up in England so he does not understand the culture. He speaks good English, so sometimes when he speaks, they don’t understand what he is saying because he rolls his tongue and he has that strong accent and it disturbs them. They think it is humiliating sometimes, or they just can’t get what he is saying but the guild actually started through his effort. Ian put together a very professional structure for the guild as it should be, so just because they were not too supportive of Ian’s vision they almost killed the dream of having the guild. Then they went and formed the union but they are not even like a proper government registered group. The guild has a trade union certificate, the guild has a proper constitution, the guild has a website and the guild has more skilful people. For the others, it’s just about marketing and they have a lot of people in the east, so they are using this to market their movies. That’s the idea, that’s the whole thing.

FO: What kinds of cameras do you use?

IK: I have a SONY FI, I have the SONY Z1 and Z7 and I have a CANON 5D MACH 2 and I also added a camera to them, the GOPRO It’s a really tiny camera, a study kind of camera for action.It’s water proof, full HD, full resolution, it’s good for doing time lapse and you can attach it to a car.

FO: And it will create it for you?

IK: Yes, I can show you some of the time lapse sequences I created with it — very good speed and it’s two hundred and fifty pounds.

FO: So you are basically kitted up to do your documentary?

IK: You know I have a production facility which I am trying to put together which over my last 7 years working as a TV journalist for Reuters I managed tosave some of that money and put into this facility but still, it is struggling. It’s growing little by little. We have mostly focused on doing commercial work at this stage because…

FO: How is that business?

IK: Well, it is moving but it’s difficult because other people are trying to do the same thing, but we are properly set up and it is good.

FO: How much business is here for somebody doing commercials for instance?

IK: You will have a lot if you know what you are doing and you will have contact, because here it is all about knowing people.It’s about who you know and how best you convince people in the company to do what you want.

FO: In terms of…obviously you have got a production company, in terms of training young people, how are the people that surround you? I assume that if you have put it together that there is room for training. But for you to find crew, how do you manage?

IK: Yes, a lot of people that I work with manage to get their training from me because we are trying to help build capacity for camera crew, editors, and sound people. All that is in the pipeline because recently I went to America, through the US embassy there and they have this multi-regional programme for film in the US. They take people from all over the world. I was part of the fifteen people that went from all over — even from Jordan, Latvia, Sudan, India, Palestine, and a lot of other countries. I was part of that group and we went across the US meeting different people in film.We went to Hollywood, met executive producers there, and went to film schools. We met people in the African Film Festival office, I went to a lot of festivals and I went to Texas to the SXSW (South by Southwest) Film Festival there.

I want to get support from those contacts. We need a little support to build capacity here in filmmaking and we have started something. If you can maybe help us get used equipment, whatever video production or film making equipment that you can support us with, you are free to do it through the US embassy here. I am sure if we get anybody to support any of our projects the US embassy will be willing to bring things over. I was also in touch with a professor in California who is willing to come and do training with filmmakers and mass communication classes.

FO: I know the difficulty of trying to run a production company in an African environment and trying to run your own project. You run a production company because you are desperate to get some money so you can do your own project and sometimes you find out that you end up in the reverse, leaving your own project to support the production company. Have you been to Nigeria? Have you collaborated with anybody?

IK: I haven’t. I was really supposed to be in Nigeria a couple of weeks ago but the deal didn’t work out. There is a guy named Ayo Johnson and he is on TV all the time, a Sierra Leonean/Nigerian based in the UK. He was in Nigeria doing some documentary on Boko Haram, Shell and all these crazy people, so I was supposed to go film for him, but then I was asking all these questions about insurance and security but the station couldn’t handle all of that. I thought that there was no story that was worth more than my life.

FO: You started out as a camera man for Reuters?

IK: Yes.

FO: You have worked in very stressful interventions, war zones and things like that?

IK: Yes, I’ve covered that kind of stuff

FO: … and usually when you cover, are you covering by yourself or …?

IK: It’s a one man thing. I go, I film, I return, I edit, I file, I sell the story, I write the script, and then I see it.

FO: Is Reuters still effective in that kind of set up?

IK: They are really not too active. Again, after I have done it for seven years they are only interested when it is a hot spot. Now they are becoming more interested because they have heard that some western companies want to start oil exploration here. They have these huge business section of Reuters and do news for this huge financial corporations. There is a company that wants to start investing in the possible oil deals and exploring if it is commercially viable, so they are looking into that kind of thing right now.

 

INTERVIEW WITH PASTOR AIAH MOMOH PRESIDENT OF THE SIERRA LEONE NATIONAL FILM UNION (SUNALLEY)

FO: Since yesterday, I have been talking to filmmakers, production company people, we have just come back from speaking to the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry and we thought it would be important to talk also to the film guild, the unions and get a bit of your own perspective, to see whatever it is that you wish to say or to contribute to the conversation. So first and foremost, maybe you should introduce yourself and then give me a sense of history of this union, why was it formed, how was it formed, who are the executives, what are its goals, and what are its activities so far?

PA: Thank you. I am Pastor Aiah Momoh, I am the president for the Sierra Leonean National Film Union, the acronym is SUN VALLEY, that is the most common all over the country. I am also the CEO and director for THE  USHERS  FILM  COMPANY. I have been around doing film for a very long time, by the grace of God. We have established this union called Sun Valley because we see the need as filmmakers to operate under a union.

There was a need for unionism because before now, films were not selling in the country. People were doing films back in the ‘80s but Sierra Leonean films are not too popular. When we formed this union, we tried by to put certain things in place and now if you go to the streets of Freetown, you will see Sierra Leonean films all over. Before, it was Nigerian films, and Ghanaian films, but now we have Sierra Leonean films that are selling. The union started two years ago on November 17, so it’s not that old, but since then we have had positive strikes. We have been organizing workshops, we have ensured that we settle problems of distribution and marketing in the country and as I said, if you move around now, you will see Sierra Leonean films all over the place. We also trying to create awareness for people to know that there is an industry in this country. So far these are the things we have been doing.

FO: Before the Sun Valley, there was a guild. What happened to the guild and why did you feel there was a need to create another body?

PA: Before we started the Sun Valley, as you said, there was a guild indeed and I was also part of it. Most of us were part of it. I would not want to say it died down, but along the line it stopped functioning. The whole guild was not moving the way we expected and because of the passion some of us had, we decided to set up a new movement and so we came together as members of the industry in this country — people who are making films, some from the east and some from the west. Then we reasoned that since the guild was not moving the way it should, we should organise something else. In fact, we started this organisation two years after the guild was not functioning well and so we came together and started our meetings. Then we came up with a name, that’s how it happened.

FO: In terms of what you will consider the success of the union apart from distribution…and I will come to you helping me to define better how you solved what you called the distribution problem…what are other things that the union has achieved or aims to achieve in this journey that you have started?

PA: We have achieved a lot. First, we organised a film festival alongside We Own TV. We did it at the Miatta Garden here and it was a big success and a whole lot of people attended. We have also established a website that is popular for Sierra Leoneans and non-Sierra Leoneans to be informed about what is happening in the country regarding filming as far as the industry is concerned.

We’ve also been able to help filmmakers to produce their films because one of the problems we have been having is finding sponsors and people to come on board and serve as executive producers. It’s been a big problem. As a union we have been coming on board, helping people to produce their films. We are now working on setting up a censor board to make sure we begin to censor some of these films. We have worked with international organisations and with other NGOs that are based here as well.

FO: Do you have the power to censor? I mean when you say the union wants to censor, I’m concerned because this is a creative environment, an industry where people are doing their things. Isn’t the union about empowering filmmakers, whether they are part of your group or not?

PA: We are not saying that you come with your film to us and we decide whether this film goes or not. Within ourselves, within the union, we will look at your script, and say, “ Alright, there is a mistake at this point. The plotting is not good…etc.”, to help the films that are coming out. In a broader sense, we are looking at working with some other people who are not part of the union, who are yet to come on board to see how we can work together to establish a better censor board.

FO: Tell me about distribution; the model of distribution that you are running is almost like that of Nigeria…the open markets, street sales… How have you been able to structure it, is there any difference from the model in Nigeria or Ghana and what are the dangers for the filmmaker in terms of their intellectual property here?

PA: To be honest, the very first thing we were fighting for was to get the people to buy our films, so what we did was to make them available. We look out for people who we know are competent, people who we know can market the films, people who are ready to put their money into the whole thing. We spoke to them and they accepted the proposal and they began to produce the films with their own money. So that was how the whole thing started, because before now people did their films but they didn’t have money to produce, so now we talk to these people and they are ready to produce, they are ready to print our films and posters without paying upfront and so by the end of the day, we now have a lot of Sierra Leonean films flooding the market because we have settled the problem of raising a huge sum of money to take them to Nigeria. We used to send all of our printing to Nigeria but now the union has successfully organised a structure wherein you don’t need to raise ten thousand dollars. All you need to do is to make the film and when it comes to the post production we have people who can handle it and we begin to flood the market. We are working on some other things to see how we will get a better structure, but as of now we like the way things are going, because before now films were not selling. The whole thing is progressive. We have reached the first point which is the awareness that we have an industry in this country. They are doing well. Let us begin to buy their films — Nigerian films should not dominate our market, Ghanaian films should not dominate our market. This is the strategy.

Before now, the Nigerian films were selling heavily. Nobody looked at our films but now I can take you to places where people sell Nigerian films. We have the Sierra Leonean shops and we also have the Nigerian shops, but you will see people go to the Sierra Leonean shops to pick the Sierra Leonean movies. For now, we are successful and we are planning as a union to do something else.

FO: What other activities are you involved with as a union beyond distribution, what are you activities in term of training? What are your activities in term of creating funding structures, how are you collaborating with government to protect intellectual property?

PA: Let’s start with the intellectual property. The union is part of it. Since the whole thing started, we have been part of it. We’ve attended the meetings several times and we came up with the idea that there should be a workshop. Now that it has become a law, there should be a workshop wherein people will be trained and those people that have been trained will go out to train other people, so it’s like training the trainers. The union was part of that. We have been monitoring the system with regards to piracy. As I am talking to you, we also have our own team in the union that goes around from time to time because we know where the pirates are. The police don’t know but we know because we are in it. We know the holes. We have been catching some of them. Two weeks back, two of them were captured by the police and last month we caught some of them again. We have been making sure that we go the extra mile to protect our members and their rights, and we have been working with government.

For instance, we had a lady from Canada who was here when we organised the programme. It is called Faces of Sierra Leone Movie Stars. When you go to Nigeria or you go to Ghana, it is easy to identify their actors. If you are talking about movies, you can point at Genevieve, Omotola or Emeka but when you come to Sierra Leone, it’s difficult to find them, so what we did as a union was to advertise our actors so that it would be easy to identify them. We organised the programme and I can assure you it has not been done anywhere else in the world. People called from outside Sierra Leone when they heard about it and they wanted to know what the whole thing was about.

Somebody from Canada said if they had this kind of opportunity, the American actors would not overshadow them in Canada, so it is a plus for our actors. We organised that programme at the swimming pool and we collaborated with the Ministry of Tourism, Youth and Sport and also the Youth Commission and other government parastatals and it was a success. We presented thirty actors and categorized them into three: silver, gold and platinum and these people, as far as we are concerned as a union, are the best in the country. Now we have projects that are green lighted already for these thirty people — they are our movie stars. As a union we believe that because they went through a process and they succeeded the public learned about them. We had about two hundred people or so who applied for that but only thirty succeeded.

FO: They applied to be known as stars?

PA: No, to be known — to go through the process. They are actors, they were auditioned, we interviewed them, we asked them to do one or two things, just to get the best out of them because we want to showcase our actors, we want to add to their profile and at the end of the day, we had thirty who were able to make it so that programme was a big success in this country.

FO: In terms of documentary, how well is that sector of the film industry doing in your opinion?

PA: Well, you see the Nigerian films actually stole the attention of people with regards to documentary.

People were used to feature length films because of the Nigerian films that were flooding the country, but you have a particular group who love documentary films. They are glued to it but with We Own TV and some other groups around, they have been pressing. If you call them to your programme, they will show you short films and documentaries and gradually, people are getting fond of documentary in this country. I believe there is a market for it. The only problem is that it is not common. You have a specific set of people doing documentary like the young man behind you Mr Idriss. Mr Arthur here is well known for that, but it is not as rampant as the feature length films.

If you have good documentaries, people can go for it. For instance, the SLBC are looking for documentaries but they do not want to put money in it, they want you to do it and bring it to them.

FO: Why is the union not advocating for broadcasters, or for people who are using this content to commission creation of content? It is the same problem in Nigeria… you know where the broadcaster wants you to create the film, and then wants you to pay him to show the film. I was once president of the producers association in Nigeria so I faced the same thing. I just want to know what strategies are you using or is it something you have considered at all that you can be in front, trying to create that consciousness for TV stations to rethink their approach to this?

PA: Before now I could not tell you it was possible, but now I can confidently tell you it is possible. The union is getting stronger. When we knock on any door, the door remains open to us. Before this it was not so. You cannot build a house in a day and I have a lot on my desk, a lot to accomplish, so I am taking things one at a time. We have successfully done FACES and now I am into something else — a project. We are also working with the SLBC. We intend to have one hour on SLBC, and they have given us the one hour. It was not easy. We started the fight last year for this one hour and because they are beginning to see the strength of the union and what we have been doing, they have given us the one hour. We are yet to do the first production. When we start and they find the whole thing interesting, the next step is that we can broach the subject of documentaries. I remembered Arthur Pratt (WeOwnTV) and I visited them the other day and we told them we wanted to be doing soap operas and they said it was good and we could do it together.

FO: If there was an outside intervention in the industry, in your opinion what area should that support focus on?

PA: Some people are doing substandard films, but it is not because they want to do it. As I said and like you are also saying, the support is not there. We would want support in the area of equipment, because equipment is kind of expensive here. It takes people like some of us to hire a Mach 2 camera. We are working on it actually to see how we can solicit to get funding for equipment, I would want you to help me with some equipment for the union.

Money is important, yes, but if we have the equipment, then we can make money.

FO: Freetown is where maybe most of the activity is, but are there filmmaking activities in any other part of Sierra Leone? In Ghana there are different kinds of industries across the country that are sort of almost divided according to tribe. It is the same thing in Nigeria, where you’ve got Nollywood, but there is also the Hausa film industry which is totally different, then you’ve got the Yoruba film industry as well. I was wondering if…

PA: As you said, you asked whether there was another guild before the union started. I said yes, there was one before us, some of us were part of it and it is still functioning now. I am saying we have nothing against them.

We have filmmaking going on in the provinces and most of those people are part of the union. The union is established in Lungi, Makeni, Kenema, Bo and Port Loko. As I said, it is a gradual process. We do one thing at a time.

FO: Assuming that there is an intervention, how would you want it structured? You told me what you would like an intervention in but the question is what would the structure be? Is it the sort of thing that will be a collaborative thing with government, is it the sort of thing that the union wants to be the one organising, or is it something every individual filmmaker should have access to?

PA: For me I do not matters concerning the industry should be handled by the government. They have a lot of work to do. Let them concentrate on their work. However, if we as filmmakers are in control of our own situation, when the equipment comes, by God’s grace, we are in charge of it and we put the structures in place. As I said, the whole thing is progressive. You will never go to Hollywood and see every thing in place and you will never go to Nollywood and see everything in place. As the situation arises they create room for it. Wherever you go, as long you are a progressive person, as the situation arises you create room for it.

I know if the equipment comes we are going to establish a well structured body to run the affairs of that so that people, filmmakers, not only filmmakers of the union, when they are ready to shoot their films, they will not produce substandard quality films. People will not only get access to it but we will be able to establish something that we will be able to get other funds from to get some more equipment, so I know what to do when the equipment comes.

FO: What is the structure of the union right now, who are its officers, what is the constitutional structure?

PA: A union like this is responsible and there is no way we can function without a well structured body. I have been hearing some of the things people say like, “Don’t go to those guys, they are not structured”, but how can that be possible?

We have a structure. We have the President, that’s me, and then we have the Vice President. There is the Secretary General, Arthur Pratt, there is the CLC, the Cinematographic Liaison Coordinator, and he is in charge of everything. Now we were talking about equipment and when the equipment comes, he is the man in charge. Whatever pertains to filming, for instance, if there is a dispute between two groups, this is the man that is supposed to handle it. Whatever it is — the artistic side, the technical side — he is in charge of it.

For the guilds, we have the producer’s guild, the actor’s guild and the director’s guild. We are planning to establish the writer’s guild, because that is the beginning of the whole thing. If the script is not good, you can have a very good camera man with very good equipment, but if the script is not good then, at the end of the day, the whole thing will be a problem.

The union has a very good structure like I said. And in those places that I mentioned, we are trying to establish regional coodinators in charge of their own territory, but they are subject to the national executive. We do check in on them from time to time and they send in reports. That is how we operate. Now if you want to go to Bo, all I need to do is make a call, say I have someone coming, treat him with respect. Otherwise, when you go, you will spend all of your money in vain and no one will listen to you.

FO: When I was asking about structure, what I really need to know is the executive, is it elected, is it appointed, what are the terms of that executive, the offices, what are the chances other filmmakers are not excluded? That is really where I am heading. I understand very well the structures and I am really happy that you guys have got that in place but it is also important that the creative industry is democratic and that everybody has access to such a support.

PA: Yes it a democratic one, but since the whole thing was established we are yet to have an election, because you can’t talk about elections when things are not in place. The term should be 4 years and then we have another election, but according to the constitution, we elect our executive, we do not select them. For example, last year, we had one election for the actor’s guild.

FO: Who are the people in the other guild? 

PA: I didn’t want to say this, but I will. It is not that I am bragging, but I know some people belonging to film guilds and they have been coming to me asking

for help. I have been helping them with the printing of their posters and connected them to a marketer that I know will be able to market their films. When some of them are finished with their job, they still come with it and ask me to take a look at it. On the whole there is a cordial relationship. I know some people who are a part of SUNVALLEY, members who go to the film guild, members who lend equipment and some of our members are friends. The only problem we are having, and that is easy to settle, is the problem of the name. The guild has been there for some time and they are not prepared to dissolve. And the union is now in place and we are not prepared to dissolve. So we agree that there is more than one union and more than one functional body.

We will see what we can do, this is our country and we will settle it, but there is no way we are going to dissolve our structure and there is no way they will dissolve their own because the visions are not the same. I cannot force a man to dissolve or to merge when I know he has his own line of operation. They are not the same. If I try to do that then I am not being fair and there is no way it will work. It will create more problems at the end of the day.

FO: What is the registration process? For instance, how do I become a member of SUNVALLEY?

PA: If you come in as an individual, the registration is a bit different from the group registration. If you come in as a producer, then we send you to the producer’s guild, you register with them for a sum of Le100,000 and you will be given your ID card and other documents. If you are coming in with a group, you come straight to this office and register with Le 100,000 as well for your group, your group will be given a certificate.

FO: It is the same amount of money to register a group and an individual, why?

PA: When this whole thing started, I told you there was no money, so if you ask people to pay 1M you will not be able to gather a group. We looked at all of these things and decided. There will come a time, the money will shoot up, its obvious, so registration per group is Le 100,000.

FO: So a group comes, pays 100,000, a single person comes as well, pays 100,000?

PA: I am not finished. Let me explain. If you come with your group and then you pay 100,000, then the actors within your group are sent to the actor’s guild where they register as individuals. The director of that group will go into the director’s guild and registers with the director’s guild.

FO: For Le 100,000 each?

PA: No they have different…I can’t disclose that now, but they have different fees that they pay. If you are coming in with your group, your producer goes to the producer’s guild, the actors goes to the actor’s guild, and then the group pays Le100,000 and all these small, small amounts to the other…that is how we organise our own registration. If you are just coming in as an individual, then there is no need for you to pay the group registration fee, you will pay the individual registration fee, because we have some actors who do not belong to any group or company at all.

FO: Are you a real pastor or is it like a creative thing?

PA: I am an ordained reverend and an assistant pastor. I preach the gospel through movies. The name of my company is THE USHERS, which basically means showing the way, showing people what to do and where to go.

FO: Do you work in the Christian film genre?

PA: Yes I do, but as of now, we don’t have that kind of body. We are all the same. Yes, my films have Christian values, but the way I package them you will not know, because some people will never sit down and listen to “Jesus loves you”, so I do my own to entertain, but when you look at the films you will learn a lot of lessons and I can communicate my gospel to you in a very easy manner. The head for the producer’s guild is a pastor; we have more than one pastor with us.

FO: Thank you.

 

TRANSCRIPT OF VISIT TO CONCEPT MULTIMEDIA STUDIOS

Idriss Kpange: Founder and General Manager

Valona Taylor: In-house Producer

Abu Bakarr Sallu: (AB4U): Sound Engineer

VT: My name is Valona Taylor and I work at Concept Multimedia as a producer. Concept Multimedia was set up about three years ago by Idriss Kpange, Emmanuel Hayes, AB4U and a few others. They were able to pull a few people together and they basically built Concept Multimedia by themselves. They had no one backing them at the time and I’m sure people living in Sierra Leone realise that the film industry is a difficult industry for a group of young men coming together to start something so unique and fresh. It was difficult at the time.

The place where they actually built this media house used to be a store room, so they really had to come up with a plan on how to set up the place to make it look like a studio. The intention was to have an audio studio along with a video studio at the same time and to make it a one stop shop where artists, or where anyone who is interested in media could come in, record their audio and at the same time do their video while getting quality at the same time.

Obviously in the first year it was difficult to set up and I think the guys spent the first year mainly going out and doing odd jobs. I joined them in early 2012 and when I came in as a producer I could see there was a lot of creativity in the team but they were kind of missing a producer who would come in and tie the whole project together.

When we get projects or people come in with jobs, I help with the writing, which then goes to Idriss who works as the chief editor and the camera operator. We then get the sound engineer AB4U and we all sit down together to discuss the idea and see how best we can work with it.

One thing they kind of lack in this town is a team of professionals that can come together. We use Concept Multimedia as a platform for people who want to come in and see how we set it up, because there is a lot of, I wouldn’t like to say expectation, but people expect so much from us. They believe that Concept Multimedia is laying the tracks.

We invite people to come in and see what we do and how we can help them, so we have a lot of people coming in just to find out how they can go about doing their projects. We get a range of people coming into this office asking for various things, from event coverage to videos. As I mentioned before, there is an audio studio, so we get a lot of artists who come in. AB4U and Sound Boy Ritchie work in the audio studio. We also get documentaries from NGOs, and international people coming in looking to make short films about projects that they are doing.

FO: How long have you been a producer?

VT: I have worked for the last three years as a producer. I studied at Brighton University for two years doing Broadcast Media and then I transferred over to Greenwich University London, where I studied Digital Media in the final year of my degree. I knew at the time that even though I was technically able to do the work, I was more inclined to produce because of the way I like to work, so I spent a year getting work experience in studios as a young producer.

I decided it was best that I was in Sierra Leone. I got in touch with Idriss and he told me about the studio and it was one of the perfect places to come and get some experience.

FO: How many you documentaries have you produced while working with Concept Media?

VT: We haven’t produced any documentaries per se but we have been called on to film documentaries. One thing that we are deeply involved in is the four-part series we are doing for Advocates in Sierra Leone about people’s rights — because information is lacking in the society. What Advocates is doing is using this documentary as a platform for people to know their rights in terms of themselves and the police. We are also doing a documentary for PLANN, an NGO in Sierra Leone and I believe the documentary is about Girls in the Media.

FO: How many jobs have you produced in your tenure as a producer here?

VT: We have produced three or four short programmes and then the short documentaries that we’re working on.

FO: Are you interested in documentaries and do you think there is a market for documentary filmmaking in Sierra Leone?

VT: Yes, my passion is documentaries. I believe there is a market for documentaries in Sierra Leone because, as you can see, there is a lot of talent here but they don’t have the platform to get those ideas and those stories out. In the last few years we’ve seen that people come from outside, to make award winning documentaries about the country while the people themselves don’t have the tools to make documentaries.

FO: Are there any film schools in Sierra Leone 

VT: Not that I know of.

FO: If an organization were to decide to allocate money to aid documentary filmmaking in Sierra Leone in which area do you think this money would be useful?

VT: I think most importantly it would be in education. Documentary filmmaking is different from filmmaking. The way you tell a story in documentary filmmaking is not the same way you tell a story in fiction filmmaking. If money is coming in, I believe it should be put into basic training. There is a desperate need for that.

FO: What are the challenges you face that are unique to your environment?

VT: The challenge is in the lack of respect for media. People don’t understand the importance of media and the weight if you have the media behind you. As a producer, what would make me great would be my contacts, which would lead to future investments and funding. The culture of investing in films and seeing it as a business is not clear to the people yet, so as a producer, that kind of limits me and makes me think of new ways to approach people and say, “I’ve got this brilliant idea and if you give me this amount of money I will be able to do this and several other things”

FO: Do you have challenges in terms of equipment?

VT: That is a huge challenge, but I must admit I feel lucky to be with Concept Multimedia because even though we don’t have all of the equipment we can make use of at the studio, we still have a wide range of equipment. So in that respect, for me personally, I feel quite blessed I’m with the team. I know as a wider picture, it is a struggle to get equipment. For example, if anything was to break here or if we hired out our equipment to someone and it broke, getting the same quality equipment would be almost impossible. There is a huge gap and a huge need for equipment and equipment management as well.

FO: Is it easy for you to get equipment in the country or do you have to go out of the country to get it?

VT: You have to go out of the country to get standard equipment. They have good enough equipment here but I haven’t seen any one push to get industry standard equipment.

FO: What are the goals of Concept Media? Let’s say five years down the road, what are you guys going to be doing?

VT: In five years time we probably will be looking into our first major film but until that time I see us doing a few music videos and I see us really getting into documentary filmmaking because it is the passion of the team. It’s just that at the moment, the right tools are not in place right now to do a documentary. So in five years I believe we would have made a few more documentaries and I also believe we would have made major extensions to the studio.

FO: Do you plan on having a teaching facility?

VT: Yes we do.

FO: What is your take on the Broadcast Media in Sierra Leone? Do they hinder or do they help with your work?

VT: They hinder the work we do majorly. The reason I say that is because of what I am seeing: professional channels being downgraded to the kind of student-level quality we did while learning in university. That’s my honest opinion…although they have made improvements!

FO: If you could change things in the industry what would you change?

VT: Information. Information is key. Although where I got my training, you learn every day through research and watching other people work. If you want to be a director, you have to know who your director is and what your style is. I believe that once you give people information, and then you give them a little basics, then they can then go on and do things. That is what filmmaking and documentary filmmaking is all about. Just knowing the basics, taking the cameras, taking equipment and doing what you need to do.

FO: Are you aware if there are any archives in Sierra Leone for documentary films?

AB4U: Idriss Kpange used to be a Reuters TV correspondent in Sierra Leone so there is a lot of footage that we at Concept Multimedia have that even SLBC the government station does not have.

FO: So what you are saying is that there is a documentary archive in this studio?

 AB4U/VT/IK: Yes.

FO: Do you share that information and why? 

IK: Not at this stage, no. We haven’t gotten a request to share it and also we haven’t properly catalogued it yet in digital files.

FO: Is there any government funding available for filmmakers in Sierra Leone?

AB4U/VT/IK: None at all.

FO: What about legal standards? Are there any laws in place that aid filmmakers?

IK: I think the government has gone so far as to introduce the new copyright law, which is why a lot of people are interested in filmmaking…just because of that one step. Imagine what would happen if the government did more? There are just 5 million people and maybe 200 people are interested in filmmaking. I’m sure the government could support filmmaking in this country if they were less corrupt and if only they would direct some of the funds that they put into their overall budget. Maybe the Ministry of Culture has a fund for filmmakers. I think the government can do it, I just think people are laid back. They don’t really understand. As I said, that education is lacking. Even the politicians don’t know how to market themselves.

AB4U: There is one point that I always see in Sierra Leone. It is the fact that people don’t actually know how to use media, just as Valona said. Watching SLBC is like watching some secondary school kids put together programmes. There is a lack of understanding of what broadcast should be. If you listen to the radio, a DJ will just play music for hours on end without trailing what radio station people are listening to. The culture is just not there. We have been to the Ministry of Tourism and Culture. They talk the talk but they don’t walk the walk.

Education is key and general sensitization of what the media is and what it does.

IK: Let me give you a classic example. You were talking about archiving…. The National Electoral Commission is running after us right now to give them footage from last year’s election. We have a lot of this information on video, properly shot and well kept for the last 5 years. They came here and they have seen it. When we told them we had footage their response was, “Oh, lets film it on our mobile phones”.

So, you see even if I wanted to give them my footage, that makes me sit back and think that these people are not serious. The education needs to go beyond the filmmakers. It needs to actually teach people the essence of media. It has to be a general sensitization. The president, the ministers, all these people do not know how to market themselves.

 

FOCUS GROUP

A Focus Group meeting was held featuring representatives of the industry stakeholders.

Lansana Mansaray, aka Barmmy Boy: An accomplished musician and filmmaker, Lansana Mansaray, aka Barmmy Boy exemplifies the talent and potential of his generation. Gifted at engaging his peers in creative collaboration, he is a natural mentor and instructor. Barmmy Boy assists in coordinating the commissioned productions produced by We Own TV: Sierra Leone. He has participated in media projects with iEarn, War Child Canada, cafesociety.org and has been honored by youth groups and the British Council for his film/video work.

Arthur Pratt: As a drama teacher, filmmaker, youth organiser and pastor living in Freetown, Arthur Pratt

leads the ongoing We Own TV efforts in Sierra Leone. A respected leader in his community, he has a longtime commitment to working with underprivileged youth. Arthur is a compassionate and deeply motivating mentor. He has toured throughout the country performing original productions of Shakespeare. His credits also include numerous short films and plays created in collaboration with the youth he serves.

Papa Shaw: An editor, producer and also a camera operator. He is an independent filmmaker in Sierra Leone.

Kadie Sesay: An actress and a producer. Benjamin Dominic: A writer and a producer. Brima Sheriff: A writer and director.

Ibrahim Sorie Samura: An actor and director.

Mohamed Foday Kamara: Owner of production company Bintumani Pictures.

Augustus O. Thomas: A director.

 

FOCUS GROUP MEETING FEATURING REPRESENTATIVES OF INDUSTRY STAKEHOLDERS

FOCUS GROUP 1
Interview with members of The Sierra Leone Film Industry Labor and Marketing Guild (S.L.F.L.M)

Papa Shaw: An editor, producer, camera operator and an independent filmmaker in Sierra Leone.

Kadie Sesay: An actress and a producer.

Benjamin Dominic: A writer and a producer.

Brima Sheriff: A writer and director.

Ibrahim Sorie Samura: An actor and director

Mohamed Foday Kamara: Owner of a production company, Bintumani Pictures.

PS: My name is Papa Shaw, commonly known as Edwin in the media world. I am an editor, producer and also a camera operator. I am an independent filmmaker in Sierra Leone. With my experience as a filmmaker, I can say that filmmaking in Sierra Leone is not that easy. There are a lot of things you have to go through to get your film done. Concerning the challenges I face in editing, I think we need a proper training facility so that we can get our films cut very well. We get our training from the experience we get from friends and international people that come to Sierra Leone make movies. The experience we get is the experience that we implement in making our own films. Also, as a camera operator, I got my experience from an international organisation called I RUN SIERRA LEONE, where I started camera operating and I was taught by a filmmaker from New York. He basically taught me how to use the camera. From there I decided to go into filmmaking. I started filmmaking because I believe it to be my career and I believe I can make a living as a filmmaker.

KS: My name is Kadie Baihe Sesay and I am an actress and a producer. I ventured once into producing a movie and until now I haven’t finished producin. It was not a good experience though because we funded that movie on our own. My friends and I went out and scouted for money and tried to produce the movie, but up to this point we haven’t produced it yet, so I cannot say I am a full producer. Acting, however, has been my passion since childhood. In Sierra Leone it is so sad, because even if they call you to act a movie, they cannot pay you because there are no funds or budgets for it. So you go and act freely and even after sales, they do not call you to give you something — not even a Coke for the role you played in the movie. It has been a series of ups and downs. There is no story to write home about the movie industry in Sierra Leone.

BD: My name is Benjamin Dominic; I am a writer and a producer. My experience as producer so far is that the film industry in Sierra Leone is very young. Some of the constraints that we have start with the actors. Most of them are not trained and there are no institutions to train them in Sierra Leone, so it is always a big effort for someone who wants to do a movie to take up that challenge.

In the area of actually making the films it is sometimes not easy for us to sort out our locations because most people here do not really understand what films are all about. They do shy away sometimes from giving us locations for our movies and even when we meet institutions that are already established, they sometimes find it difficult to give us some of the things we need in films, such as props. One of my friends had this experience. They wanted to use police uniforms, guns, and the like in making his film. It wasn’t easy. He had to go through a lot of protocols to do so. This at times derails your story. If you have a story that talks about police, the vans, the guns, etc., the actual process of shooting it becomes difficult because they do not understand why they should give you their materials to do your films.

Another constraint that we face in the industry is funding. To raise funds to make films in an environment where filmmaking is new it is not easy. Not everybody knows much about filmmaking, so they look at it as something that is not lucrative. So, funding has been a problem. With most of the films we do here, the actors who have a passion for filmmaking come together and raise funds to do films. When the actors themselves are raising funds to do their movies, that just tells you what the film is going to look like

Lastly, I just want to say that workshops would really help all of us in filmmaking but we are not getting workshops that will train the actors and filmmakers in totality. That includes cinematographers and cameramen, DOP, sound engineers and all the departments that come together to make a film. I want to believe that if all these things are put in place we would do better.

BS: My name is Brima Sheriff and I am a writer and director. I’ll tell you about my experience when I ventured into filmmaking in 2005. I did my first movie which primarily focused on female genital mutilation. I come from a very deprived community and as a result I used to write a lot of poems and songs as a way of consoling the soul. Then I became a member of an theater group and when I joined Amnesty International my capacity was further built by the human rights training that I got, so most of my movies are really tied to human rights issues. That’s how I ventured into the first movie.

The challenges were that the actors were not trained and I was not equally and adequately trained. So then the very first thing I had to do was most of my training online by going on to the internet, studying about how to direct a movie and learning what it entails to do a movie. So that’s how I did it. I was responsible for funding the movie and transportation for rehearsals. I worked with a location manager and gave him transport to find locations. I was responsible for paying the editor. I was responsible for producing the entire movie. It was a real challenge because by 2005 Sierra Leone was at its embryonic stage of movie making and people were not appreciative of Sierra Leone movies. I also faced challenges with sound. I didn’t know how to direct my cameraman and he was not an expert in doing that. He was a television producer and we used him for the very first film. These were the key challenges I faced in 2005.

After that, I ventured into a second movie and unfortunately I could not release it. It was supposed to be released on June 16, but my house got burned down in January this year and I lost all my equipment. Still, I think I gained a lot of experience with the first challenge.

First, I know that making a movie is a business. It is not anything that has to do with fun. Secondly, I noticed that with doing a movie, you need a certain capacity, so what I had to do was talk to other directors, look for other people who had experience and most times I’d call peer discussion meetings and I would share my ideas with colleagues. I got a lot of capacity out of that. Generally, making movies in Sierra Leone is very expensive. It is very difficult.

Another big challenge is that there is still a dissenting voice in Sierra Leone in terms of who is an expert in making movies and who is not an expert. I have noticed that we are divided along this line. There are a group of people who just believe that without them being involved, films are not good in this country. I think that’s the challenge. They have the expertise and we do recognise the expertise, but there is a very big block between them and most of us with not really very strong capacities who are interested in doing movies.

ISS: My name is Ibrahim Sorie Samura. I’m an actor and a DOP. My experience in the movie world in Sierra Leone is not that good because I have encountered a lot of problems. Initially, when I came into the industry, I wanted to be an actor but I found it so hard and it was difficult for me to make it acting, so I decided to go to the back of the camera and learn to be a camera operator. When I took that step, it was not an easy task for me again,and it was only through the help of God that I met a German who was a documentary filmmaker. He had come to do a film called Lost Identity and I spoke with him and told him that I wanted to learn from him because there was no film school in Sierra Leone. He said he would teach me how to operate the camera.

After that, we went on the first project which was Breaking the Rules. There I started gaining experience operating the camera. We did another which was Lost Identity where I served as the second cameraman, operating the second camera with him working side by side. He was teaching me to know the angles with which I should take my shot and which I should not take my shot.

I was of the opinion that there were no professionals in Sierra Leone, but then I got in touch with the Sierra Leone Film Guild. I met people in the movie world, got close to them and gained experience from them. I have learned a lot and now I can say I can do a movie on my own with all the experience I have from producers, writers, directors, actors and actresses in the guilds.

Initially we called on the government to aid with funding as there was no funding and then there was nobody responsible for film and so the government had no one they could entrust with funds. After forming this guild, and I believe it has all the experienced filmmakers in Sierra Leone, we went back to the government and they tried to award a certificate to the guild which was a good step. It was something that I appreciated because I believe it will help the industry in terms of providing funds and encouraging investors to come in and invest their resources in the movie world. I was very happy the day they awarded the certificate to us.

In filmmaking we are having problems with locations and using people’s houses. It is ridiculous for people in this country not to give their houses to people like us who are passionate about doing movies. Maybe it’s because we just came from the rebel war so no one trusts each other. I believe in this peaceful environment that we have known and they should be the ones helping us with locations and other things for us to climb up in the film industry.

To round up, I would like to call on investors to come in to help with film schools, to help the film guild so that we can groom more people and also so we can be trained to make more professional movies.

 

MFK: My name is Mohamed Foday Kamara, popularly known as Meddf. I am a proud member of the Sierra Leone Film Guild, co-founder and owner of production company Bintumani Pictures. I started my filming career some 8 years ago as an actor and over the years I have metamorphosed into different things in the making of films. Initially when I started as an actor, writing was on my mind and I had a passion for writing so I taught myself how to write a script from a template I got from the internet. Over the years I have been writing scripts that people have been looking forward to for productions, but unfortunately it is just a hobby, because after writing a script you hardly get a producer who will say I like this thing, let me make a movie out of it. I once had a guy tell me that he wanted to give me less than 100 USD for a script which I wrote, and I told him no because I know what it takes. That took me to another level. I decided to start producing.

Just like many filmmakers in this country the experience is a bitter one. The country is not open to filmmaking yet. People are not that interested. I’m not talking about those with the talent, I am talking about investors. It is hard to find someone who could be an executive producer or a company that will invest. They are not interested.

I co-wrote and produced Breaking the Rules. It was a hit in the country because it sold aver 20,000 copies, which is considered a big deal in Sierra Leone, but when you go to the internet and see how many copies are sold worldwide 20,000 copies is just too small.

Honestly being a producer…. It’s a shame I am saying this on tape but, the person who ended up doing the marketing for the film ended up giving me the producer, Le500 for a tape which is something like 0.1 dollars. I could not even pay my actors, but I spoke to them and some of them understood and some of them are still after me and honestly I have nothing to say to them. The shameful part of it is that my film is still selling but I’m not getting any royalties for it.

The marketing structure in this country is so poor, that people are not willing to invest, and the few who do come on board will do so only after the production. They will market your product and you get almost nothing for it. If you say you are not giving it to them, then you might as well just keep it in your cupboard for eternity because you are not a marketer and you do not have the knowhow to market your product in this country. The only option you have is them and they will use, misuse and abuse you because they are the only option.

However, we are not relenting. For some of us it is a hobby. We are doing it because we like what we do. Still, we are not getting anything.

Some of the constraints that I faced as a filmmaker, were that I had to teach myself how to write a script and how to direct. With directing you cannot read from the internet and go and direct just like that, but I have managed over the years. It has been successful locally even though I have not been able to break barriers outside Sierra Leone. At least I can walk the streets of Freetown and someone will recognise me as a filmmaker even though I am not known outside Sierra Leone.

To get a unifying voice that will speak for the film industry in Sierra Leone has been a major challenge. We see ourselves as rivals, not in a healthy atmosphere but as enemies. I remember very well, about 5 or 6 years ago when the Sierra Leone Film Guild started and it was promising, but people started looking at the guild like a production company, saying why must I join another production company when I already have one. We have seen people breaking from this guild and forming other groups with the same aims and ambitions as the one they broke from saying, “Why can’t we just come together for our own good?” Almost every day you will see people coming into this country doing documentaries, and feature length films and we are not benefiting from it. It is only recently, about 2 years ago, that I could proudly say that I was a filmmaker, but before then, filmmaking was looked at something only dropouts from school did.

If I was asked what I wanted to see in the Sierra Leonean film industry, I would say a structured body that would regulate the affairs of filmmakers in this country, beginning with those who are writers, producers and including all the key players in the industry. I would also like to see learning institutions in this country. I say this because many of us did not formally learn our craft except by reading about it on the internet.

FO: We have talked about the problems from personal perspectives. Can we now talk about the strategies for overcoming these problems? Money is hard to find everywhere. How much is the biggest amount that a film is made with here?

IK: The highest is I think 20,000 USD.

FO: If the highest is 20,000 USD, what is the average cost of making films?

IK: 5,000 USD/3,000 USD. Some people can even squeeze 1000 USD and they can make a film.

BS: That is because we have not been costing the amount of energy, the time we spend, the resources we put into it. We do not cost the human resources, the unplanned expenditures. That is why you say that.

FO: What is the average cost of a cast? Don’t you have actors, don’t you pay for locations, and don’t you have transport?

KS: When I was producing my own movie, the main actor was T.J.Cole and we paid him 2 million Leones. He told us that without that money he would not do the movie and we needed him, so we paid. In my production we paid all the cast members. Nobody will say that we didn’t, but then we ran out of money. Our editor and camera men…. (Sighing)

FO: What did they do?

KS: What did they do? Hmmm — it is a long story. Truly, it is not anything to write home about…we rent equipments, pay cast…there is no readily available amount that you can use to do a movie. We spent over 20million Leones producing that movie, that’s about 5,000USD and we have nothing to show for it.

FO: On average in terms of income, the audience pays about what Le10, 000 for a DVD?

PS: Well, the marketers sell it to the hawkers for about Le6,000 and the hawkers then sell it for about Le10,000 and most times the hawkers gain more than the producers. The producer gets Le2,000 in terms of royalty and the hawkers get Le4,000.

FO: So why are you not hawking and letting someone else make the movie?

BD: The marketers here are a big problem. As my colleague said, making some movies average 5,000 USD. This money is mainly provided by the cast, the director and the producer. By the time they finish producing the movie, they move to the next stage, where the movie has to be mass produced, posters have to be put up for advertisement and you realise that the cast and the producers have exhausted their pockets.

These people called marketers will now come in and offer to mass produce and print the movie and they offer you Le2,000 per copy. With this amount it will be very hard for you to get your investment back in 6 months, let alone pay your actors and this is the reason why we haven’t been paying our actors.

FO: If you don’t pay the actors, how will you get the actors to sign release forms, do you get their permission to use their image?

ISS: Frankly, Sierra Leone is very different from other countries. Filming is very embryonic here. It is more like a club thing, not a professional institute, not like the way big film companies operate. We reach an agreement that they receive x% if the movies is successful. If it isn’t, then we all bear the loss.

FO: So, it’s like Le 2,000 per DVD? How do you share Le2,000 per DVD amongst everybody? I am trying to understand the accounts here because one thing leads to another. If the hawkers make more than the person making the film then there is a structural problem.

ISS: It is very rare to see production companies paying their actors. They would rather say if the film is successful after production then we will give you a certain amount.

FO: You still haven’t answered the question, which is how you do get someone to sign a contract that releases them to use their image in a film if you don’t pay them?

PS: You reach an understanding, a gentleman’s agreement.

FO: How do the actors….because they are actually spending time to do this, a film, which means you are going to be there for a day or two. That means you are not elsewhere, you are working and leveraging your talent. How do they eat?

BS: Take my experience. When I was doing my movie, a village film, the entire crew moved to a village. What we did first was to pay our own cost for food, every cast member paid their own cost for food and for accommodation. I am explaining this because there are two things that are happening. First, there is enthusiasm, determination and there is willingness on the part of people to become movie stars, so they do not ask for costs. We took it as our own project, it is a project owned by us, including the determination of the people who wanted to be a part of the movie. No, there wasn’t a contract by 2005. By 2011 when I was doing another movie and I had that problem, I developed consent forms. Because of my human rights background I knew there had to be consent forms and so I developed a consent form that they signed. I was responsible for costumes and I was responsible for transportation to go to locations. We projected the contracts, saying this is the cost that you will pay me, as my colleague said, IF the movie is successful.

FO: How do you know the movie will be successful? 

BS: It is only a fool that will go to sleep when his ass is on fire. These people are a part of the entire production system. They know what it takes to print and how to distribute. They know the costs involved and sometimes they are even part of the public relations team.

FO: Can you tell me more about the actual filmmaking? When you say you made a film for a thousand dollars, describe it to me. Who knows anything about the equipment that you use.

PS: We are using HDV cameras, Z5, Z1 and then even the X-F 300 Canon. That is the recent camera as of now in town. We pay 100 USD to rent it for a day.

FO: Does the writer get paid? And, do they actually write out a proper script or is it something you explain to them?

PS: Not at all. Most times the writers are also the directors.

BD: In some cases the scripts are being purchased, but in the case of the producer or the director writing the script, he will have to explain everything to the actors and have rehearsals where they will rehearse with the script until he feels his actors are ready to shoot.

FO: How do you do your post-production?

BD: In post-production, the cameraman and editor do not compromise Even if they are part of your group, they will break out of your group if you do not pay them. In post-production, you take your movie to the editor and you have to pay him. Where we have the problem is with marketing, after post-production.

FO: Why do you not take this film to the theatres?

BD: We do take these films out to the theatre, but let me break it down for you. I have done two premieres and to be frank with you, it does not pay. For instance, if you want to take your movie to the cinemas, your group will have to write out invitation cards for patrons, chief patrons and your ordinary cards. There are also expenses at the cinema. The halls are not that cheap. You pay like a million plus in some cases….

FO: Do you promote these films?

BD: Promoting our films also lies in the hands of the people we call marketers because we do not have the money to promote the film.

FO: In Nigeria, the marketer will provide the budget for the film. You cannot get a free actor anywhere in Nigeria. You cannot get a free anything. You have to pay for everything. The marketer gives you money to make the film, the marketer promotes the film, and the marketer pays for the premiere. So is it a question of your marketers getting away with a lot here, because if you pay for the film and the marketer just sits and collects it and makes equal amounts of money because he just makes copies, and even the hawker makes more, is that not a structural problem?

PS: People like the ones you are describing are coming around. We have a marketer now. Let’s say for example, there’s a script, and I want to do a film. The marketer will ask, “What is the budget for the movie?” If it is low budget, then I will sponsor it and then I will do the marketing. So yes, I think we are starting to get those kinds of marketers and I think they are foreign. What they do in other countries is what they are trying to implement here.

FO: Is there anything the Television Company is doing to support the industry?

BD: I would like to say that the television people are not doing much to support the industry because when we do our movie trailers, with which we advertise, they charge us exorbitantly and they don’t compromise.

FO: Has the TV station ever commissioned a film? 

Everybody: In our own case we have never been commissioned to do a movie or a documentary.

FO: So what is the film guild doing? That’s where I am going. You have a guild and the purpose of this guild is to protect the individual filmmaker by creating environments interfacing with institutions to create a situation where you make films profitably and make films comfortably. What’s the film guild about?

PS: We just set up the film guild. In the past there was no guild, there was no structure.

FO: So why did someone say 5 years ago?

MFK: It came into existence around that time, but it was never active, simply because we filmmakers were not united. It was only recently that a few of us decided to give life to something that was dying. Now we have succeeded in getting government recognition. We have a certificate. Back then, we were just like a club.

FO: The film guild is recognised by government. Is the film union recognised by government?

MFK: They are registered to exist in the country, just like any group, but they do not have the license to act as a trade union for filmmakers.

FO: Why do you say that? 

MFK: It is because the trade union policy in this country is that the certificate is given to only one entity.

FO: What is the advantage of being registered in the government?

MFK: When you are known by the government, then the body becomes a legal one, which can sue and be sued when it goes against the laws of the country, or when someone infringes on the right of someone in the film industry that is registered in the guild.

FO: So what is the guild doing about this woman’s film that she says has not been completed?

MFK: : The guild became active again this year and this woman’s film was 2 years ago. The guild is still a baby and it’s still growing.

BD: The truth about this is we all have a passion to do film, but we do not have, nor know, the structure. With this guild, we are trying to see how we can use our knowledge and fight for its members. We are looking at the guilds also having workshops, training and the like to help filmmakers.

FO: So basically it is all about skills and structure in the industry?

EVERYBODY: Yes, skills and structure.

FO: Are any of you doing documentary films? Is there a market for documentary films?

PS: I do a documentary and I send it out there for competition in Europe and America. There are a few international filmmakers that I know and sometimes they ask me if I can do a documentary about certain topics.

AOT: Most filmmakers do not have an interest in documentary filmmaking. Very few do. Feature length is the concern, so I do not believe there is enough initiative for documentary films or short films. Only a few individuals are concentrating on making documentaries and feature length movies.

I don’t think we have any market for documentaries. Perhaps it’s hidden and we can’t see it, unless someone opens our eyes and says this is the market. (laughing)

MFK: Honestly I don’t know of any market in this country, it’s just a passion. Recently I was in the Koinadugu district and I went to the Loma Mountains, the second highest mountain in the country. This is all about passion and wanting to tell a story.

FO: Finally, can we talk about broadcasting — there is SLBC. Is there anyone making television programming, soap operas?

AOT: In the past couple of years, a few people have tried to make soap operas — Julius Spencer, Premier Media, Talking Drum Studios…

BD: The reason why people are not interested in this is, for instance, if I am taking a trailer to the SLBC to play it and they’re charging me for it, what would happen when it comes to soap operas and things like that?

BS: To give you an insight from an office perspective, we were doing work on Maternal Health in Sierra Leone and we wanted to collaborate with SLBC. We did a proposal and the director is a very close friend of mine. He worked as a journalist for Human Rights, while I am the Director for Amnesty International. Their operational plan was not able to accommodate what we wanted to do and they were not flexible, so we had a problem and the organisation had to take on everything. Even when we did the documentaries, we were asked to pay if we wanted to air them on SLBC.

FO: In a situation where you are not able to continue with the structure you have now, where everybody just chips in, do you still see a viable market? If a film starts to cost you 20,000 USD to make, which is what is going to happen by the time you start paying people, no matter how small, assume that an average cost comes out to 15/20,000 USD. Do you see the possibility of turning a profit? What’s important is not to bring an outside structure into the environment and then the environment cannot sustain it and everything collapses, because once you start paying people you can’t stop. What are your thoughts about that?

AS: Actually I believe we can sustain it because even though right now Sierra Leone is a virgin country, if we work as a team it can be done.

KS: Yes we can. In the first instance what the film guild or whatever organisation will try to do is to break the barrier between us and the government, because if we can get the government on board then without them sponsoring us financially, we can get them to sponsor us through contacts for SLBC. If we have SLBC on board and they air our trailers frequently, that can help sales of movies in this town.

When they shot Blood Diamond, that movie made a lot of money in this town. I was a part of that group that went around Bo, Kono and Makeni areas. I know the amount of money made at that time. So, if we start doing that, launching movies in different parts of the town, you will make twice what you spent making the movie.

FO: Why is the guild not organising forums and discussing strategies, exactly the same thing we are doing here now?

KS: The guild is now working. It has been together for the past 6 months, working on strategies, the acts, policies, regulations and all of that. It is a work in progress and we will get to that point.

Apart from that, as you rightly said, it is the legislation and if we have a legislation that says SLBC, you have to play a Sierra Leone movie trailer, free of charge, that will go a long way to advertise a movie. If there was a legislation that said that, then the marketers, and in fact the marketers right now are above the guilds, let me be frank with you. In fact, the last time I went there I was told, “Whether you like it or not, what we decide to pay you guys is what we are going to pay you”.

BS: Without a structure sustaining the film industry, it is going to haphazard, it is going to be uncoordinated, and people will continue to suffer from making films and not benefiting. Just listen to his experience – marketers who can turn to guilds and say “whether you like it or not.”

This goes a very long way to show that until we have a structure which regulates the activity of every player within the film sector, sustaining the film industry will still be a challenge. There are a lot of people forming groups. These groups are a very clear manifestation that people need to organise themselves to make a profit out of this entire process. Therefore, I am of the very strong opinion that until we have a structure, a formidable structure that protects the interests of every player within the film sector, it’s going to be difficult especially for the filmmakers. Meanwhile, the marketers are going to be waiting to take advantage of the very fragile situation.

FO: What do you see as a path to the structure, who’s responsible for creating this structure?

BS: I think that the Sierra Leone Film Guild has a very big responsibility, we have the legal background. What we lack to some extent are the skills and the capabilities to move this process forward. First are the skills and the capabilities and once we know how to run such a process, I am pretty sure we can access funding. By then we would be sure of what we want to do, how we want to do it and then we can move on from there.

I think that the Sierra Leone Film Guild and any other film organisation out there needs to be structured. We need to take responsibility and it needs to be something serious.

Sometimes we’ve called meetings and even the executive members have not come. I drafted a communications strategy that I shared with the team, and up until this moment that communications strategy has not taken effect.

So, that’s the problem, even within ourselves. Executives within the Film Guild do not take the work seriously. That is the problem. Until we move forward and we believe that the Film Guild has a responsibility to contribute to the success of filmmaking in this country, then it remains an illusion.

FO: Thank you.

 

FOCUS GROUP 2
TRANSCRIPT OF VISIT TO WE OWN TV HOUSE

LM: My name is Lansana Mansaray. That’s my real name, but most people know me as Bammy Boy. I am the production manager for We Own TV and I’m also a filmmaker. I used to do rap music a long time ago and I’m still interested in music, but for now I’m working with We Own TV. I have done a lot of work for youth groups, NGOs, TV stations and the rest.

AP: My name is Arthur Pratt; I am also working at We Own TV as the manager and I am in charge of education. I am a Pastor and a freelance journalist as well. I am 35 years old.

IK: My name is Idriss Kpange. I am a filmmaker and a TV journalist.

FO: What do you do for sound? Are you the main editor here?

LM: Yes I am the main editor here. For sound what we basically do is…you see this microphone here, this is what we use for voiceovers and other things just in case we have problems with the original sound, but with the cameras that we use the sound we get is pretty good. (taking out a camera and showing it) This is the online edit suite, where I do my work. It is the main editing facility, it has both Mac and PC for both Final Cut and Premiere.

FO: Wow! You are basically using the same kind of camera that we are using. What kind of work are you guys doing, where do you get funding?

AP: Basically we focus on producing.

LM: Most of the content we produce here is creative content for young people and our funding comes from donors around the world. We have a creative director who is based in San Francisco called Banker White. I don’t know if you’ve heard of the Sierra Leone Refugee All-Stars — it’s about a band of musicians, Sierra Leoneans. They formed a band in the refugee camp in Guinea and he followed them through their success. It was one of the biggest documentaries to come out of this country and it was done by Banker White and Zach Niles. When they did the documentary it was so successful that they thought that they could something with young filmmakers here in Sierra Leone. They decided to come up with an initiative to see how they could best empower young filmmakers. That’s basically a summary of how We Own TV came into being.

They did do some scouting before that, across the country in Kono, Makeni, and of course in Freetown, trying to spotlight interested filmmakers they could train and that had potential in the country. We were among the people they found, among a couple of other people in the east, six in Kono and two in Makeni.These young people include ex-combatants, unfortunate young people living on their own in the streets. Yes, this is the bunch that makes up We Own TV.

The center is available to them at any time. With the little equipment and know-how that we have, we are able to pass on ideas to them and in turn hope that they will go on in the world and do their creative work.

I personally am not involved in making Sierra Leone soap operas, or in making Sierra Leone movies. I am more focused on producing content for NGOs and documentaries. That is what I do, and of course, part of our own work also involves doing freelance work for other NGOS and international people.

FO: How much work did the NGOs actually bring in terms of the volume of work in the documentary genre? 

LM: Some of the work that groups like UNICEF and British Council used to hire expats to do, is now coming to us. It opens the door for us to make headway with various NGOs. As a Sierra Leonean it is not that easy and Idriss will attest to the fact. There is no funding here or encouragement for young filmmakers to make or produce their own films, or use their own ideas to make their own documentaries.

It really is difficult. There is no funding available here. For instance, if I have an idea and I want to produce a documentary, the state television will not commission it. There is nothing like that happening here. So we are just doing it out of love and passion. Some of us who are making headway with these local NGOs are starting to see a bit of light because of the work that we do.

FO: My question is, Can you say you are doing it for love if you are working with NGOs?

LM: (Overriding) I am properly paid if I’m working for people like The British Council and UNICEF. I am properly paid for it. That is why some of the equipment I have is not donor’s equipment. When I get paid I use it to upgrade myself. I don’t call that work, I just call that promotional stuff I do for NGOs.

FO: As a filmmaker what kind of films or documentaries do you guys want to be making?

AP: For most of us here at We Own TV, we do short films and also we are looking at films that express situations with topical themes such as corruption. Presently we are working on something called African Ninja. It’s a comedy that is looking at one man’s fight against corruption, which we know is very strong in Africa and in Sierra Leone.

In terms of documentaries, they cover all types of topics. I am doing a documentary on the elections now. Bammy is also covering the making of the African Ninja, and Michaela is doing a documentary on child labor. We are working on different things. We are also working on a documentary on disabled people and looking at how they live in Sierra Leone.

FO: How are you funding these documentaries?

LM: As you know it is not very easy. For instance, the production of the documentary Africa Ninja is being helped by Banker White who is the creative director of We Own TV, but most of the other work we do on our own because of the love and the passion we have for making films. It is part of what we do. The backbone of We Own TV is creative work.

FO: What is the structure of We Own TV? How did it come about?

AP: Basically We Own TV started in 2009 when Banker White and Zach Niles came to town. They were working Sierra Leone Refugee All-Stars so they saw the aftermath of the war, they saw the situation and they decided to do something about it. When they met us, we had discussions with them and they decided to work on the aspect of self-expression, using video. We started in 2009 by taking 22 or so young people for a workshop in Lungi which lasted for a whole month. After the workshop, they left us with equipment — cameras and laptops. For a whole year we were working at our various houses. We were responsible for moving around the different towns conducting workshops — Kono, Makeni — trying to get them to do something until 2010 when we rented this place. We started this office 2011.

FO: Is there a market out there for documentaries?

AP/ LM: (Answer simultaneously) In Sierra Leone? No!

(Laughing)

AP: There is basically no market for documentary films in Sierra Leone. The problem with us in Sierra Leone is that we somehow don’t value records. We don’t have respect for archives and so you find out that you are losing lots and lots of information that we are supposed to be storing. Take for example the 50th anniversary, nothing much was done about it. No strong documentary. Nothing came out about how Sierra Leone moved towards being 50 years old. Look at the political trend in Sierra Leone. Things are changing rapidly but nobody wants to sponsor documentaries. There is no market — absolutely none for documentaries in Sierra Leone.

This is the reason why the independent filmmakers we see around are releasing feature length films. They are following the Nigerian trend because that’s where the money is. They try to sell out to people who will buy their films in the street, but if I do a documentary now and take it out there, it won’t sell. Even with NGOs you hardly get NGOs that commission local people like us to do documentaries. It’s not easy. It all started with them calling on us to cover their workshops and we kept records for them, and seeing the quality of the work and the video, they took the risk and asked us to do some work for them.

FO: Let me ask you this. When you say there is no space for documentary or that the demand for documentary is low, what is happening with the TV stations? Why aren’t they showing documentaries?

LM: They are not interested, basically. What should I say? It’s difficult. As Arthur just said, there is no market for documentaries here, because documentary is not a day or a month’s job and for someone like us trying to develop ourselves to take up this job and say we have this idea or we want to follow this idea, we need something commissioned, even partially covered, so that we can go out there and do what we have to do. Here TV stations are not interested in commissioning young filmmakers to make documentaries.

AP: The thing is, the people running the television stations are only thinking about themselves and their pocket. They are thinking about how they make money for themselves every blessed day. That’s the whole idea. So, when they work within the station, they make sure that everything is confined within the station. For example, look at the quality of work SLBC is doing. The quality is poor. For instance, they insist that all musical videos should be of High Definition quality, and SLBC cannot even import — they cannot even broadcast it. So you understand the problem. The game is that they grab everything for themselves.

There was a time when we were doing a programme called In Focus, which mainly focused on our local folklore and storytelling. We started the programme with SLBC and before long we started having problems with them and later I found out that most of them wanted to grab programmes and do it themselves, within the SLBC. They didn’t have the technical know-how to go about doing these programmes and they ended up doing nothing. There was a time when I heard that the SLBC was given a grant by the United Nations to sponsor documentaries or short stories, culture and other things. I don’t remember the actual date but it was during the time of In Focus and nothing came out.We heard nothing about it again.

FO: How do you see your career panning out in this environment? What do you see as a way forward in the future and what are the kinds of things you think should happen to make a change?

LM: I think things will definitely take a u-turn and change. The industry is still growing and is still trying to take a strong stand here. I mean, before now, there was absolutely nothing. There was no Bammy, there was no Arthur, and there was no Idriss and that was 10 years ago. It’s just because of the civil war and when the civil war ended a lot of young people like me were desperate to do something, desperate to move on in life and we thought we could use filmmaking. Of course I was doing music at some point to express our ideas about things affecting us locally and globally in our own local communities.

That was basically what brought me into the industry (laughs) and as I started up, there was no help. The only way I could be a part of it was to follow people that had equipment, go along with them and watch what they did. That was the only way I could learn about this and from there I was mainly interested in whatever came up about film. I always made sure I would go there and be a part of it, because by then there was no school that you could go to that could teach you how to edit, teach you how to use a camera, or how to adjust this or that. There was nothing!

The only way was to go down there and learn it yourself by using VHS, so that is how I started. For the future of the industry I see a light at the end of the tunnel. I see that things are starting to develop. Before now, take for example, the market — the movies there were all Nigerian and Ghanaian movies, but now if you go round the streets of Sierra Leone, you see that Sierra Leonean movies are starting to be on top and that they are much more expensive than a Nigerian movie. You will see Sierra Leoneans now buying Sierra Leonean movies and you also notice former theatre groups are turning to movie making and also companies trying to produce movies because they are starting to see the light. For us at the other side of things, we are starting to see the same — not only from the government but also from private corporations, from the NGOs, not only locally but also internationally. We are doing it relentlessly, come rain or shine, pushing hard to make things happen for us.

Last year I went to the Sheffield Documentary Film Festival in the UK to pitch a documentary called They Call Me Savior. It was not shot by me but I was the assistant producer. It was done by these guys called Nova Studios.

These are things that were not happening before and even for people like UNICEF, The British Council or CONCERN to give me a job — it wasn’t happening before. They would rather call expats to come in and do the jobs that we are doing now and then they’d pay them and they’d leave after finishing. Now you see them giving us the job and it is the same hope I have in the area of producing creative content like documentaries. For people like the TV stations, I don’t know, but I see things changing for the better. It is not that promising but we will see how it goes.

FO: What is your biggest need in terms of the industry as a young filmmaker? I spoke to Idriss and he was talking about the importance of education….Do you agree with him?

LM: I totally agree with him. That is one of our biggest problems here in the industry. The basics always lay the foundation. It is the stepping stone for whatever you want to do in life and I believe that what is lacking in this industry is — a big thing is equipment of course — but the main one is the skill. What we do here is out of simple common understanding, just basic things, common knowledge and the little training that we have.

Again, I totally agree with him. Until kow I’ve only heard of a school, I don’t know if you have heard of that school….

AP: It’s not even functioning now.

LM: There is nothing. If you go to other places you can learn. For most of us we have a passion to learn new things but the only way that we learn is by people coming here to teach or train, and maybe when we travel outside the country. I think there is much more we can do if we have more technical skills to do what we want to do, and equipment.

FO: What do you see as the biggest need to go from where you are to where you might want to be?

LM: If I could just say something, let me give you an example. You look at the movie industry and the way things are going and you will find out that most of what is being portrayed in the movies is Nigerian Culture. The problem with that is that we don’t even understand our own culture and how we can sell it. That knowledge is lacking. You can’t sell a computer if you do not know much about the computer and that is a big problem. That comes with knowledge and learning, which is is also responsible for the growth of the industry and the growth of a lot of filmmakers, like myself, in Sierra Leone.

FO: Let’s talk about the knowledge.

AP: Well, I don’t think it’s far from what Bammy (Lansana) has said. The basic problem that we have here in Sierra Leone is, first of all, our attitude toward learning. There are many times when we think we know and we really don’t know and we want to do something because we think we know and then what we end up doing ends up being not satisfactory.

As Bammy (Lansana) said, if you watch Nigerian Films and then you watch Sierra Leonean Films, most if not all are copy cats of what you will see in Nigerian films, Ghanaian films and even Western Movies, just because we are refusing to learn. We don’t have any film schools or film institutions here that will actually teach you the art of scriptwriting, or the art of storytelling, or the  art of using video to tell stories. We don’t have that here. Most of us learn from watching films and we have a little basic training from white guys who have come into the country and given us this basic training.

I wouldn’t say anyone is a “professional” only because they have gone through school and graduated. I think we should first of all desire to learn, which also means through experience. Learning is there it starts, and then something can happen. I think we need a school. We need people to teach us properly so that at the end of the day, the quality of production that will be coming out of Sierra Leone will be very good. Also again, we have a problem with our governmental system. The government seems to be neglecting developing industries such as the music industry, for exanple. When the music industry in Sierra Leone started developing, when it started showing a new face, it was completely neglected until it bounced back against the government and until it started releasing songs that were anti-government songs. Then the government began to take them seriously, but even when the government takes them seriously, we still saw very little education within that area. They are still not being trained properly in a way that will help them emerge as proper musicians. Also, even when it comes to sound engineers, there are very few professional sound engineers in Sierra Leone. I wonder if there more than 4 or 5. We have very few people who can sit down and do live music properly.

The same thing is reflected in the film industry. We have very few people who know how to do their work properly and the government does not seem to see this as a way of creating employment, which is very important.

Filmmaking, for me, is very important and creating employment is a way of preserving our traditions. They are not seeing it like that, so it is being neglected, and if they are neglecting it, then they are neglecting a whole industry which has the capability of selling the whole country to the rest of the world, as well as giving local youth work to do to put some money in their pocket.

So I think the government and even NGOs should begin to turn their attention to the talent industry. The government came out one day and said they were looking at re-branding Sierra Leone, but how can you re-brand Sierra Leone and forget about the youth? You forget about the films that are coming out of Sierra Leone with the ability to sell the country and you forget about the music? You cannot re-brand your country without this. Let us take a look at what is happening in the Indian film industry. Indian films are being encouraged to screen outside India and to be shot in places like Australia, just so that they can be used as a tool to bring tourists to these areas. Why are they neglecting us? Since after the war, tourists have not come to Sierra Leone. Still today, we are struggling with tourism. They are making a lot of noise, but the evidence is on the ground. Go out to the beaches, to the hotels and they will tell you that tourism has virtually fainted or has become unconscious. This is because there is nothing new to show. We are neglecting the talent industry, and if the talent industry is being neglected then you are neglecting the youths because for any country that lacks jobs, the youths begin to turn to their talent to provide for them with no help from the government. The government needs to come onboard and help the talent industry to grow.

Take for example what is happening now on SLBC. They are showing a programme, Second Chance, which is a foreign film that is aired over SLBC and that is sponsored by Airtel Telecommunications Company, but Airtel has refused to sponsor the very first film festival that was done in Sierra Leone.

They refused to sponsor it as well as efforts made by the Sierra Leone National Film Union. They did a programme called Faces of Sierra Leone to help the actors grow in Sierra Leone and they failed to sponsor it, but they are sponsoring foreign films over the national television even though we are the ones that are buying their recharge cards, that are pouring our money into their businesses.

Last year after we did the film festival, Idriss came up with another film festival on human health. Now these festivals are needed if we are to build this industry properly. For example, if we are to create a market for documentaries, we need to encourage the people to see the importance of documentaries and show them why they need to go out and buy these documentaries and why they need to have them. They need to understand that these documentaries are real stories. They are references that they can go back to at any time. It informs and helps them. We need to cajole the people and the only way we can do this is when we have the film festival and the national broadcaster SLBC encouraging these things, and when we have the private sector investing in some of these things. However, they are not. investing in them. They are going outside.

They do all their adverts outside. It was only early this year that we started seeing Airtel using our local faces on their billboards. They were going down to South Africa, to Ghana, and bringing pictures of people outside Sierra Leone to advertise here. So you see, at the end of the day, as Bammy said, “There is light at the end of the tunnel”, because this industry is going to go big. I know for sure that this industry is going to be big because since last year, the films that came out cannot be equated to what we have now. Their quality of these films may be questionable and they are not all that good, but you can see the effort and the talent. This shows that we just need to have help to groom ourselves and then we will reach the peak.

FO: Tell me about your film festival. Idriss, describe your own and then you guys after him. I want to know the name of the festival, when it’s held, the theme, why it was held, how many people were there and how many films did you show? Give me a rundown of what happened at the festival.

IK: My own festival that we created is called Opin Yu Yi (Open Your Eyes). It only focuses on Human Rights. The reason why we used the theme “open your eyes” is because we want to raise awareness on human rights issues. We see a lot of human rights abuses being conducted every single day in Sierra Leone and as filmmakers we thought that if we use film to communicate positive human rights messages then people would understand properly and really fast because the stories relate directly to them — such as the theme of domestic violence. It is global. If someone sits in China and watches a domestic violent film about a man beating a woman, it’s the same as if they go to Russia or they go to Japan — it’s global. Also, part of it was that we used some powerful international films to send out the messages on human rights, a lot of people came and we screened in different locations. We had an opening and then we moved to a different location, such as the slum, where a lot of abuses happen. I think there is a need for that. As Arthur was saying, we don’t really have a market for documentaries but if we start creating these kinds of platforms then people will start understanding that these films are also good and it’s not just about the drama they do.

The festival had its own impact on people, because the feedback we got after the festival was really good. So, we are doing it every March and we are doing another one next year. Now we are giving incentives to filmmakers because we are doing a film competition and because we want filmmakers to come up with their own ten minute short films on Human Rights and present them. There is a jury that will judge and we want to give them a prize. We want to give them an incentive so when other filmmakers see that, it will be an incentive for them to go out and do more.

FO: How do you sustain the energy of that festival? Are you online, do you have a website?

IK: Yes we do have a website. It is www.Opin Yu Yi.org and Opin Yu Yi on Facebook. We got support from the British High Commission, The British Council and Christian Aid and then in partnership with my media house, Concept Multimedia, we managed to… The money that we got was basically for advertising, printing banners, paying for a lot of printed materials and doing adverts on TV and radio.

FO: How are these as marketing platforms for filmmakers your age? Obviously festivals are first and foremost promotional platforms.

IK: If I do a film and it is shown at this festival, then everybody knows I am a filmmaker. Everybody knows that this is what l do. If I do a story that touches people, then the next time they hear that I have a story that is coming out and that it is going to be on sale, before any festival I’m sure people will be willing to buy it because they know that the story is going to be good, the story will relate directly to them or to every day happenings in their society.

I think that it is good that these platforms are being created right now. This whole thing is like a revolution. We are trying to bring new ideas into people’s minds and we are trying to make them adapt to something new and that they have never really been used to.When we had the idea of a film festival, a lot of people were asking what a film festival was because, for them, when they say festival, it is to go to the stadium, eating a lot, dancing a lot, drinking a lot, and showing off with their girls. That is what a festival is to them. So actually bringing people into a cinema and showing them different films for 5 to 6 hours is a new kind of trend in this country.

AP: Our festival was the We Own National Film Festival, and the theme for that festival was artist power. We were looking at feature length films that had been done in Sierra Leone and about 54 feature length films came in. We had some documentaries, short films and music videos among them. We did the film festival at the Miatta Conference compound. The festival ended with an awards night, which was the very first film awards night that was ever done in Sierra Leone. We gave them awards for the best actors and the best films and also a satellite company, Medosat, came in at the last moment and they offered to give the winners of the awards digital satellite dishes.

The unfortunate part of it was that we never had any funding from anybody. What happened was that we had to pour in our own money because we actually wanted to do it. Bammy, Michaela, myself and other people came in with small amounts of personal cash and we were able to do it. We moved around, looking for funds and as I said, we went to Airtel for funding, we went to Comium, we went to Africell, and we went to other big companies in this country. None of them gave us a single cent. In fact, Airtel was with us. They were negotiating with us until the very day the festival started. That was when they pulled out, but it was a success. It was a huge success. It was a 2 week long festival.

FO: How was the attendance?

AP/LM: It was good, it was very good.

LM: It was done at the perimeter of the Miatta Conference Hall and we invited all, if not most, of the film groups to build booths around the perimeter and a lot showed interest. We had people from Ghana, Gambia and even Senegal.

AP: They came in for that film festival because it was not only films that were shown. We decided to bring in the textile/clothing industry because people were here to sell their things.

FO: Do you have images of this festival?

AP/LM: Yes we do.

FO: How come you didn’t approach the government to be a part of these festivals?

AP/LM: We didn’t invite them because they are not serious.

LM: It is a difficult situation and you wouldn’t understand the extent. We approached government and it was difficult to meet the right people and even when you did meet them, they would tell you one thing today and another thing tomorrow. At the end of the day we realised that if we kept running after them we wouldn’t succeed and we would just waste our time (laughing). We were able to get some support however, because the space was given by the Minister of Works. The tourism minister came in also at some point, helped to sign the certificate and then gave her blessing.

FO: There was a question if there was any market for documentary. You said no, but then if there is no market for documentary films in Sierra Leone, are you willing to put a lot of money into something and then not make anything out of it at the end of the day?

AP: It’s not that we are not going to make anything out of it. For us at We Own TV, I think we made do with the international market.

FO: So, you are thinking that if you make Sierra Leonean documentaries, you will have a better chance in the international market? Do you think that if you do your own films and take it to the international market, and people like it that it will inspire other Sierra Leonean filmmakers to do their own?

AP: Yes exactly. Sure. The only thing for now is the mad rush for money and the mad rush for money means that people are looking out for money every day, so we have very few filmmakers who are interested in doing documentary. However, when we begin to have people succeeding in the international market with their documentaries then we will begin to have lot of other filmmakers who will want to do documentary.

FO: What if someone came in saying, “We want to fund documentary filmmaking, We Own TV has a structure and we want to put money in to increase documentary filmmaking in Sierra Leone”. How would you put that money to good use?

AP: Most important is to get people to be able to understand documentary, to create a market for documentary film. We first have to get the national broadcaster involved in this. They have to show interest in this because if they have special programmes to show more of our documentaries, they will begin to get people interested. Remember Hilton Fyle who was working for BBC? He came to Sierra Leone and he did Sunrise in Paradise, about the NPRC government, and it was a hit. Also, when Sorious Samura came out with the documentary, Cry Freetown it was a hit. We need to be having documentaries released at a faster speed.

IK: I don’t think the people working in the national broadcast know what they are doing. They really don’t know anything. How can I do my work and then you ask me to pay you as a broadcaster to show my work?

FO: I get you, but what we are asking for is solution.

IK: It is education. I keep talking about education because if they know what they are doing, they would not do what they are doing. They need to travel to other countries and see what other people are doing and how they are doing it and they would understand if they were properly trained. You would know that you as a TV station are to commission my work.

You should pay me. If I have spent 2 years doing my documentary and I come with it and you ask me to pay you, you are doing the wrong thing.

AP: Let me give you a scenario. When we were doing the Real National Film Festival, we went to SLBC and asked them to partner with us. We said: “Ok, you partner with us for one hour of airtime for the duration of the film festival, and also you do advertising for the film festival, and what we are going to do is to give you all the films we show at the film festival for you to air them”. The first thing they did was ask us to pay them and I looked at them and I said, “Can you pay me for my film, do you know what it takes for me to make that film?” So they asked us to do a memorandum of understanding and we did a memorandum of understanding but they never signed it. After the film festival, even though they did not partner with us, I went there and gave them a few films and I asked them to play those films because they were our own films and we were just trying to get our people interested in our films.

After the film festival, we found out that these guys were now buying these films from the streets and then playing them. I am the cinematographic liaisoncoordinator for the union and somebody called me one night and said they are playing my film. It was Janeh, who did Dark Side of Life, so I watched it.

I protested to them angrily and then found out again that they were playing Sierra Leonean films. I gathered a few guys in the union and we went to their office and I gave them strict warning that the day they play one Sierra Leonean film again without our knowledge, or the knowledge of the producer of that particular film, we will take them to court and they will pay the sixty million the law says you should pay if you are caught pirating a film.

 

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Sierra Leone for me seems to have a lot of bottled up creative energy. There are a lot of young people who want to be in the creative industry, who think that their talent can make a difference. They clearly understand documentary production because they have had a bit of practice with developmental messaging in terms of the documentaries that are commissioned by the NGOs in Freetown, but clearly, their industry is structured right now like that of Nollywood in Nigeria where films are made in a guerilla filmmaking mode. Basically it is video based, the cameras are very cheap, it is done and finished on a laptop, and it goes straight to a verydodgy distribution system which takes the film straight to DVD, to a distributor in the open market.

In terms of documentaries the outlet for broadcast is limited, because the broadcasting landscape is essentially is not very wide. But the big challenge there is the same as almost every one of the West African countries in this study: the broadcaster or the broadcasting structure, does not commission work. The broadcasters are not commissioning content, they are essentially monetizing airtime, so effectively the filmmaker has to make a film and pay for it to be broadcast. So for these young people, distribution is a problem, broadcast is a no go, the tools of trade are unaffordable to most of them and effectively they are working on the fly. In terms of training, there is not enough professional training, they are basically working on passion, they have basically trained themselves with the software and the cameras.

Structurally speaking, there is really no formal structure from what I can see. There are film guilds, there seems to be some tension there with two different film guilds and there seems to be some interest in different groups taking control of how to organise these associations, but clearly to me, the wind is at the back of the younger people.

The government I am not sure has a clear agenda for what the entertainment or film industry can do. What is clear is that the war years have left a profound impact on Sierra Leoneans, on their history and culture. And these are impacts that I think only creative industries and especially filmmakers can interrogate. Clearly the storytellers are going to be the ones who will mediate the impact of this period of their history. There is no country in my opinion that is in as dire a need of the creative industries to be alive and to be relevant to development as Sierra Leone.

In terms of what is needed there, first and foremost the intervention needs to focus on the young filmmakers. Clearly the ones who have been in the industry for a long time are not well trusted by the young, because there seems to be a feeling that when they had the opportunity they did not put the structures in place to transfer skill, they did not put the structures in place to inspire, they did not put the structures in place to encourage, they did not put the structures in place to provide a liftoff for generations of creative industry, for creatives to come after them. So there is that disconnect between the older generation and the younger generation and thus I think that any intervention for Sierra Leone must focus on capturing the energy and the passion of the young creatives out there.

I think there has to be some kind of investment in training. Training that is specific to the motion picture industry, training with a curriculum that is not a short two, three week training or one month, come in and go out kind of training. There has to be some critical support for a media school that not only deals with the technical understanding of production, but also deals with the creative side of production. It’s not very difficult to see that there is a sense of production being a way out of poverty, rather than production being an expression of creativity. I think that also has to be addressed in training, so that the filmmakers understand themselves as artists, as interrogators of history, as people who have a powerful voice to speak to issues, to speak to policy, to try to inspire people, to be interventionists themselves, whether it be in the documentary form or in the Docu –drama form. That, I think is going to be critical.

My proposal is that some kind of media programme, media school, of a long term variety that will be probably of a nine month to two year variety be created. A part of the curriculum it’s important to connect these filmmakers to the power of the internet. The government of Sierra Leone may not be in a position to open up the broadcasting landscape anytime soon, so the filmmakers will need to be able to understand distribution on platforms that are outside of the traditional cinema house or television industry. They need to have a familiarity with You Tube, they need to have a familiarity with social media like Facebook where they can aggregate an audience for some of the things that they are going to do or at least promote the works that they are doing while they prepare themselves to access to international media.

I think the school that I am suggesting should be one that is able to provide to a large extent a tuition free; because I don’t see the capacity of those who are passionate and want to work in that industry to really pay for the training. Effectively there has to be some kind of structure that is crafted perhaps in partnership with the government, rather than the guilds because

I think the guilds themselves are divisive enough to frustrate the opportunity if it is not carefully put together. The structure of the school, the curriculum itself, the programme has to be a turnkey that is simply brought in; however, it is important that government provides a part of the cost of it somehow, whether it be providing the location of the school, or it be simply in working together to create that curriculum so that it takes cognizance of what the scenario in Sierra Leone. Political support will also be needed to ensure that the school, the training programme is merely a beginning and that the environment is open enough for these young people to able to express themselves in a new way. Hopefully that would be as straightforward as asking the government — which owns the major broadcasting entity — to subsidize or create air time in their schedules to permit these young filmmakers to access an audience. What really needs to be built immediately is the capacity of one or two or three of these young people to emerge as a strong, viable and creative voice, whether it be in documentary or in docudrama.

Secondly, obviously, I look at those who are already working and who need some kind of project funding.

Project funding is needed across all African countries the question is in the design of the funding. In Sierra Leone, project funding related to the experience of the civil war, and the recovery process would make a powerful subject, for example, and also expose Sierra Leonean filmmakers to the rest of the world. The nation building or nation rebuilding seems to be both external and internal, and a lot of stories are personal, people trying to heal, to get rid of nightmares.

I would advise some kind of collaboration with the Government of Sierra Leone to the effect of either seeking from them a contribution to a fund, or ensuring that they guarantee that any beneficiaries of a fund are able to complete their films, maintain their businesses, and remain in Sierra Leone to develop and strengthen the industry to create a level of sustenance.

For me, support for the television industry in terms of distribution is also a third key possibility in creating opportunity for filmmakers to access an audience. The whole idea of the filmmaker paying for that exposure seems to actually kill any instinct for these filmmakers to want to do anything. Those who do have training and do have equipment, and who wish to make films but may not have access to project funding, should be able to at least gain an audience through a TV broadcast.

These three elements, in order of importance, seem to me to be what is necessary to support filmmaking in Sierra Leone.

— Femi Odugbemi

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@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa(Nigeria)

Panels

NIGERIA, THE COUNTRY 

Nigeria is situated in the West African region and is bordered to the north by the Republics of Niger and Chad. There are two basic seasons — the wet season which lasts from April to October, and the dry season which lasts from November till March.

Nigeria is famous for her huge population of about 150 million people — the largest national population on the African continent.

Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba are the major ethnic groups and constitute over 40 per cent of the population.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria consists of thirty-six states, and the administrative headquarters and capital city is Abuja, located in the Federal Capital Territory, which is geographically situated in the middle of the country.

Lagos is a port city and the most populous city in Nigeria. The UN estimated the city’s population at 11.2 million in 2011. The New York Times estimates that it is now at least twenty-one million, surpassing Cairo as Africa’s largest city. It is clear that whatever the size, and however the city is defined, Lagos is the center of one of the largest urban areas in the world.

 

HISTORY OF FILMMAKING IN NIGERIA 

THE COLONIAL ERA TILL THE 1980S

According to previous research and findings, Nigeria’s first contact with cinema was in 1903. Herbert Macaulay, a Nigerian nationalist, invited Balboa and Company — who were then doing an exhibition tour of silent films on the West African Coast — to Nigeria. The films were shown at the Glover Memorial Hall, Lagos in August 1903.

The first film shot in Nigeria was in Jos, Plateau State, in 1904. The film was titled PALAVER. Film production, distribution and exhibition was restricted to Lagos where it competed with concerts and drama shows. Gradually, however, it fanned out to towns in the immediate hinterland of Lagos and beyond it. As the country became more industrialised and urbanised, there was a need to establish distribution/exhibition centers in these new areas and in no time, the branches of the distribution and exhibition companies had spread all over the country (Nweke, 1995).

The Colonial Film Unit (CFU) was the main producer of films in the colony and was funded through the Colonial Development Welfare Act. The CFU made propaganda films. All the films were to help the spread of British imperialism (Rosaleen, 1981:5 in Ekwueme, 2000).

There were two main approaches to production at this time — the affirmation of the coloniser’s culture as better and the negation or mockery of the colonised culture. Films like A NEW FIRE BOMB and THE BRITISH ARMY reflected the mighty power of the colonialists while films such as TARZAN OF THE APES showed Africans as inferiors who needed to be led around by the colonialists.

With the attainment of independence, the Colonial Film Unit (CFU) became the Federal Film Unit (FFU). The primary function of the Federal Film Unit was the production of documentaries. These documentaries were funded by the government and sometimes international organisations like UNICEF. Foreign film distributors and exhibitors succeeded in turning attention from the documentaries to themselves. However, the searchlight had shifted from colonialism and the need for independence to the need to restrict neo-colonialism. Black became beautiful, a thing to be explored and enjoyed and the colonialists came to be seen as rapists of the rich culture of Nigeria and indeed, Africa. Novelists like Chinua Achebe emerged and used creative writing to show the colonialists as disrupters of a noble and pure indigenous culture.

Meanwhile, Nigerians became involved in the produc- tion of films and by 1970, the first indigenous feature film was KONGI’S HARVEST written by Wole Soyinka.

In 1979, the Nigerian Film Corporation was established to provide structural backbone for the development of the industry in terms of manpower, training, marketing assistance and infrastructure. A decree validating its existence was released by the government and a facility was allotted to it in Jos, Plateau State, but it did not help the industry much.

By the mid 1980s it was nearly impossible for films to be made on celluloid. Film stocks were expensive to import, and celluloid was expensive to process. Rushes had to be taken abroad for development and other processing and coupled with it was the harsh economic scenario in the country. Thus many filmmakers opted for the use of videotape as it was more economical, easily accessible and inexpensive to edit, unlike the celluloid.

NOLLYWOOD TODAY

The release of the box-office movie LIVING IN BONDAGE in 1992 by NEK Video Links, owned by Kenneth Nnebue in the eastern city of Onitsha, set the stage for Nollywood as it is known today. The story goes that Kenneth Nnebue had an excess number of imported video cassettes which he then used to shoot the first film. The huge success of this film set the pace for others to produce other films or home videos. The first Nollywood films were produced with traditional analog video, such as Betacam SP, but today almost all Nollywood movies are produced using digital video technology.

The primary distribution centers are Idumota Market on Lagos Island, and 51 Iweka Road in Onitsha in Anambra State. Currently, Nigerian films outsell Hollywood films in Nigeria and many other African countries. Some 300 producers turn out movies at an astonishing rate — somewhere between 1,000 and 2,000 a year. Thirty new titles are delivered to Nigerian shops and market stalls every week, where an average film sells 50,000 copies.

A hit may sell several hundred thousand. Discs sell for two dollars each, making them affordable for most Nigerians and providing astounding returns for the producers.

Most of the films are produced by independent companies and businessmen. However, the big money for films in Nigeria is made in the direct-to-video market. A typical Nollywood film has a budget of $20,000-$40,000, the largest producers make 20 to 40 titles a year and an average movie sells 50,000 copies, according to iROKO Partners, which distributes DVDs in Africa and streams videos for international subscribers online using a similar model to Netflix. With this type of return, more and more are getting into the film business there.

By most reports, Nollywood is a $500-million industry and it keeps growing. According to Frank Ikegwuonu, author of “Who’s Who in Nollywood”, about 1,200 films are produced in Nigeria annually.

In 2009, UNESCO described Nollywood as being the second-biggest film industry in the world behind India. The ratio of feature length films produced to documentaries is approximately 10:3 annually.

 

FILM INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRIEF

Filmmaking in Nigeria is highly concentrated in the Lagos area and there is a thriving market for feature length films. Documentaries however are not as popular as feature length films. Most documentaries made are corporate documentaries as funding is provided upfront.

Filmmakers in Nigeria

Need funding for the production of documentaries, training and development of skills for young filmmakers, access to archives and research related materials and government intervention in the broadcasting of documentary works via the Nigerian Broadcasting Cooperation (NBC). This will help with distribution of documentaries and also assist in creating a wider market in Nigeria.

In terms of Professional Developmental Support, there is a 200 million dollar fund from the Federal Government of Nigeria for filmmakers, but the general consensus is that it is almost impossible to access these funds. There is a basic structure in the film industry in Nigeria, served by the presence of film regulatory bodies — Nigerian Film Corporation and The National Film and Video Censors Board. There is a government film school, The National Film Institute (NFI) that offers documentary filmmaking as a full course and there are several private film institutions.

There are advocacy groups for filmmakers like the Independent Television Producers Association (ITPAN) an advocacy group for documentary filmmakers, called the International Documentary Film Forum (iREP), several guilds and organisations.

Several film festivals take place yearly in Nigeria, including The Zuma Film Festival, Real Life Documentary Film Festival, and iREPRESENT International Documentary Film Festival.

There is a Government broadcasting house, National Television Authority NTA, with over 72 channels broadcasting throughout the whole of Nigeria.

Distribution and audience cultivation

The Nollywood industry is a big one and it is thriving. Feature length movies can be found in DVD format and they are sold by street hawkers everywhere. There are several cinema houses throughout Nigeria, the most popular and widespread being Silverbird Cinema and it has become the custom for films to be premiered before being released in a DVD format. Audience cultivation is through TV and radio adverts, billboards, posters, Blackberry phones and the internet. Documentary films do not have a DVD market and are primarily distributed via the internet (Facebook, YouTube, My Space) and film festivals.

Structure and focus of funding

Funding should be focused on building the skills of filmmakers, especially in documentary filmmaking, equipment and funding for the production of documentaries, as most filmmakers find it hard to source funds. The general consensus of filmmakers is that funding should be structured in such a way as to avoid it going through government, preferably by a private organisation or NGO. Eligibility for funds will be based on previous works and the track record of a filmmaker. A committee will handle any issues that may arise.

 

QUALITATIVE STUDY

REGULATORY ORGANISATIONS FOR FILM IN NIGERIA
THE NIGERIA FILM CORPORATION, JOS (NATIONAL FILM AND VIDEO ARCHIVE)
About NFC

The film industry as a tool for national mobilisation towards nation building is enormous as it serves as a means of communicating, informing, enlightening, educating the populace. It also serves as a vehicle for projecting the richness of the nation’s art and culture as well as natural endowments to the outside world. Film is not only an art but also an industry serving as a source of wealth creation and employment generation.

It was in recognition of the potential of film as a tool for nation development that the Federal Government in 1979 established the Nigerian Film Corporation through Decree (Act) No. 61 of 1979, as a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of Information.

The Act empowers the Corporation to lay a solid foundation for the development of a virile and sustainable film industry and cinema culture in Nigeria. The Corporation has the responsibility of planning, promoting and organising an integrated and efficient film industry in Nigeria, in accordance with the broad socio-economic policies and objectives laid down by the Federal Government from time to time.

NFC serves as an umbrella body for the quartet: Nigerian Copyright Commission, Nigerian Broadcasting Commission, National Film and Video Censors Board. The NFC is in charge of the archives and a lot of the documentaries of pre-colonial Nigeria with the BBC can be found here. They are also in charge of the National Film Institute, which is the only main government film school in Nigeria

Vision

The Vision of the Corporation is to drive the development of a vibrant motion picture industry that promotes Nigerian cinema heritage globally.

Mission

Creating an enabling environment for the sustainability, development and promotion of the Motion Picture Industry in Nigeria.

The Nigerian Film Corporation is the sole film agency charged with the responsibility of creating the enabling environment that promotes creativity, development and opportunity in the Nigerian Motion Picture Industry.

http://www.nfc.gov.ng

NIGERIAN COPYRIGHT COMMISSION

Decree No. 61 of 1970 was the first indigenous legal instrument regulating issues relating to copyright in Nigeria. This Decree was promulgated just after the Nigerian civil war ended but salient provisions in the law did not foresee the rapid socio-economic development, as well as influx of products of advanced technology into the country, which made illegal reproduction of works protected by copyright much easier. The consequence of the inadequacy of Decree 61 to protecting creativity and scholarship was high scale piracy that robbed creators, organisations and individuals who helped produce or disseminate creative works, as well as the society, of potential income.

As a result of increased pressure from artists, authors and creators who are originally the copyright owners, the then Federal Military Government promulgated into law the Copyright Decree No. 47 of 1988, which now exists as Copyright Act Cap C28 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004. The Act, which has been aptly described as one of the best of its kind, not only created most favorable conditions for actualization of authors’ potentials through comprehensive protection of creative works, but also incorporated the establishment for the first time, of a machinery for the administration of copyright and neighboring rights matters in Nigeria, i.e. Nigerian Copyright Commission.

In 1988, the then President and Commander-in- Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces, General Ibrahim Babangida, GCFR, approved the establishment of the Nigerian Copyright Council which was inaugurated in August 1989 with a Governing Board. It had the sole mandate for the administration, protection and enforcement of all matters on copyright in Nigeria.

Owing to the need to align the Council with the emerging trend in global copyright administration and enforcement, its status was changed to a Commission in 1996. Subsequently, the Nigerian Copyright Act was amended twice by the Copyright (Amendment) Decree (No. 98) of 1992 and Copyright (Amendment) Decree (No. 42) of 1999.

The justification for the establishment and later upgrading of the status of the Commission, as well as the amendments of the Copyright Act, was to adequately cater to the rising national and international responsibilities within the copyright industry and emerging challenges in the sphere of copyright globally.

Before the 1992 Amendment of the Copyright Act (Decree No. 47 of 1998), the Nigerian Copyright Council as it then was, functioned largely as an administrative agency for copyright matters in Nigeria. It had no statutory powers of enforcement or of apprehending offenders of the provisions of the Act. Most activities of the then Council were centered on public enlightenment workshops, seminars, conferences, etc. as a way of creating the necessary awareness on the new Act and its implications for the copyright community in the country.

The Commission, in that scenario, prompted the teeth to bite and this mitigated the barrage of criticisms by right holders who felt that what was needed was a more potent law to deal with the problems of piracy and other copyright violations. It was the ensuing agitation by authors and other interest groups in the industry that led to the amendment of the principal Act in 1992.

One unique outcome of the 1992 Amendment of the Act was the provision in Section 32A (now Section 38 of Cap C28 Laws Federation of Nigeria, 2004) of the said Act for the appointment of Copyright Inspectors with specific powers to enforce the law. By virtue of the said section of the Act, a Copyright Inspector is vested with powers of enforcement of the Copyright Act, similar to the powers of the Police under the Police Act. Thus, the initial statutory mandate of the Commission as an administrative agency was extended to cover enforcement and regulatory functions. This threw up challenges of the structural status of the agency. The first structure was the constitution and establishment of the then National Anti-Piracy Committee made up of representatives of authors’ associations and other interest groups with the mandate to reduce the scourge of piracy in the country. Similar structures were put in place at the state levels through the assistance of the Councils for Arts and Culture in the states.

Retrospectively, copyright, under the 1970 Act, was supervised by the Ministry of Trade alongside trademarks, patents and designs, which was not administered by any government agency. At inauguration, however, the Commission became a parastatal of the then Federal Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism.

In implementation of the Federal Government White Paper of Year 2000 on Harmonization of Government Agencies and Parastatal, the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria at a Federal Executive Council meeting in February 2006, ordered the transfer of the responsibility for the supervision of Nigerian Copyright Commission from the Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism to the Federal Ministry of Justice. The objective of the transfer was to properly align the mandate of the Commission with the overall administration of justice in Nigeria as well as ensure conformity with international best practices in the copyright system.

For administrative, enforcement and regulatory purposes, the Commission has its Headquarters in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory, with nine (9) Zonal Offices and five (5) Liaison Offices spread across the six (6) geopolitical regions of Nigeria.

CORPORATE VISION OF NIGERIAN COPYRIGHT COMMISSION
VISION

To harness the potential of creativity for national development.

MISSION

To advance the growth of the creative industry in Nigeria through the dissemination of copyright

knowledge, efficient administration and protection of rights.

STRATEGIES
  • Strengthen the policy and legislative framework for a more effective copyright protection;
  • Increase the level of copyright awareness;
  • Promote effective and proactive enforcement of rights;
  • Strengthen human resource and institutional capacity for better service delivery;
  • Maintain a policy of strategic engagement with
CORE VALUES

The Commission is guided by the following core values:

C – COMMITMENT: Commitment to the mandate.

O – OPENNESS: Openness and transparency.

R – RESPONSIVENESS: Responsiveness to stakeholder needs.

E – EFFICIENCY: Efficiency in service delivery

DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
OFFICE OF DIRECTOR-GENERAL FUNCTIONS

Under the supervision of the Director–General, the Director-General’s Office performs the following duties:

  • Directs action on the day-to-day administration of the Commission;
  • Co-ordinates and supervises activities of all Departments and Zonal Offices of the
REGULATORY DEPARTMENT

The Regulatory Department which co-ordinates the commission’ schemes was created in 2008 out of theLegal Department. It has a statuary duty to carry out all regulatory functions in the implementation of the hologram, video, optical discs, copyright notification, video rental and collection management organisations schemes.

LEGAL UNIT

The Legal Unit/Legal Adviser is directly under the office of the Director General. The Unit is headed by a Director who must be a legal practitioner by profession. The head unit advises the Director-General on all legal matters in the Commission.

ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

The Administrative Department was created in 1989 when the Commission was established. There are six units under the department. They are: Appointment Promotion and Discipline, Staff Welfare and Training. Establishment and Records, Transport and Maintenance, Store and Supplies and General Administration.

ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT

The department is responsible for the management of the commission’s account. It also keeps the financial records as well as maintaining relations within government agencies with statuary responsibilities, disbursement of funds and remittances.

PLANNING RESEARCH AND STATISTICS (PRS) DEPARTMENT

The department is responsible for planning, making necessary research and provides useful statistics for the day running of commission.

NIGERIAN COPYRIGHT INSTITUTE (NCI)

Nigerian Copyright Institute (NCI) is an arm of the Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) with primary responsibility for specialised copyright training, teaching, research and capacity building. To this end, the NCI offers various training and learning platforms to members of staff; stakeholders, administrators and policy makers in the copyright industries, IP teachers and researchers, and members of the Bar and Bench as well as the general public. It is also responsible for the dissemination of intellectual property knowledge to children and the development of curricula and appropriate text materials for use in schools.

ENFORCEMENT DEPARTMENT

The Enforcement Department was created out of the Enforcement and Public Enlightment Department in 1996. It is responsible for surveillance, inspection of suspected piracy outfits and arrest, investigation and general enforcement of copyright infringers.

Source: http://www.copyright.gov.ng/index.php/about-us/ departments-units-functions

THE NATIONAL FILM AND VIDEO CENSORS BOARD, ABUJA (VIDEO FILMS LIBRARY)

(http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng/pages.asp)

The Role of the NFVCB in the Nigerian Film Industry

The National Film Video Censors Board is the regulatory body set up by Act No.85 of 1993 to regulate the film and video industry in Nigeria. The Board is empowered by law to classify all films and videos whether imported or produced locally. It is also the duty of the Board to register all films and video outlets across the country.

The functions of the Board are:
  • To license a person to exhibit film and video works;
  • To license a premises for the purposes of exhibiting film and video works;
  • To censor and classify films and video works;
  • To regulate and prescribe safety precautions to be observed in licensed premises;
  • To regulate and control cinematographic exhibitions; and
  • To perform such other functions as are necessary or expedient for the full discharge of all or any of the functions conferred on it by this Decree. The establishment of the Board therefore empowers it to assess, classify and register films and video works and monitor film outlets across the country.
THE NATIONAL FILM POLICY 
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL FILM POLICY 

This policy is the outcome of an effort which began in 1991, when the Nigerian Film Corporation empaneled a body to harmonise the existing sectoral policies and laws relating to film.

The panel produced a draft National Film Policy which was presented to the National Council on Information at its meeting held in Jos in May 1991, While commending the effort, the Council directed that a National Workshop on Film Policy be convened, involving every sector of the film industry including relevant Governmental and Non- governmental organisations.

Consequently, a National Film Policy Workshop was organised by the Nigerian Film Corporation from the 25th to 29th of May 1992, at the Hill Station Hotel, Jos.

Participants were drawn from private film producers, distributors and exhibitors, film consumers, film critics, film societies, academia, media practitioners and relevant Governmental and Non-Governmental organisations.

The workshop considered several papers on all the relevant sub-themes at both plenary and committee levels, the reports of which formed the basis for this policy.

Film, in the context of this policy is used on all- inclusive sense of all media projected images, notwithstanding the medium or projection: whether it is small screen (of television) or the large screen (of television) or the large screen (of the cinema).

OBJECTIVES OF FILM POLICY
The objectives of the Film Policy shall be:
  • To establish a virile, self-sustaining profit oriented film industry;
  • To serve as a vital instrument for international image building;
  • To protect our rich cultural heritage and our national aspirations in the process of industrialisation and integration;
  • To serve as a tool of national cohesion;
  • To serve as a vehicle for public enlightenment, education, entertainment and mobilisation;
  • To encourage the production and exportation of films; and
  • To mobilise and motivate the people by propagating ideas which promote national pride, solidarity and consciousness
FOCUS OF IMPLEMENTATION
Film Production

Film Production relates to the whole process of producing a film and the content of the film itself.

Film Distribution

Film distribution, a process of making available to the exhibitor the film after production, is a very important sub-sector of the film industry.

Film Exhibition

Exhibition is the end point of a film process in terms of articulation and delivery. It is a process that facilitates the essence of film in social, economic, political, moral and cultural development of the society.

Film Festivals

The state shall recognise film festivals as potent means of promoting excellence as well as a strategy for marketing indigenous films.

Infrastructure

Film technology throughout the world has changed considerably over the years, particularly with regards to infrastructure and facilities. The increasing quest for the use of film as a medium to tackle the complex and pressing developmental problems in Nigeria and the world at large, calls for the establishment of such infrastructures and acquisition of necessary facilities which are capital intensive.

Training, Research and Development

Training and research play a strategic role in attainment and sustenance of the political, social and economic development of any nation.

Administration of the film Industry

The film industry in order to function effectively requires a well organised administration.

 

FILM EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

GOVERNMENT FILM SCHOOL

There is only one government film school in Nigeria, The National Film Institute based in Jos.

A BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE NATIONAL FILM INSTITUTE (NFI)

The National Film Institute located in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria was established in accordance with the provision of the National Film Policy (1992) and the Decree No. 61 of 1979 setting up the Nigerian Film Corporation. It is designed and equipped to provide training of the highly specialised needs of the film industry. The choice of Jos was based on

its friendly weather, (very close to temperate), film friendly waters (for film laboratory use) and the abundance of beautiful scenery for film shooting locations, as well as natural talents.

The National Film Institute, the only one of its kind in the country, is accredited by the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and is affiliated to the University of Jos.

Mr. George Lawal is currently the Acting Director at the National Film Institute (NFI) Jos. He has served in several roles at the NFI including the Chief Resource Officer, and the Assistant Director/Registrar. He holds a bachelor of Arts (Hons) English /Drama and a certificate in documentary filmmaking.

COURSES OFFERED AT NFI

Bachelor of Film Art (BFA): This offers an in-depth training in film art and this programme lasts for 3 years after which students have the option of specialization in any area of their choice in the final year of project.

Professional Diploma in Motion Picture: This is a two year programme in film art with a specialization option in any area of motion picture production in the final year project.

Certificate Course: This 6 week certificate programme is an ad hoc training programme that covers virtually all areas of motion picture production. It offers professionals and non professionals a practical experience in motion picture production.

In-Plant Programme: This is a skills enhancement programme in motion picture production targeted at media organisations especially television houses and advertising agencies. This programme provides custom-made training to suit the specific needs of subscribing organisations.

Outreach Programme: This is a programme aimed at complementing the efforts of tertiary institutions (Department of Theater Arts and Mass Communication) by giving students access to the much needed hands on equipment training skills which the universities on their own may not be able to provide

Workshop, seminars & conferences: A 3-4 day hands-on-equipment based workshop, seminars and conferences are usually organised by the institution and are facilitated by seasoned professionals locally and internationally (and sometimes sponsored by the same). This affords the professional and the student the opportunity for quick immersion training on skills enhancement and exposure to new technologies.

Research and Documentation: Research and documentation are undertaken in all aspects of motion picture, human and economic development issues, specific areas include indigenous cultures, African (Nigerian) folklore, conflict management, film induced tourism, film for community development, gender and girl child issues, environment, education and health.

NFI does offer documentary filmmaking and it is a compulsory course.

DOCUMENTARY FILMMAKING COURSE OUTLINE
  • Types and categories of documentaries
  • Why shoot/make a documentary film
  • Subject areas for the documentary film
  • Approaches and procedures for shooting the documentary film
  • Critical analyses of selected documentary films
  • Production of short documentary film on myriad subjects

The school offers both Degree and Diploma programmes along with other programmes. Their estimated yearly intake is about 80 students, i.e. 40 students per programme.

The institute has a library for research purposes for the students; however research privilege does not extend to the Government activities as they often employ the “Classified Information Rule” and this can affect or hamper documentary filmmaking as it is mostly based on research.

The Acting director, Mr. Lawal says the students are interested in documentary filmmaking and that NFI has graduated over 250 documentary filmmakers — but that not all are practicing primarily due to lack of funds.

The students in the school organised their own film festival, but this experience was not repeated and the school currently does not have any standing festival partners. Mr. Lawal believes funding should be directed towards research and training facilities.

 

PRIVATE FILM SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA

PENCILS FILM AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
A BRIEF BACKGROUND ON PEFTI

PEFTI Film Institute Limited was established in 2004 by WALE ADENUGA PRODUCTIONS, Nigeria’s Foremost Private Film and Television Production Company, to create opportunities for both green-horn aspirants and practitioners, to acquire a proficient Professional training in the diverse disciplines of Film, Television and Music Production.

At PEFTI we met Miss Abiola Adenuga the Managing Director. Miss Adenuga studied Business Management and Accounting at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria and is a certified Oracle Database Administrator from the NIIT institute and Oracle University. She also holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Education from the University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos State.

Miss Adenuga was kind enough to grant us a personal interview and to talk about PEFTI.

PEFTI opened its doors to students for the first time on October 4, 2004.

COURSES OFFERED PEFTI: 
NATIONAL INNOVATION DIPLOMA (NID) PROGRAMMES

The National Innovation Diploma (NID) is a Federal Government designed and Approved Diploma programme which is run through a Public-Private- Partnership (P.P.P) between the Federal Ministry of Education through the National Board for Technical Education (N.B.T.E.), and Innovation Enterprise Institutes (I.E.I).

The NID programme runs for 2 years on a full-time basis or for a maximum of 5 years on a part-time basis. During this period, the participants acquire Relevant, Innovative, Industry-Specific Technical knowledge, Skills, Attitudes and Experiences, based on a minimum of 70% Practical Learning Content.

Diplomas are offered in the following areas:

  • Film and Television Production
  • Performing and Media Arts
  • Music Technology
ONE WEEK PROFESSIONAL COURSE
  • Bead Making
SIX MONTHS PROFESSIONAL COURSES
  • Producing and Production Management
  • Directing
  • Cinematography
  • Music
  • Costume and make-up
  • Set design
  • Editing
THREE MONTHS PROFESSIONAL COURSES
  • Script-writing
  • Acting
  • Presentation
  • Choreography
EXTRAS:

All NID Students will also learn the following:

  1. Communication in English: (includes)
    • How to write Proposals
    • How to make Business Presentations (Present Your Ideas and Projects).
  1. Entrepreneurship: (includes)
    • How to Start & Manage a Business
    • How to write Business Plans
Entry Qualifications for NID Programmes:
  • 5 O/Level Credits including English
  • Mathematics
  • UTME

Documentary filmmaking is not offered as a full course, but as part of various programmes.

Miss Adenuga announced however that PEFTI will begin offering documentary filmmaking as a full course in October 2012.

The school accepts about 900-1000 students every academic year for their professional courses and diploma programmes. The school has an extensive library that students use for research and a well equipped studio.

Miss Adenuga believes the students are interested in documentary filmmaking and will go in for it if offered at the school. Speaking on the current status of funding for filmmakers, Miss Adenuga says that she is aware that some companies and associations like the visual arts department of the French Embassy do fund artist and filmmakers as a form of encouragement to them.

She believes that the students are interested in studying documentary filmmaking but that structures need to be in place wherein they can make their films and get good money for it.

She believes that funding for documentary filmmaking is important, but that in her opinion it would be a good thing if filmmakers, not just documentary filmmakers would also be able to access these funds and get to experience the documentary making process themselves.

NTA TELEVISION COLLEGE

The NTA Television College, a baby of Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) was established in 1980, three years after the NTA itself was formed following a 1977 merger of the regional stations that existed at the time, including Western Nigerian Broadcasting Service, Ibadan; Broadcasting Company of Northern Nigeria, Kaduna; Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation.

The NTA Television College has trained thousands of broadcasters from within and outside Nigeria. Situated in one of Jos city’s most elite areas and institutional neighbour of the Plateau State Government House in Rayfield, the NTA Television College has a radio equivalent, the FRCN Training School, an offspring of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), situated in Lagos and charged with offering training in radio broadcasting for government, private broadcast stations, as well as individuals. But unlike the FRCN Training School, the NTA Television College, or NTA tvc as it is otherwise more simply identified, has long expanded its scope and opened its doors to students from diverse backgrounds to benefit from its short-duration proficiency courses, 2-year diploma courses, and more recently, a first degree programme.

When the NTA Television College was set up 33 years ago, its immediate objective was to streamline regular training to cope with growing staff training needs of the fast expanding television network of the NTA. Since then, the College has widened its service to not only the mother organization, the NTA, but also state and private television stations, media units of federal and state agencies, and individuals who wish to acquire skills in different areas of television broadcasting. The College has thrived as a centre of excellence in the provision of specialized training in the core areas of television, namely TV Journalism, TV Production, and TV Engineering.

The College began with short-term proficiency courses in all the core areas of television broadcasting in 1985. It followed up such short courses, usually lasting for a couple of weeks, with the introduction of two-year professional diploma programmes.

To further raise the profile and reach of the College, a committee that its management constituted in 2003 suggested that the College be transformed into a degree-awarding institution, still to specialise in the core professional areas of television broadcasting. This led, in 2006, to its affiliation to the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. This affiliation makes it possible for the College to award the degree of BSc Mass Communication (Television) to students admitted to study at the College under close supervision of the university which awards the degrees in its name.

The College now offers training in these three different areas: short courses, diploma programmes and degree programmes and aims to become a full- fledged university, as articulated in the course brochure of the College where it is stated: “As the only existing institution devoted solely to television manpower development in the whole of Africa, our goal is to elevate the academic and professional profile of the College, to make it unique and industry-driven by transforming it into a first-class television university in Africa to sensitize, project and promote the African perspective in our television programming content.”

INTERNATIONAL FILM AND BROADCAST ACADEMY (IFBA)

Located in Lagos, Nigeria and directed by Victor Okhai, IFBA course offerings include workshops in:

  • Digital Cinematography
  • Directing for the Screen
  • Digital Editing
  • Screen Writing
  • Producing
  • Acting
  • Digital Photography
  • Motion Graphics
  • 2D Animation and Graphics
  • 3D Animation and Graphics
  • Radio Production
  • Audio Engineering
  • Documentary Film Making
  • Music Video Production
  • Radio/Television Presentation
  • Production Design
  • Production Management
  • Costume Design
  • Make Up Design

Diploma Courses are offered in:

  • Film and Television Production
  • Broadcast Journalism B
  • roadcast Management
  • Online Journalism
  • Film Festival Management

The International Film and Broadcast Academy also designs and offers in-plant courses for TV stations and production houses across the continent, and provides consultancy services for broadcast stations in the areas of staff recruitment, equipment sales and management.

http://www.ifbalagos.org/ifbalagos/Welcome.html

https://www.facebook.com/pages/INTERNATIONAL- FILM-AND-BROADCAST-ACADEMY- LAGOS/115506958476935

AUDIO-VISUAL/DOCUMENTARY ARCHIVES 

There are no archives dedicated to documentary films in Nigeria. Some video and sound achives may be found at the organisations mentioned below:

THE NIGERIA FILM CORPORATION
NATIONAL FILM AND VIDEO SOUND ARCHIVE (NFVSA)

(http://www.nfc.gov)

The NFC is in charge of the archives and a lot of the documentaries of pre-colonial Nigeria with the BBC can be found here.

PA one-day National Conference on Audiovisual Archiving in Nigeria held in May 2012, resolved that government on all levels should pay more attention to audiovisual archiving and preservation.

A communiqué from the event, titled, ‘Audiovisual Archiving in Nigeria – the Challenges and Prospects’ stated that this call was made by audiovisual professionals in Nigeria who also have been canvassing adequate funding.

Participants at the event Abuja discussed extensively issues militating against the establishment, funding and promotion of audiovisual archiving in Nigeria. “All hands should be on deck, along with appropriate legislations and funding, for the operations of audiovisual archiving in Nigeria to thrive, in line with global practices.”

The statement also urged government to urgently give speedy approval to the National Policy on Preservation and Conservation, adding that government should make the National Film Video and Sound Archive a legal depository for all audio- visual materials produced in Nigeria, about Nigeria and on Nigeria.

The communiqué, according to the Head, National Film Video and Sound Archive (NFVSA) Mrs. Nwanneka Oliwe, sums up the renewed commitment of audiovisual professionals in Nigeria to address all issues inhibiting the effective policy takeoff of audiovisual archiving. This assures that Nigeria’s audiovisual heritage will not be lost.

The most recent report of the NFVSA can be found here: http://www.fiafnet.org/pdf/AR2012/Jos.pdf

NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY (NTA)
Brief background on NTA

In May 1977 the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) was born. The decree took effect from April 1976 and brought all the ten existing television stations under the control of the Federal Government of Nigeria. These included Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) established in 1959 which later became NTA Ibadan, Eastern Nigerian Television (ENTV) 1960 later to be known as NTA Enugu and Radio Kaduna Television (RKTV) in 1962 which later split to become NTA Kaduna and FRCN Kaduna. These were established by their various regional governments.

Television stations were later established in the remaining state capitals where none existed.

NTA became the only body empowered to undertake television broadcasting in Nigeria, therefore all the ten existing state television stations were incorporated into NTA.

They have had no competition in broadcast in Nigeria until 10 years ago. It’s the main dissemination platform for government information management.

They broadcast documentary based information in areas like health, transportation, voting information, etc. and they have the widest reach in Nigeria.

They do not commission independent producers. As of this moment, independent producers have to pay for their content to be put on air as is the case in a lot of African countries.

 

GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING BODIES FOR FILM

THE FEDERAL BANK OF INDUSTRY NIGERIA

The Bank of Industry (BOI) Nigeria administers a $200m USD Special Entertainment Fund, dedicated to supporting the film industry. The $200M was earmarked by BOI from an exepcted $500m grant from the African Development Bank to revamp and enhance the nation’s industrial and entertainment sectors.

Overview:

The Bank of Industry Limited (BOI) is Nigeria’s oldest, largest and most successful development financing institution. It was reconstructed in 2001 out of the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB) Limited, which was incorporated in 1964. The bank took off in 1964 with an authorised share capital of 2 million (GBP).

The International Finance Corporation which produced its pioneer Chief Executive held 75% of its equity along with a number of domestic and foreign private investors. Although the bank’s authorised share capital was initially set at N50 billion, in the wake of NIDB’s reconstruction into BOI in 2001, it has been increased to 250 billion in order to put the bank in a better position to address the nation’s rising economic profile in line with its mandate.

Following a successful institutional, operational and financial restructuring programme embarked upon in 2002, the bank has transformed into an efficient,

focused and profitable institution that is well placed to effectively carry out its primary mandate of providing long term financing to the industrial sector of the Nigerian economy.

BOI AND G-MEDIA

To tackle the challenge of effectively getting into the hands of consumers of the output of the Nigerian movie industry worldwide, the BOI has moved to tackle the problem of distribution, which is the major setback to the nation’s movie industry. To deal with the issue, BoI is funding the country’s first credible, verifiable and controlled channel of distribution, referred to as G-Media.

According to BoI, tackling the issue of distribution besides having a multiplier effect on the industry also guarantees that the whole production process is not jeopardised by market uncertainties.

Speaking at the pre-launch press briefing of G-media, Senior Manager, BoI, Ibrahim Ahmed, disclosed that over N2.5 billion has been approved and set aside for the entertainment sector and about N1 billion has been distributed so far.

“The BoI decided to partner Gabosky because we see the entertainment industry as a business and we are ready to deal with all that are ready to approach us in that light. Our mission is to transform Nigerian industrial sector and integrate it into the global economy by providing financial and business support services to existing and new industries to attain modern capabilities,” he said.

He however, noted that the stakeholders themselves were not churning out enough bankable projects to encourage the development bank release funds to them even as most of the ideas being presented to the bank lacked in-depth research and the requisite structure to be profitably sustained.

He disclosed that the issue of distribution has often been identified as the major problem of Nollywood, as enthusiastic audiences across the world are unable to get their hands on the movies that they love to watch due to inadequate channels, which allowed piracy to thrive at a globally unprecedented 82 per cent.

“One of the results of the distribution problems of Nollywood has been the withdrawal of some of the best hands that gave the industry its early success from movie productions. When sales dropped drastically and less capable hands became the leaders of the industry, the major producers and directors thought it best to stay away from the rot,” he said.

He appealed to the professionals to come back to the sector and join hands together in order to rebuild Nollywood into a dynamic industry once again with the promise that G-Media will get their films to buyers on its new real-time auditable and sales verifiable platform.

“The first phase of the G-Media distribution project is set to commence in January 2014 with 25 ultra- modern stores spread across the country, 30 regional distributors as well as 4,000 community distribution stores,” Okoye disclosed.

Breaking down the technological make-up of the innovative project, George Nnanwubar Consultant, Technology Team G-Media MDMS Web-Portal, explained that Gabosky Films Media Distribution and Management Software is a cross-platform web based database application designed for the Nigerian movie industry, where content owners, licensed content manager, content distributors and consumers can connect in a controlled environment and have controlled access to stored information on the industry and its content distribution.

 

NON-GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING BODIES FOR DOCUMENTARY FILMMAKERS

There are no specific groups or organisations that specifically fund documentary films but the French Cultural Centres and the Goethe Institut allocate grants to artists and filmmakers as part of intercultural development.

THE GOETHE INSTITUT

www.goethe.de/ins/ng/lag/enindex.htm

The Goethe Institut is the Federal Republic of Germany’s cultural exchange. It promotes the study of German abroad and encourages international cultural exchange. It also fosters knowledge about Germany by providing information on its culture, society and politics.

Goethe Institut Nigeria has been promoting the Nigerian-German cultural relationship since 1962. The focus of its work has always been a close and active collaboration with Nigerian partners in order to realise numerous joint projects in many fields of culture.

Goethe-Institut Nigeria is active in three major sectors:
  • The Cultural Programme department, organising cultural events, exhibitions, workshops, screenings, festivals, etc.
  • The language department, offering various German language classes and exams for different
  • The Library and information department, providing information on Germany.

The institute was a partner to the first and second edition of the iREP Documentary Film Festival, the first and only documentary film festival in Nigeria.

 

ADVOCACY  GROUPS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

There are several associations in Nigeria that claim to be advocates for filmmakers, writers, producers and other relevant factions that make up the film industry in Nigeria.

The Independent Television and Producers Association Nigeria (ITPAN) is an established advocacy group that has been functioning for 19 years in Nigeria.

INDEPENDENT TELEVISION AND PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION NIGERIA. (ITPAN)
Brief history of ITPAN

The Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria was founded in 1992 and registered in 1993 by a group of independent television producers. At the time it was registered, there was just one television station, which was The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA).

The Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN) serves as an umbrella body for private producers, non-NTA producers as well as a mediator between the producers and the regulatory bodies of the film industry. ITPAN snagged prime time on Nigerian Television when it was in danger of being overrun with Brazilian soaps. Now, prime time on Nigerian Television is for Nigerian Productions.

ITPAN has a training school that awards recognised certificates and has taken it one step further by taking its training model into universities and polytechnics.

Aims and objectives of ITPAN:
  • To develop and improve TV production, and to encourage the closer study of production methods and opportunities and to increase the efficiency of those engaged in its pursuit;
  • To further the interests of Independent Professional Television Producers in Nigeria;
  • To establish a resource tool for members on all matters appertaining to independent Television Production and Broadcasting;
  • To adopt uniform rules of conduct and professionalism in Independent Television Production;
  • To maintain internationally acceptable standards on Television Production;
  • To make provision for the establishment of professional guilds within the association;
  • To cooperate with other relevant bodies to create a viable Television Industry;
  • To develop and maintain high standards in production by organizing training for practitioners and prospective entrants into the profession in all aspects of Television Production.
  • To prescribe examinations for such practitioners or entrants, either independently or in association with educational institutions and to issue diplomas/ certificates to successful candidates;
  • To maintain a register of members. The list is to be updated and published as and when directed by the Executive committee;
  • To print, publish, issue and circulate reports, leaflets and other literary matter as may seem conducive to any of the objectives of the association;
  • To do all such other lawful things that are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the
ACTORS GUILD OF NIGERIA (AGN)
ABOUT AGN

The Actor’s Guild was formally registered in 1998 as Actors Guild of Nigeria. Its survival, constituency and focus inspired the resurgence, formation and struc- turing of other guilds and associations in the motion picture industry in Nigeria. They include:

  • Directors Guild of Nigeria
  • Association of Movie Producers {AMP}
  • Creative Designers Guild of Nigeria {CDGN}
  • Nigerian Society of Cinematographers {NSC}
  • Nigeria Society of Editors {NSE}
  • Screen Writers Guild Nigeria {SWGN}

The marketing and distributors formed into an association as well as a professional umbrella body for the industry is in the offing. Together all the above groups constitute what is known today locally and internationally as Nollywood.

STRUCTURE

Actors Guild of Nigeria, AGN, has a number of registered members since inception and still growing. The registered members are spread across 27 states in Nigeria. The State chapters are divided into six geo political zones of the country, namely, (North West, North East, North Central, South South, South East and South West.) The State chapters are:-

FCT Abuja, Abia, Anambra, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Borno, Benue, Cross River, Delta, Enugu, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Imo, Kwara, Kano, Kogi, Kaduna, Lagos, Niger, Ondo, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Zamfara.

The Chapters are led by the State Executive committee headed by the chairman while the zones are supervised by a Vice President representing each zone respectfully. The six zonal vice presidents are members of the National Executive Council headed by the National President.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
  • Actors’ Guild of Nigeria shall maintain a non- religious/political posture at all
  • Members are free to pursue their own political learning without prejudice to the existence of the
  • The Guild shall promote fraternal unity and love among Nigerian
  • The Guild shall create professional awareness and protect the interest and welfare of her
  • The Guild shall entertain and educate our society and the world as to our social cultural heritage and essence through the acting
  • The Guild shall serve as a collective bargainer for her
  • The Guild shall ensure maintenance of standards and establish a code of conduct for her
  • The Guild shall create an enabling environment for the growth and sustenance of the Acting
  • The guild shall establish pay scale to avoid exploitation of members on issues of
  • The Guild shall establish or encourage training/ education for her
  • The guild shall establish relationship/affiliation with relevant guilds and associations within and outside
  • The Guild shall perform and encourage members to partake in humanitarian functions especially by helping the less privileged in the society and the world at

http://www.actorsguildnigeria.org 

DIRECTORS GUILD OF NIGERIA (DGN)

What is today known as Directors Guild of Nigeria (DGN) was a product of positive protest by six angry young men ( Jeff Vwede Obahor, Fidelis Duker, Madu Chikwendu, Sam Azubuike, Lancelot Imasuen, Victor Okhai). These men spottED a vacuum within the motion picture practice of professionalism and initiated the establishment of a Guild for Directors.

With the determination to initiate a success story, history was made as the first DGN meeting took place under a tree at the former AMP secretariat at Besaam, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria. Credit must be given to Mr. Zeb Ejiro who was magnanimous enough to offer the infant guild a secretariat at his former Oyekan office in Surulere where the Guild used for 5 years. It is worthy of note to mention also that Mr. Mathias Obahiagbon was the first elected President of the Guild who brought his camaraderie to bear by attracting quality membership for the Guild. During the tenure of Obahiagbon, the guild witnessed the first Investiture at Niteshift Coliseum, a couple of Workshops and seminars. Equally of importance is the role played by Obahiagbon executive in facilitating the merger of CMP directors with DGN, this led to a united DIRECTORS GUILD OF NIGERIA.

http://www.dgn-ng.org/

  

FILM FESTIVALS IN NIGERIA

There are multiple film festivals in Nigeria, including the The Africa International Film Festival, Calabar (http://www.africafilmfest.org/) and the The Eko International Film Festival in Lagos (http://www. ekoiff.org/). Many film festivals take place in Abuja, as well.

ZUMA FILM FESTIVAL 

The sixth edition of the Zuma Film Festival, which last took place in 2012 was themed: “the Human Story, Connecting People.” Conceptualised to widen the opportunities in the Nigerian film industry, the Zuma Film Festival provides a rendezvous for film practitioners, stakeholders and enthusiasts to network, broaden the spectrum of global audio-visual business and encourage better market access.

As part of the activities for the 2012 edition of the film festival, prominent stakeholders were nominated for life achievement awards. Among these were Oba Sanya Dosunmu, the Olu of Owo Kingdom, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Professor Jonathan Haynes and Mane Cisneros Manrique.

According to the Nigerian Film Corporation and other organisers, the objective of the awards is to recognise, appreciate and celebrate the untiring efforts of veterans and others, who are contributing immensely towards the growth of the Nigerian motion picture industry.

Past recipients of the award in the last three editions of the festival include, Ambassador Segun Olusola (2008), Mr. Adewale Olanrewaju Fanu (2010), Aliyu Garuba Kankara (2011) and Chief Ita Okon (2011).

The Director/Chief Executive of the Nigerian Film Corporation, Mr. Afolabi Adesanya explained that the recipients deserve the honours bestowed them because they have demonstrated in practical terms, that the Nigerian motion picture industry deserves collaboration between the regulatory body, government agencies, stakeholders, individuals and other private/ corporate organisations who have the resources to support the film sector.

Adesanya maintains that such interventions/ collaborations and direct investments by individuals, agencies, private or public are necessary ingredients to oil the wheel of sustainable progress for the Nigerian motion picture industry.

Over 80 films competed in the film festival.

http://www.zumafilmfest.gov.ng/

THE ABUJA INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL

The Abuja International Film Festival is an initiative of the NAFIFO VENTURES an organisation registered under the corporate affairs commission of 17th march 2004.

The Festival is affiliated to four major international festivals; Durban International Film Festival, Dahlegona International Film Festival Georgia, Zimbabwe International Film Festival and Commonwealth International Film Festival.

The 10th edition of the Abuja film festival was held in September 2013, with the theme “The Role of Film in National Security”.

At the festival, Nollywood stakeholders echoed in unison for the setting up of a special task force to curb “the menace” of film piracy and road side trading of creative works militating against the growth and development of the industry. Over 85 foreign and Nigerian films were screened during the festival.

http://www.abujafilmfestival.org/

THE iREPRESENT INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTARY FILM FESTIVAL

(Website: www.irepfilmfestival.com)

There is only one film festival dedicated to documentary films in Nigeria, the iREPRESENT International Documentary Film Festival (iREP). iREP held its first festival 20- 23rd of January 2011 in Lagos, Nigeria.

ABOUT IREP

The Conceptual framework of iREPRESENT (iREP) is “Africa in Self Conversation”, and is designed to promote awareness about the power of the documentary format to serve as a means of deepening and sharing social and cultural education as well as encouraging participatory democracy in our societies

iREP was conceptualised to create a platform of awareness and expression for aspiring and practicing filmmakers who are creating socially relevant documentary films to positively impact our world.

To fully engage an array of trans-cultural creativity, iREP provides a forum for everyone’s ingenuity to be showcased without prejudice to style or subject.

It recognises that in spite of the high rate of first- time filmmakers, many of whom lack appropriate knowledge in relevant departments of filmmaking, there are still quite a good number of well-trained, talented and serious filmmakers in Nigeria who are willing and ready to work hard to reclaim the lost glory of the industry. This is a goal that the iREP desires to pursue in its operation, especially through its annual iREP International Touring Docu- Festival.

iREP partners with organisations such as Goethe Institut, The Association of the Independent Producers of Cameroon (APIC) , The German Documentary Association (AG DOK) and Documentary Network Africa (DNA).

At the 2011 edition of the festival, themed “Africa in Self-Conversation”. The Documentary Film Intervention. Femi Odugbemi (iREP 2011 Executive Director) explained, “For Africa, the global information order presents a narrative of wars, death, corruption and diseases. Who is telling the story of Africa and its realities from what perspective? Can African filmmakers bring better understanding within and outside the continent with documentaries that give a more rounded definition of the African experience?”

Prof. Manthia Diawara (NYU) addressed this issue of ownership and representation in his keynote address: “The documentary has become the most important area for us in Africa today to make interventions that could go beyond the nation-state. Documentary is archival material that you can still go through…and define your own history”.

The 2012 edition of the festival was themed “Democracy and Culture – The Documentary Film Intervention”. As would be deduced from the unprecedented and sporadic people’s mass action that attended the January 1, 2012 removal of fuel subsidy by the Federal Government, a new sense of participation in governance is evolving on the African continent. It is thus increasingly becoming important to explore opportunities open to African filmmakers to bring better understanding and approaches to participatory democracy as a part of African political culture through the medium of documentary films. A key subtheme in the 2012 iREP Documentary Film Festival is: Is Nollywood Documentary? This will feature a conversation among filmmakers and the public on the potentials of Nollywood films to embrace the documentary ethics in its operation and outputs. A key area of discourse will be the need to explore the production and distribution potentials and schemes of Nollywood towards achieving documentary objectives.

Source: http://www.lagostelevision.com/ blog/2012/03/21/foreign-filmmakers-for-i-rep-festival- the-nation/

FOUNDING MEMBERS OF iREP
JAHMAN ANIKULAPO

Jahman Oladejo Anikulapo studied Theatre Arts with a specialty in Directing, Dramatic Theories and Criticisms at the University of Ibadan (1983 -86). He has been an Arts and Culture Journalist for over two decades, writing mostly on the Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Literature and Cultural Affairs. He worked as the Arts and Media Editor of The Guardian (Daily) between 1992 and 2003. He is currently the Editor of The Guardian on Sunday.

He also operates as a Culture Activist and Programmist with input into some notable ideas and projects, private and public, that have helped define the character as well as shape the development of Nigeria’s Arts and Culture scene.

He has worked extensively on the Cultural Policy of Nigeria since 1988 when the first workshop towards its implementation was held. He has served in various UNESCO committees, particularly the series held under the aegis of the World Decade for Culture and Development (1988-1997) and others. He served in the Culture Sub-Committee of the Tony Blair Commission for Africa.

He was one of the resource persons towards the establishment of the Creative Industries of Nigeria, CIN, designed to serve as a platform for mapping and harnessing the economic potentials of the culture producing communities. He was also a resource person at the “Untapped Resources: Culture in Economy” conference that was organised and promoted by the Ford Foundation. He was a citizen-curator of the Gwanju Biennale in 2004.

In the last decade and a half, especially since the 1992 launch of the Nigeria Film Policy by the Nigeria Film Corporation, in which he was a key participant, he has been very active in the various movements that led to the resuscitation of the Nigeria film industry after near two decades of being comatose. He coordinated the yearly Lagos Cinema Carnival of the Committee for Relevant Art. He is on the board of the West Africa Documentary Film Forum, conveners of the yearly Real Life Film Festival in Ghana. He is part of the Traveling Seminars on African Film on the platform of the AFRICAN SCREENS, which has held sessions in Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and New York. He has presented Nigerian films at the Milan African Film Festival and French African Film Festival in Stuttgart, Germany, where he also served on the International Jury. He is on the faculty of the CNN/Multichoice Training for African Journalists.

Jahman’s recent assignments internationally include serving as Resource Person at the European Union’s African, Caribbean and the Pacific Convention on the Creative Industries held in Brussels, Belgium in March 2009; the African Screen Conference on Cinema in Lisbon, Portugal; the Global Art Museum (GAM) Conference in Hong Kong, May 2009; and the Nigeria Cameroon Dialogue on Film Production and Distribution (NIGEROON-CAMERIA) in Bamenda, Cameroon, November 2009.

He is currently an executive director of iREP International Documentary Film Forum; and Programme Director, Culture Advocates Caucus, CAC.

MAKIN SOYINKA

Makin Soyinka is the Media and Publicity Director of Caterina de’ Medici Africa. Makin got his University degree from University of Ife, graduating in 1991 with a B.A. Literature in English.

Has worked variously as a proof-reader, sub-editor, magazine columnist, Contributor with the Sports Parachutist (British Journal of Parachuting), Tempo Magazine, The News, Farafina, True Love, etc.

Makin Soyinka has worked extensively in the field of documentary through his company Barollo Productions, an Arts, TV, Radio and Promotion Company which he founded in 1993. Before this he had served as associate producer with Auric Goldman on projects such as a documentary on Nigeria’s natural resources (1992).

His TV documentaries include:
  • Technological Exposition; Nigerian’s Potential (Asst. Producer) (1992)
  • The Courier is a Killer (producer) (1993)
  • Stolen Heritage, trade in antiquities, BBC2 ;( story researcher) (1997)
  • Stolen Goods: National Treasures, BBC2 (researcher, location manager) (2001)
  • The Murder of Damilola Taylor, BBC1 (consultant) (2001)
  • Car Wars, BBC (consultant, location manager) (2001)

He served as programme consultant to Africa Express, Channel 4 London (1996-1999) and CBCTV, London (1996-1999). He produced the highly successful “An Evening with Wole Soyinka”, in association with Globacom.

He’s produced several music concerts and music segments of various shows for This Day Newspaper Group in Lagos, Abuja, Washington DC, London, Johannesburg, Cape Town over the years and is a Consultant/Producer for the This Day Group, working directly with the Publisher/Chairman of the Group. In 2006, Makin became the Consultant to the Lagos State Governor on the Lagos Film Commission.

In 2007, he became the founding head of Nigeria’s Pioneer Film Office, The Lagos Film Office and Project Head of the Lagos Film City Project, an initiative of Lagos State.

FEMI ODUGBEMI

Femi Odugbemi is an award-winning filmmaker, writer and photographer.

Trained in Film & TV Production at Montana State University, Bozeman, United States, he worked initially at KUSM Channel 9 TV station in Bozeman, Montana. Upon his return to Nigeria, he worked as Film & Radio Producer at Lintas Advertising and later as Associate Creative Director at STB-McCann, Lagos. In these places, he wrote, directed and produced several notable documentaries, dramas and commercials. Since 1999, he has worked as an Independent Producer/Director.

His screen credits include Like Father, Like Son, a TV sitcom; Who Do You Love?, the SFH talk show; Who wants to be a Millionaire?, Nigeria’s most popular game show; the recent Lagos Lottery TV Game Show; the international documentary Life in Lagos, for CFI in France; Oui Voodoo, a cultural documentary; Metamorphosis, a musical documentary on the life of the legendary Nigerian conductor Steve Rhodes; Bar Beach Blues, a multiple-award winning film; and Maroko, a political full-length feature.

In the last few years he has also produced Mama Put, a New Direction short film and the critically-acclaimed documentary, Ibadan – Cradle of Literati.

He was the founding Content Producer of Tinsel, MNET’s acclaimed soap-opera. His recent work includes the multiple award-winning documentaries Bariga Boy and the culture expose Oriki.

Between 2002 and 2006, Odugbemi was the President of the Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN). In that capacity he also chaired the Lagos International Forum on Cinema, Motion Picture and Video in Africa, an international film festival that attracted participants and professionals from across the world. He served as well on the Steering Committee of the Motion Picture Council of Nigeria, (MOPICON) appointed by the Honorable Minister of Information and Communication.

He is a member of the Advisory Board of the School of Media and Communications (SMC), Pan African University, Lagos, Nigeria. He is on the Board of Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts (LAPA) and he is International Advisor/Consultant of the Orange Academy, Lagos.

Femi Odugbemi is Managing Director/CEO of DVWORX Studios Lagos.

INTERVIEWS OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

SELECTED BASED ON THE RELEVANCE OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THE INDUSTRY

Mr. Busola Holloway is a veteran in the broadcast industry. He has produced several documentaries including EYO, THE LEGEND, THE STORY AND THE MYSTERY which was screened at the Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival. He studied film and television in Atlanta, Georgia USA. He is the current president of ITPAN (Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria). ITPAN serves as a mediator between the producers and the regulatory bodies of Nigeria. He is currently the Production Director/ Managing Director of Image Promotions Nigeria Ltd.

Jaiye Ojo is a multidiscipline individual with a career in communications and marketing that is marked by huge records of achievements in TV Presentation, TV and Radio Production, Brand Management, Media Management, Advertising, Public Relations, Publishing and more. Mr. Ojo was the executive producer of TINSEL, the popular soap showing on MNET across Africa. Jaiye Ojo has served as President of the Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN) and as a committee chair of the Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN).

Olumide Akinwumi-Oke is a producer and director. He has produced several documentaries, TV shows, game shows, quiz shows, commercials and also produces radio materials. He studied law in Ogun State University in 1992 and earned his BL degree at the Nigerian Law School in 1993. He is currently the Executive Director at 923 Media.

Miss Abiola Adenuga is the Managing Director of PEFTI film institute. Miss Adenuga studied Business Management and Accounting at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and is a certified Oracle Database Administrator from the NIIT institute and Oracle University. She also holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Education from the University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos State.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF INTERVIEWS OF KEY STAKE HOLDERS IN THE INDUSTRY

Nollywood is one of the fastest growing markets in the world. Feature length films are very popular and there is a huge market for them.

Documentaries, however, do not share the spotlight with feature films as they hardly make it to DVDs that sell in the local market. Not many documentaries are produced in Nigeria as compared to the number of feature films produced annually. A rough ratio would be 3 documentaries to every 10 films produced.

Mr. Holloway, currently the President of ITPAN explains that the most popular form of documentaries currently made are industrial documentaries, as they are commissioned and are financially secure. He also explained that viewers were not very used to Nigerian- made documentaries, but that with sponsorship good quality documentaries can be produced and people would be interested in watching them.

The government does not fund documentary filmmaking according to all interviewees. There is mention of the $200m film fund administered by the government, but the general opinion is that these funds are not readily accessible as the necessary criteria needed to get funding puts it beyond the reach of most emerging filmmakers in Nigeria. The Government does have a film school, The National Film Institute (NFI) located in Jos and the Assistant Director of the school confirms that Documentary Filmmaking is offered as a full course.

The Goethe Institut and the French Cultural Centre were mentioned as organisations that give grants to filmmakers.

Nigeria has a lot of cinema houses, an estimated number of 50-100, said Mr. Holloway. Silverbird Cinema, the most common, is located in four states in Nigeria: Lagos, Uyo, Port Harcourt and Abuja. They have about four viewing halls, each seating about fifty people.

Ozone Cinema is another popular cinema found in Lagos. It was established in 2008 and is a four screened cinema that seats 619 people.

Genesis Cinema was established in 1991 with fifteen screens and over 2000 seats. They can be found in three states: Lagos, Port Harcourt and Enugu.

It costs about $2 to catch a movie at any of these cinemas where some feature films are being premiered before going to DVD. The cost of a feature length film on DVD is about $1-$5, and marketers are found everywhere across Nigeria.

Nigeria has a government television station, The Nigerian Television Authority, with 72 stations and they broadcast all over Nigeria.

“The most common method of audience cultivation is still the television”, says Mr. Holloway, but lamented that the Government owned NTA does not commission documentaries and insists on being paid for any work that is aired. Producer Jaiye Ojo concurred though said that work was sometimes aired if it was given to the NTA for free. Other methods of audience cultivation are via radio adverts, posters and billboards.

Mr. Akinwumi-Oke explained that most documentary filmmakers have to revert to the internet to showcase their work on sites like Facebook, My Space and YouTube and film festivals as it is very expensive to buy air time on television.

The NTA was also cited as one of the few places that has any archives. The Nigerian Film Corporation was also cited. All of the interviewees were of the opinion that these archives are not well kept.

As regards advocacy groups, Mr. Holloway highlighted ITPAN, of which he is the current President. ITPAN has been advocating for filmmakers for 19 years. He spoke of some of the achievements, like snagging prime time for Nigerian productions at a time when it was being overrun by foreign soaps, and settling disputes within the industry. He explained that ITPAN has

a training school, and not only that, but they take teaching out of the classroom to universities and polytechnic, donating equipment in the process.

Mr. Holloway says that there are no advocacy groups exclusively for documentary filmmakers in Nigeria. He pointed out the abundance of guilds and other groups that claimed to be advocates for filmmakers, producers, writers and other disciplines in the film industry.

There are multiple film festivals in Nigeria, including the Zuma and Abuja Film Festivals. Specifically for documentary, there is iREP. All the interviewees spoke of its high standards and level of commitment to providing a platform for documentary films.

So far, iREP has done two film festivals conducted training classes for documentary filmmakers and held monthly screenings of documentaries at various locations.

Filmmakers/documentary filmmakers in Nigeria need funding for: the production of documentaries; training and development of skills of young filmmakers; access to archives and research related materials; and government intervention in the broadcast sector to end the practice of charging producers for air time for the screening of their films. This will help with the distribution of documentaries and will also assist in creating a wider market for documentary in Nigeria.

 

INTERVIEWS OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

INTERVIEW WITH BUSOLA HOLLOWAY

BH: My name is Busola Holloway, a Nigerian. I am a filmmaker and I studied film and television at Morehouse College, Atlanta Georgia. I’ve been in and out of Nigeria making films — documentaries mostly. I did commercials at one time. My father before me was a filmmaker and so I just basically stepped into his shoes.

Documentaries fall into several categories — the industrial documentary, the fiction documentary and the historical documentary. A lot of the work I do is with industrial documentaries because they pay you money upfront to do the work or they pay you when the work is done. With other documentaries you have to do your own research and fund it with your own money and then you may not get the money back.

FO: Talk about your production company, its history and its activities in the industry.

BH: My production company, Image Pro films, has morphed from two other companies. The first company was Olu Holloway Nigeria Ltd., which my father founded in 1977. He was the only one running that at the time. By the time I came home with my sister and dad, we decided not to use Olu Holloway Nigeria Ltd. anymore, because that was a personal name, and we decided to form another company in 1989 or 1991, I’m not very certain now, but it was called Image Promotions Nigeria Ltd.

We three ran Image Promotions Nigeria Ltd. as for a few years until unfortunately we lost two of our directors. I then decided that I was going to change the name and form a new company which is now Image Pro Films. The reason I have said all of this is because we’ve had the three companies, but it is the same people who have done all the work, except for Image Pro Films. The same people did all the work for Olu Holloway Ltd. and Image Promotions Ltd. and so some of the credits for the jobs and those other works are my credits as well.

The company, so to speak, has been in existence since 1977.

FO: How active are you in the area of documentary and fiction filmmaking.

BH: We are very active in documentary filmmaking. I haven’t been very interested in fiction or feature films because of the fact that I haven’t seen good stories in this country. I know there are some good stories but there are problems with the marketing and I do not intend to be a filmmaker just for the sake of being a filmmaker. I am a filmmaker who makes a living from my work. What I have found is that the channels of distribution in this country are very difficult, so it’s safer for me to simply stick with my documentary filmmaking than to go to feature films. With documentary films you either have a client who has sponsored the job or someone who is backing your production, such as a foundation, to make the documentary. It’s not the same as looking for your own money to do a feature film, which you are not sure will make the money back.

FO: As a production company how many films do you think are made in Nigeria every year, both documentaries and fiction?

BH: A rough speculation, I would say 10. Of course that may come as a surprise to you, because the filmmaking industry has changed dramatically in the last 10 years with technology and almost everybody can afford a cheap camera and you see many, many people going out on the streets and shooting whatever they see or they think is a story and they call that a film. They put it on videotape and put it on a disc and put it into the market as a film that has been made. You start asking yourself, when you start to categorise, what a movie is or what a joke is. So as far as I am concerned, I would say 10 real movies are made in Nigeria yearly in terms of feature films or fiction. The others are jokes. Let’s be serious. Most of the films you see will not catch your attention enough for you to sit down and want to watch it for 10 minutes.

FO: What about documentaries?

BH: Industrial documentaries are made constantly and there are many of them. The oil industry is good for that and the factories are good for that. Not many people or many companies know that they need to make documentaries. They probably do not see the importance of making documentaries until five years later. Something happens and they wish they had documented what happened 5 years ago. That is what documentaries do. You do a documentary on when you are starting a company and how your company is today and believe me, 5 years later there is going to be something you will be able to refer to and say, this is how things were.

Many people don’t see that yet. The government doesn’t see that. Yes, a lot of our press crews are following governors all over the state. They film what these governors are doing but they do not edit them and create stories out of them. Take Lagos — Ibadan Express Road, for instance. They are talking about doing or re- doing the road, or even Lagos-Benin road, but nobody is documenting what is happening on the road right now. On the day they finish the road and they want to open it, everybody will go there with big cameras showing the Governor or the Head of State cutting the tape. Nobody documented before the road was there in the 1960s or the 1970s and nobody is documenting what is going on now. Somebody should be doing that. That is what we lack in terms of making documentaries.

FO: How popular are documentaries in Nigeria, how many people are doing them, and what types are they? 

BH: Documentaries are not very popular in Nigeria. For those of us who do documentaries, we know the value or the worth of what we are doing. It’s like a magazine journalist creating a story, or a novelist creating a story. There are not too many people who are novelists, but there are many people who want to be the fashion stars of those magazines, but they do not know what it is to create that magazine. Documentary filmmakers are the creators if you see what I mean.

We do not have many people creating those documentaries. The few we have are doing well. I think more and more people will see the light in documentaries, but how many people want to watch Nigerian-made documentaries? Maybe if you had sponsorship to do good documentary stories from Nigeria, then people would be interested in watching. I am sure everybody watched the documentary, Welcome to Lagos, which is a good film. It showed the resilience of people and how hardworking the Nigerians are but how many people do we have doing that? It is because we don’t have the money. I don’t have the money to shoot that kind of documentary. It’s going to cost a couple of million to do it and do I know it’s going to make money back? Unless I have a couple of million to throw away, it’s hard to do.

So how many people are doing it? Not too many. How many people are watching it? If it is good, many people will watch it.

FO: What types of documentaries are there?

BH: In terms of what types of documentaries there are, documentaries are industrial and basically slice of life documentaries that involve day to day living. I did a documentary once, many years ago about the EYO festival, in the year 2000, I believe. I just wanted to document what EYO was about and when it was done, I gave the documentary away free of charge to television stations before the next EYO festival. I told them to air it and let people know what the festival wass about. They were very happy and they aired it.

Now, with the popularity of EYO festival, more people are beginning to do documentaries on EYO, OSUN- OSOGBO and other festivals. Things that people in the past turned their noses up at — the traditional and cultural things — saying, I’m not doing that, but now we are beginning to document our culture and our traditions, which is good.

FO: What would you say people prefer to watch — industrial or real life documentaries?

BH: If I tell you that people don’t want to watch industrial documentaries, then I’m shooting myself in the foot. I will be telling my clients that nobody is interested in watching their films and that is wrong.

People want to watch them. People want to see….I want to watch how…was it BP that spilled oil in the US Gulf of Mexico? I want to watch how they plugged up that leak. I want to know what they were doing before an explosion occurred. I want to see how roads are built. I want to see how the channel tunnel in Europe was built. I want to see how things are done. Those are all documentaries that people do abroad. I sit down in front of National Geographic and I watch. We need more of those in Nigeria but the problem is we do not have the funding for them.

There are many things done in Nigeria which should be documented, but because people don’t have the funding it’s not done and everybody needs to eat.

However, people will want to watch both. The slice of life concerns everybody but those who want to learn, those who want to know, they want to watch the industrial ones.

FO: Is there a government fund that a filmmaker could possibly tap into to get funding for a film? If there is how much are they likely to get? 

BH: For documentary films, no. Zilch.

I heard about the 200 million dollar grant for the entertainment industry. I’ve heard about it but I haven’t seen it. I hear it’s authentic and I hear one or two people have gotten it but I think the modalities for getting it should be a little less stringent.

FO: Are there any NGOs or private companies that give grants to filmmakers?

BH: Yes I’ve heard of some of them — the French Cultural Center, the Goethe Institut. I have heard of a few, so yes.

FO: Do you have any idea how much they will give?

BH: I don’t have an idea of how much they will give, I have an idea on how much it will cost to do a documentary, but you see, that is the beauty of filmmaking. Each film is different, each scene is different, and each take is different. Documentaries cannot just be costed randomly at 1 million or 2 million. Some could cost up to 10 million naira. It depends on what you are trying to achieve.

FO: What happens with other filmmakers without a source of help from the government or grants? How do they gather resources to make a film?

BH: You do it from your own pocket. As I said, I did a film about the EYO festival in 2000 and I gave it away for free. I have the knowledge. It’s just about sitting down and writing a story. I have the knowledge and I have the tools, so I did a film which cost me a bit of money. It wasn’t much and I did not make money from that film until 9 years later, when I finally sold the film.

FO: How does your company fund its productions?

BH: It has not been easy. Most times you get jobs that are commissioned by companies and they ask you to do the job and that is what you survive on. Whatever little you have left you can put into doing other jobs that you would like to do.

FO: Are there distributors that fund films?

BH: Not in Nigeria that I know of.

FO: What is the average budget of those that do fiction and what is the average income you think they make?

BH: I would be telling you a lie if I gave you a figure. I really don’t know. It can be anywhere from 2M to 10M to 40M naira. It depends on how big the production is going to be.

So far, in Nigeria, there are not too many rich filmmakers and that tells you that they are not bringing in enough income and this is because of the distribution network. That is a problem that we have here.

FO: What platforms do you use as a strategy for distribution of your films? Broadcasting, internet, TV, phones, mobile cinemas, film video clubs….

BH: I have used practically all of them. I have used broadcasting, internet, I have put it on telephones to be passed from one person to the other. There are many channels now for getting your story out.

FO: Which of these media have you found to be the most effective for distribution?

BH: The television is still the most reliable.

FO: What options are open to you for distribution of your film as a filmmaker?

BH: There are many options. You have the internet which is growing every day and there are the broadcast stations from which you can buy time. Now, that is another problem we have in Nigeria. We have to buy our air-time. They don’t look at our films and say, “Oh this is good. Can we buy it from you?” No. You buy air-time and then you put your film on in the hope that people will see it and like it and commission you to do other jobs. That is a major problem we have in this country.

FO: How many cinemas are there in Nigeria and can you name them?

BH: Roughly, I would say about 50 to 100, maybe less. There is the Silverbird Cinema, Ozone, The Palms…

FO: Are there any government film training institutions for film and television in Nigeria?

BH: Yes, we have the Nigerian Film Institute in Jos.

FO: What about private institutions?

BH: Yes, there are reputable private ones. We’ve got ITPAN. ITPAN has a training school and we have been training people for many years in production and post-production as well. We have gone even further. These days we have carried our training out to universities and polytechniques because what we found was that most students that come out of Nigerian Universities are not employable because they have not learned anything in their 4 years of being in school, and the reason is very simple. They don’t have any equipment to train on or to learn with.

So, we at ITPAN in the last few years, have gone and donated some equipment that we can afford to these universities and said to them: “This is equipment. Start training and start working with these”. We also gave them lectures. We’ve done 2 or 3 universities now. We have given them lectures, donated equipment and it has been very helpful. One of my staff, a talented young lady is one of the products of such education and I am very proud to say it.

FO: Is ITPAN the only one?

BH: ITPAN is the only one I will talk of.

FO: How many people who work with you here, at your production house, are formally trained in any of the institutions?

BH: I have at least three who are formally trained and I do not have a large staff. When there are jobs, I call professionals in from different aspects of the production field and they help with the job. There is no point keeping people on staff when there is no work to be done.

FO: What is the state of broadcast industry?

BH: Poor. We don’t have enough content on television and the content we do have is very badly produced. It is shortchanging the viewers. There is one programme that I keep giving an example of. I saw it and I could not believe it. It’s a TV series. When I decided to watch television that day I saw that what they did was, for the first 10 minutes they showed what happened on the programme last week, then they went to a commercial break, then they came to this week’s episode and they showed 10 min of this week’s episode, next thing I know is, they say, “Next on XXX programme…,” and they show 5 minutes of what is going to happen next week. What’s the point if you are going to show people 10 minutes in a 30 min time slot? That is cheating. That is stealing. Granted, this man has bought his own air-time, but if you are going to do something, do it right. Do not shortchange the people. We need a lot of training. We need a lot of sincerity.

FO: Does the broadcast industry commission work for either fiction or documentary films? And if they do commission, how many documentaries do they commission?

BH: I would say no, maybe it has been done 5 or 10 times out of 1 million productions, so basically, no.

FO: If I made a documentary would a TV station buy it from me, for instance, or would I have to pay them?

BH: You shouldn’t have to pay them to broadcast it. That is a part of what we are fighting. It is wrong. They need to pay you. They need to commission you in the first place to give them content. They need to commission you to go and produce content, so you don’t have to worry yourself about finding money to produce this content to be aired. The TV stations need to commission you to go and produce content, bring it to them and they air it. Then they get the money from the commercials, or they share it, one way or the other, but you shouldn’t have to pay TV stations for the air time.

FO: What if you gave them content for free?

BH: They will air it very happily and then they won’t pay you. They will air it 100 times because they don’t have any other content. They do not produce their own programmes.

FO: In terms of the capacity of filmmakers here and the structures that surround them, are there archives where you can find old materials? What is the access level of filmmakers to that archive? Is there a government archive or are there private archives where you can get old films or footage, if you are doing a historical film for example?

BH: I would say it is very unlikely you would find anything because people simply do not take charge or take care of things that they have. I have some archives that we have taken care of well, but at the same time, things that were shot on film in the 1960s and the 1970s — I know that if you do not keep them very well, the celluloid will disintegrate. In terms of most places that claim to have archives, I would like to see what condition their archives are in. I would think that video tapes are probably not viewable any longer because they weren’t well taken care of. I doubt if you could find archives in Nigeria. Believe me, if you want to find anything on Nigeria in the 60s, you most likely will have to go to BBC or ITN.

FO: What are the challenges you face as a filmmaker in these three stages of production: pre-production, production or post-production?

BH: The thing about pre-production is that first of all you have got to develop a story and that is a challenge in itself. Trying to develop stories in Nigeria and knowing that you are going to have to get backing from people when it comes to production time is hard, too.

For example, you want to shoot something on the streets and you know you are going to have a camera out there. The average policeman on the street does not understand what it is — that you need to shoot a film — and so you need police backing for when you are shooting this film. You go to them at the police station and say, “I need police backing for filming” and they say, “No, we don’t understand what you are saying”. It should be part of filmmaking. You also need to go to the Lagos State Film and Video Censors Board to get your permit, which is not a problem, but they are supposed to go with you to location, and sometimes they don’t and so you get into all sorts of problems when it comes to production time.

In terms of production, first the problems are numerous — too numerous to count — but one of the other issues we have is the ever changing equipment profile. Last year, I bought a new camera. It been released less than a week when I saw it and I bought it. I was just reading a magazine now and it appears there is an upgrade to that camera, so what should I do with the one that I haven’t finished using?

Post-production facilities are becoming obsolete very quickly, but our people are catching up and we are still able to use the old equipment that we have to do post, which is good. So, I would say production itself posses the most challenge.

FO: Which area of production would you say, in general, in the industry, needs the most funding support? Is it pre-production, production or post-production?

BH: I wouldn’t say equipment, because when you say equipment, generally you are talking about digitalization. You are talking about getting the latest camera. I know some people who have the most expensive cameras which include the RED-ONE, but if you are planning to air your film in Nigeria, why are you shooting with a RED-ONE because the TV stations are not digital anyway and then you shoot with a RED camera at the end of the day you are still going to come down to VHS quality. So, why did you shoot with a RED in the first place? Why did you shoot with a high end camera, when that RED could have bought you 20 cheaper cameras?

It would have to be production. That’s what most of the work goes into.

FO: In terms of your views, what would you say is the importance of documentary to the politics of Africa?

BH: Extremely important. Those who do not learn from the past are bound to be burnt by the future and in Africa we have a penchant for not learning from the past. What our leaders are doing now is very similar to what happened in the fifties and in the sixties which burnt this country for years and if they are not careful they are heading in that same direction. However, if we had documentaries, which we could watch and learn from and not close our eyes, maybe, just maybe, we could save this country and many other African countries. We need to learn from the past, we need to archive things that happened in the past and learn never to do it again.

America documented the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and because of that they are afraid to drop another bomb in any other country because they know how much human suffering it will cost anywhere else. They didn’t envisage that the A-bomb would cause so much damage in Japan, but now they know and they know that the nuclear bomb is a thousand times more powerful. They won’t do it again. You need to document your past so that you can learn from it.

FO: Should a new funding programme be introduced in your country, and what are the critical areas you think it should address? And, please state your reason. 

BH: Education firstly, education secondly and education thirdly. Most of the people who handle equipment or who are into production these days are not educated in the art of filmmaking so we need to go back to the basics and go to the schools and get some equipment into the schools for these students to train with.

I have been talking to some equipment manufacturers and I have been talking to television broadcast stations abroad. They have all this old equipment they keep junking after a year or two years but they are working and they are still perfectly ok. Give them to us and we will give them to the schools and the schools will use them for training.

Can you imagine that students who study computer science in universities in Nigeria go through universities for four years and they never see the inside of a computer. What are they learning? They come out and they are not even as knowledgeable as the man in Alaba market or computer village who is tearing computers apart by himself. Why would someone go to school to waste four years ? It is the same thing with cinematography. People are going to school to study mass communications and then they come out and they don’t know the back end from the front end of a camera. Put money into education and put some money into productions by the people who are in the business.

FO: What would you imagine would be the criteria that would be acceptable across the board to filmmakers in Nigeria if a fund was to be set up? What kind of filmmakers would be eligible for that funding? Who would manage that funding? Should it be managed through the guilds, or should it be something that is given individually to each filmmaker? Who decides who gets the funds, for instance, and how can this be seen to be fair in the context of the culture of the country?

BH: I would say the serious ones, the ones that are identifiable as serious filmmakers. You don’t need to have a degree in filmmaking but serious filmmakers who have some track record of having done some things. That would be important. For instance, I know a few people who have produced films out of their own pockets. A gentleman I know has produced a couple of films out of his own pocket and there is another gentleman I know who has produced films out of his own pocket as well. There are other people who do films out of their own pockets for the common good. You look at people like that and you ask them, who they think should be taken seriously. Then you go to an association like ITPAN, and you ask them who they think needs funding or should be taken seriously in this industry.

To manage the funding we would have to look for a core group of people that are experienced in the industry who know the serious ones. Advocacy groups have to be people who have knowledge about the industry, of the inner workings of the industry. Don’t just put a bunch of lawyers to manage filmmakers, because they don’t know the first thing about filmmaking. Put practitioners in the industry to manage such a fund. You look at someone obviously who will be in control of money. You look at people who are practitioners in the industry; you look at people who are workers in the industry; you look at people who are actors and viewers in the industry. Obviously you won’t take five of each; you only need one or two from each group to put a solid team together.

When you mention guilds, my heart tears apart for this country because there are too many guilds. Everybody wants to form an association. Everybody wants to be president of an association. I don’t know why we cannot live in existing guilds, but on the other hand, maybe I do know why. I received a text message in the last 48 hours from a guild, saying they were holding their AGM and the outgoing president does not want to relinquish power. He has been there for 2 terms and his terms are over. He does not want to relinquish power because they are expecting some money to come in. Now, I don’t know if there is something in us Africans that does not allow us to say, “Ok my time is up, let me relinquish it to the next person”. So, please forget the guilds. There is one that calls themselves the Association Of XXX, then someone else breaks away from that and goes to form The Real Association of XXX and someone breaks from that and goes to form The Core Association of XXX! All from one Guild! We need to strategize. There is another group that I hear is forming now and they are going to Abuja saying that they are the television content producers and the Abuja people are saying, “We don’t know you”, we know ITPAN. Why do people have to form so many guilds? Very soon you will have a guild in your own house as well. At the end of the day, it doesn’t serve anybody well. It doesn’t do any of us any good. We need to go back to basics. Tell all the guilds — please go away. We will talk to individuals and we will identify individuals who you know we are serious. If they belong to guilds, fine. Or, if they can corral the members of their guilds to tow the line, then fine. If they cannot, please don’t waste your time.

It is the guilds that are causing problems for the 200 million dollar federal government intervention. One will say, “Don’t give the money to these people, give it to those people”. They are back biting each other and it is not helping.

Who gets the funds? I think, as I said, you’ve got to identify serious filmmakers. I can tell you of a young lady on my staff, who I mentioned before, who is very serious. In her time at youth service, she went and produced a film for Delta state which had never been done by anybody for the state before. Even the state Governor was impressed. Yes, we find people like that and then we get them. I am not saying just young ones, but older ones as well. By the time you do maybe 10 or 20, you will find that many more will see why those 10 or 20 were picked and they will start to toe the line, but don’t just throw money out there. Don’t just throw money around because you will waste your money and a lot of it will be lost.

FO: Is there a place to create a start up fund that will allow us to fund the ones that have enough talent to make film in documentary? Would funding address that?

BH: Yes, yes definitely. Form a core group of people, and I wouldn’t even want to go to an association because in an association you have too many dissenting voices — “I want the money, she wants the money”. You have to be autocratic sometimes.

FO: In terms of training, what area should such a fund target in terms of education of filmmakers or the development of skills of filmmakers?

BH: Development of skills will come from provision of equipment that they can do practicals with. I remember when I was in university, we used to just go to the equipment store and sign out equipment. In my first year of university, I was signing out equipment and there was a film I produced in my first year. I edited it myself. I had editing facilities open to me.

My daughter came home from school one day and brought with her a Canon 7D camera that she just signed out from her school. I said, “Oh! You guys have facilities to sign out these kinds of cameras that I’m using professionally”. They have hundreds in their own schools, we don’t have any here. If we can find a way of getting some to the universities it will help our students and it will help us.

FO: Is there a distinct database for filmmakers in Nigeria?

BH: No.

FO: How many guilds are there and what are they made up of?

BH: If there were 99 yesterday, I assure you by next week we will probably have like 150.They keep breaking up and forming new guilds. I don’t know what the others are made up of, but I know that ITPAN is made up of television producers.

FO: What film festivals run in Nigeria? How many have run that you have you been involved in and that your films have been promoted in?

BH: There is Zuma. iREP is an upcoming film festival that’s only been going on for two years. They have been doing documentaries and they are interesting, but iREP needs content and where does this content come from? It comes from the filmmakers in this country and what do the filmmakers make the film from? The films have to be funded. If the filmmakers don’t have funding, they can’t do films.Yes, I have had films shown at iREP and I have had films shown in Atlanta, but I don’t think I’ve had any films shown at Zuma.

FO: Are there any advocacy groups that are trying to create awareness for interest of filmmakers in Nigeria?

BH: Yes, I am the outgoing president of ITPAN. I will soon be done. I have done two terms.

FO: Can you give a little background history of ITPAN? 

BH: ITPAN was founded in 1992, I believe, and registered in 1993. The full name is The Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria. At the time it was registered, we had but one television station, which was NTA. We had many independent television producers who were having many problems with NTA, so we formed a group of people who are independent  producers or independent of NTA. It was a few years after that, that the government threw open the airwaves to private television and radio stations, so ITPAN became the umbrella body for private producers — non-NTA producers, basically. Producers, directors and actors are all members of ITPAN.

Our goal has been to foster the growth of the television industry to help our members. We are very strong in training as we do a lot of training and retraining of practitioners in the industry. We have a training school which awards certificates that are recognised by many organisations.

We have never had any issues of succession at ITPAN because each person serves the maximum of two terms and leaves. I am going to serve my two terms and leave.

FO: What is the function of ITPAN in the industry? 

BH: We are basically a mediator between the producers and the regulatory bodies. One of the greatest things we did at ITPAN was to win the prime time for Nigerian produced programmes. At one time, foreign programmes such as the Brazilian soaps were taking over Nigerian airwaves and ITPAN fought against that and we won prime time for Nigerian producers. When you look at television these days, 6 pm – 10 pm is only for Nigerian productions. Unfortunately, most of the people who have programmes running in that time belt are not ITPAN members because they do not know where that benefit came from. When they lose it with shoddy programmes, like the example I gave earlier, that’s when they know that there is an association, that if they had been a part of it, would have helped them fight for their rights.

FO: What are the goals of ITPAN?

BH: ITPAN is an association created to foster the growth of the television industry, to see to the well being of its members and to ensure that independent television in Nigeria continues to survive.

FO: Leadership and membership of ITPAN?

BH: If I talk about the leadership of ITPAN it would mean that I would be talking about myself and I will not do that. Membership at ITPAN initially was very strong, but over the last few years dwindled. Maybe because a lot of new practitioners in the industry do not realise the benefits of being part of an association and a lot of them just do their work and get tossed around by the TV stations.

However, if they were members of ITPAN, and by the way, most of the TV stations are members of ITPAN, then we would talk on their behalf and say, “Hey, you can’t do this to your own member”. We would be the backbone central for producers in the industry. We do not have specific guilds in ITPAN, just different people, so there are no guilds as such in ITPAN.

FO: Is your production house part of or a member of them?

BH: Definitely. I am a member.

FO: If this advocacy group were to be put in charge of administering a fund for filmmakers, what would be your reaction to that?

BH: I wouldn’t take kindly to that because I don’t think any one guild or any one association should be in charge. I think it should be a consortium of people in the industry, not a guild. Definitely you can say that ITPAN could take some money and use it for training as they see fit. That will be ok, but it would not be ok to say that ITPAN is the overall administrator of this fund. I don’t think it will be wise. Then you would have a lot of people rushing to join just to be able to get that fund and then you might have issues of mismanagement.

If you formed a group of people who were respected in the industry to manage that fund, it would work better for you. Let the associations continue to be associations. Fund ITPAN to be able to do more than it has been doing. That is different from having ITPAN take all the money and run the fund.

FO: Are there any other advocacy groups that are trying to create awareness for interest of filmmakers in Nigeria?

BH: I know iREP has done very well. If there are any others, I have not quite heard of them.

FO: Is filmmaking in Nigeria concentrated only in the Lagos area?

BH: I’m from Lagos and Lagos is where everything happens.

FO: What is the cost of a DVD movie?

BH: I hear that it is 150N for the fake copy, which is equivalent to a dollar. I hear the original ones range from 300-1000N.

FO: How much does it cost to see it in the cinema?

BH: 1000N for students and 1500N for regular.

FO: Do films premiere in Nigeria and, if they do, how long before they are available in DVD?

BH: Yes, we do premiere movies. Well, we shouldn’t just go from a premiere to a DVD. It should go from a premiere and release into cinema houses. That is what should happen, but we have this way of going about things — from release straight to DVD. Piracy has been a major issue, so you try to release on DVD immediately and you try to make as much money as you can within the first two weeks. If you don’t make your money within the first two weeks, the pirates get it and they make more money than you do.

FO: As a filmmaker, I am pretty sure you are concerned about piracy. What is the situation with piracy here in Nigeria? What are the laws against piracy? What is the enforcement situation like?

BH: Piracy is very bad. It’s not good for the people and it is not good for the industry.

FO: Are there laws against piracy and what is the enforcement situation like in Nigeria?

BH: Yes there are laws against piracy everywhere. They are not very good.

FO: What are predominant issues in Nigeria that you think the voices of documentary filmmakers might help shape?

BH: Poverty, corruption, crime, resilience of the people, the adjustability of the people to hardships, the ingenuity of the Nigerian people — those are basically the things I would like to see films about.

I don’t see too many films done about progress, because I do not see too much progress going on in this country. I just came back from a trip to the USA and I saw places that I knew many years ago and I saw the progress that had been made in just a few years. In Atlanta, for instance, a road I had known for many years to be just three lanes, is now seven lanes. When I entered the airport in Atlanta for the first time in the 70s, it was just an airport. It was a good airport. By the 80s when I was there, they had improved it and it was the best airport in the world. Today, I have never seen anything like it. They have even improved it further, and they are building more and more concourses. They improve it every day. They are not standing still.

Name one thing that has improved in this country in the last 20 years. Nothing, there is nothing. Other countries improve constantly. I wish people would take a cue from Lagos State government and try to improve. This country is just at a standstill.

FO: Would it be acceptable thing for a foundation to try to fund Nigerian films and documentary films? Would it be accepted as something that is not political by the Government of Nigeria?

BH: I think I should make a bit of a distinction between Nigerian film and Nigerian television. I am more into television and not a home video market. So, yes it will be a good thing for the foundation to try to fund Nigerian movies. If we are doing films that are sensible, we would have to criticise government a bit, so I guess they would say it is political, but if we do films that are sensible and we are being honest I do not see why anybody should be bothered by it. Entertainment is the first business of this industry.

 

INTERVIEW WITH JAIYE OJO

CEO of Audio Visual Communications Ltd.

JO: My name is Jaiye Ojo. I have been around television for 35 years. I started out as a television presenter/announcer. I’ve moved on to programme presentation, newscasting, news production, and scriptwriting. I’ve done everything around television except directing and the reason why is because most of the time I was in front of the camera, so I can’t be in front of the camera and also be behind the camera.

I worked in NTA for twelve years and got some good training, but I have also been a trainer. Some of the people you see on television today I recruited and was also involved in their training. I have also worked on the private sector side. I used to be the general manager of MITV some 12 years ago.

I have been around running my own business for a good part of the last 20 years. I did an HND degree in Mass Communication. In the course of working with NTA, I was exposed to a lot of training on the job in that immediate work environment

FO: Talk about your production company, its history and its activities in the industry and how long has it been in business?

JO: AV.com in full means Audio Visual Communications Ltd. Our flagship in terms of our brand name is East End, and we have been in the business of developing content for a good part of the last 20 years. We have done a lot of things, especially with television, from doing children’s programmes to doing game shows, to doing entertainment programmes, to doing talk shows and some documentaries. We have tried our hands in all of these areas very successfully. There is nothing that we have done that has not been a masterpiece in all of these years. We are proud of our contribution to the business of content generation in this part of the world.

On another platform, I have also been involved with another production company called 3 41 Media.

FO: How active are you in the area of documentary and fiction filmmaking?

JO: Not too active at the moment. In the past, we have done quite a few things in that area, particularly when it comes to commissioned jobs, working for multinationals, international agencies on specific assignment like working for Shell for instance. From time to time we get commissioned to do documentaries from such organisations. It’s not a regular line of business for us, like what we do on our own just making documentaries… no. When we find clients who have a need in that area and they invite us in, then we work. We have done quite a few of those kind of things. I hardly do fiction films.

FO: As a production company how many films do you think are made in Nigeria every year, both documentaries and fiction? 

JO: I am the wrong person to ask because I will just give you a figure that is not based on any serious research. I’d rather not just throw numbers at you.

FO: How popular are documentaries in Nigeria, how many people are doing them? 

JO: Documentaries are not particularly popular in Nigeria and in my own estimation, it is not because as a genre of programming that documentary is not acceptable here, it is simply because it is not an easy area for most production companies to get into, neither is it an area that most Nigerian viewers see often. Nigeria has a market that is more for drama, football and musicals which are not as intellectually tasking as documentaries usually are and documentaries tend to be more expensive to produce by virtue of the issues that go into it. You can put someone on stage to play music for you and run the next few hours on whatever he does, that is not too difficult.

Generally documentaries are likely to require a lot more intellectual work and research and take more time to produce. You have got to wait for the right times to do the right thing, if you need to shoot at sunset you have to shoot at sunset, if you need to shoot an animal hibernating you need to wait for the right time of the year or the right time of the day to get that done. Those are not things that you can create especially if it has got to do with nature. That makes it a little more difficult for most people to engage in. It is not an area that is exciting for most people.

FO: Is there a government fund, NGO or are there private companies that a filmmaker can tap into to get funding for a film?

JO: From time to time you hear of projects that the Government throws money into. For instance, the government wants to shoot ten short films to support the Proudly Nigerian Campaign of the Ministry of Information but most times there is nothing that is well structured or in place that a filmmaker can approach with the thought that funding is there. It’s more ad hoc, indvidual people. Maybe there is somebody in the ministry who has some interest and wants to do something. Sometimes they will share it out, sometimes it is a closed  thing and they give to selected individuals to do.

There is nothing like what they have in a country like South Africa, where they have a film fund, well-established structures that producers can actually work with and the assurance that it is stable. I know there have been some lame efforts in that regard here but I am not aware if any progress has been made or if any are in place as we speak.

Funding from private companies? Maybe, but that will be few and far between.

FO: What happens with other filmmakers without a source of help from the government or grants? How do you gather resources to fund your production?

JO: I do not know how other companies get funding for their own productions. My production company gets funding generally when I work on projects. This means I talk to potential clients, and I try to find solutions to their problems. That is why I cover different areas of communications/marketing. For instance, if I come in and I find out that your problem requires documentaries, then I will propose it to you and if you are convinced then we do it for you. Even if it is advertising or print, we will do it. We produce comics. I am a one-stop-shop business enterprise. It really depends on what the needs are, so for us documentary is just one aspect of so many other things that we do.

FO: What is the state of the broadcast industry? Does the broadcast industry commission works, whether fiction or non-fiction and if they do, how many documentaries do they commission? If I made a documentary would a TV station buy it from me for instance?

JO: It is not the norm for the broadcast industry to commission works or to buy works. This is one of the few countries in the world where there are no proper structures for the funding of projects, which is inclusive of documentaries, so most times the producer looks for the money and then when the job is completed, if he wants to air it he has to find sponsors, then take it to the station and pay. In other parts of the world you don’t pay for air time and most times they commission the job, so the minute you finish the work you hand it over to them. It is their business what they do with it. They will even find a sponsor, but here the producer does everything. You have to look for the funds to produce and sometimes do whatever you have to do in order to be able to achieve that dream. When you finish, if it is something that needs to air on television, you have to look for money to pay the TV stations for them to air it.

FO: Are there archives where you can find old materials? What is the access level of filmmakers to that archive? Is there a government archive or private archives where you can get old films or footage, if you are doing a historical film for example?

JO: Yes there are a few places, but unfortunately we do not have good records in this country. We face a lot of challenges and when you get to these places you will be amazed at how much waste we have generated in this country. It is not a good story to tell. Most of the places that may have good records are government places, but government institutions are not well run. They recycle tapes with valuable materials, recording new programmes on them instead of keeping and archiving them. These things are supposed to be stored away, not used for recording new materials.

If you go to NTA for instance, and you ask for Village Headmaster, which is supposed to be the number one drama serial ever done in this country, you probably won’t get a single episode. There may also be some institutions or corporations trying to keep records, I don’t know, but I’d be shocked if any of them have good records. There may also be some production houses that have some storage. Some people with production houses like us have some storage but we don’t consider what we have significant to the volume of business and opportunities and content that are happening today. Those are our challenges — and challenges of power surges that damage our equipment. We are still very far away from where we should be.

FO: What would you say is the importance of documentary to the politics of Africa?

JO: Well, the documentary genre provides the right treatment for dealing with most of the issues of politics and of development. No doubt about it. but there are other options of dealing with issues along these lines. Documentary is a very strong and powerful treatment option for many, if not most, of all developmental issues in Africa. In terms of politics and of the economy — yes.

FO: Should a new funding programme be introduced in your country? What are the critical areas you think it should address? And, please state your reason.

JO: Funding has always been one crucial area, because without funding it will be very difficult to do great jobs. Of course funding is tied to equipment and to the quality of manpower for the projects. All of these things are affected by funding.

When it comes to filmmaking there are a hundred and one issues to look at. One very important issue is the education of filmmakers. If you have someone who is knowledgeable in his/her field of choice then the intellectual quality of such a person will also be reflected in his/her work.

FO: What would you imagine would be the criteria acceptable to filmmakers in Nigeria if a fund were to be set up?

JO: It depends on what the provider of the funds wants to achieve. For instance, if the provider of funds is interested in films around nature, then you have to look at the background of the different prospective producers to see who among them will be able to meet that criterion. Let’s assume you are a filmmaker and there are some people, by reason of what they have done in the past or are doing presently, that are better prepared to do work in specific areas because of their knowledge of these things and of what they have done in the past. I expect that the antecedents of the filmmaker should be one of the main things that determines who and who gets what done. Among other things you have got to be looking at what the person brings to the table in terms of skills and work experience. It will show you have a passion for your field of work.

FO: Who would manage that funding?

JO: The provider of the funds has to be actively involved in its management to ensure that the resources are judiciously used. Secondly, they need to put a team in place that monitors the disbursements and the use of the funds. In other words, it is not enough to give a producer money and say go and do a film. It is also important that you monitor the judicious utilization of the resources.

That is not to say that Nigerian producers are not responsible enough to manage funds. What I am saying is that two heads are better than one. Good results can be achieved when the funding agency and the producing company are both involved in the management of the resources. I am an advocate of funding that is staggered in such a way that ensures that at every step, the right thing is done and all the goals are met.
FO: Should it be managed through the guilds or should it be something that is given individually to each filmmaker? 

JO: I do not know much about the guilds. There may be some guilds in Nigeria but they are not under ITPAN. ITPAN is a body that I belong to and we don’t have functional guilds to manage, but I expect that in any business relationship involving the use of money and committing resources, it is important that you have a small team of experts and distinguished persons/practitioners who will arbitrate and ensure fairness in all dealings.

FO: Who decides who gets the funds and how can this be seen to be fair in the context of the culture of the country?

JO: There have got to be some criteria that will help determine who gets the funds. The team that you put in place will then help you to ensure that those criteria that have been agreed for determining who qualifies for receiving such funds are adhered to.

I think that merit should be the number one criteria for determining who qualifies for funds. You cannot rule out geographical spread, but that will be secondary to the extent that you want to promote the emergence of these kinds of initiatives across the entire country so it is not concentrated only in the hands of Nollywood producers for instance. There has to be some spread, but more importantly the number one basis for allocating resources should be merit.

FO: Is there a place to create a start up fund that will allow us to fund the people that have enough talent to make documentaries?

JO: There are a few schools that have shown the capacity for an initiative of this nature. I am aware of the ITPAN training school. I am also aware of a few other organisations that can also provide this kind of opportunity. There are also private organisations — bodies like iREP that I think have done some work in terms of projects. There are also private companies that might be willing to open their doors. I am of the opinion that there is nothing that is done anywhere in the world that cannot be done in Nigeria. In other words, you can do a documentary anywhere in Nigeria. You do not need to bring foreign crews to Nigeria to come and shoot. We have enough resources, we have manpower and to some extent, certain facilities.

What we may need is primarily resources to improve on some of the facilities that already exist here, rather than those kinds of opportunities. We can conveniently and effectively cover most of Africa, especially West Africa. There are those that are doing documentary including young, Nigerian producers that are fully capable of developing these kinds of opportunities.

For those of us who understand the culture and the people, I think we should get the first shot at these kinds of opportunities. That’s not to say collaboration with strategic technical partners should not be entertained in certain instances — for sharing skills and cross fertilization of ideas etc.

FO: Is there a distinct database for filmmakers in Nigeria, is that data available to the public? Is there a film censor board in Nigeria?

JO: I know some effort was made in the past along these directions, but honestly I am the wrong person to give a precise answer on this question. Some places may exist, but where they are I am not able to tell you. However, I am sure there are some pockets of data in some places.

FO: Is there a film censor board in Nigeria?

JO: Yes there is.

FO: Are there any other advocacy groups that are trying to create awareness in the interests of filmmakers in Nigeria?

JO: Yes there are. I am aware of iREP. They have been creating awareness for documentary films. They have been running now for the past two years or so and that suggests that iREP is positioned to lead in this segment of the television business. There is also ITPAN, a more all-encompassing professional association of key practitioners, of which I am a member. It is an organisation that has been operating successfully now for many years and they are the leader in the area of film and television production/media owners.

There are a few others but they are not as prominent.

FO: Is your production house part of a member?

JO: AV.Com is a member of ITPAN.

FO: If this advocacy group were to be put in charge of administering funds for filmmakers, what would be your reaction to that?

JO: As long as the people who run it have good intentions, I would be glad to support such an initiative. I am more concerned with ensuring that the right people would be involved — those who have the love for the business of documentary filmmaking, those who have proven themselves in the past, who have invested their resources and their talents in the past and have proven to be serious.

FO: Can you recommend another advocacy group that you think would be eligible for distribution of funds if a fund were to be set up and why?

JO: ITPAN and iREP come to mind. These are the bodies with which I am quite familiar and whose leadership in the industry over the years has been so sterling that it would allow me to recommend them without reservation.

FO: Is filmmaking in Nigeria concentrated only in the Lagos area?

JO: No it is not. There are filmmakers outside of Lagos.

FO: What is the situation with piracy here in Nigeria? What are the laws against piracy? What is the enforcement situation like? What is the perception of the law enforcement agencies about piracy?

JO: Piracy is a big problem in Nigeria and it is one problem that has stood the test of time in terms of its exploitation of the creative wealth of this nation and unless we address it in terms of the future of creative business, we will continue to be threatened. It is not only limited to setting up laws. Laws are important, but we need to look for multiple solutions to this problem. I have heard people in the past say things like, “Why don’t we cooperate with the pirates?” I thought that it was quite ingenious. Indeed, it may just be one of the ways that can help us to fight this dreaded situation.

FO: In terms of film festivals, how many film festivals take place in Nigeria, what type of films do they show? Are there film festivals for documentaries/fiction? Have you been involved in any?

JO: Quite a few…but my involvement has been marginal.

FO: Would it be an acceptable thing for a foundation to try to fund Nigerian films and documentary films? Would it be accepted as something that is not political by the government of Nigeria?

JO: I should think so, yes.

 

INTERVIEW WITH OLUMIDE AKINWUMI-OKE

Executive Director at 923 Media

OA: My name is Olumide Akinwumi-Oke and I am a producer and director. I shoot documentaries, TV shows, game shows, quiz shows, commercials and I also produce radio materials. I studied law at Ogun State University in 1992 and earned my BL degree at the Nigerian Law School in 1993. Currently I am the executive director at 923 Media.

FO: What are the challenges you face as a filmmaker in these three stages of production, pre-production, production and post-production and where do you consider you have challenges in terms of human resources in relation to those three stages? 

OA: I think the major part of the job is actually done in pre-production. If you have most of your indicators available or in place at pre-production, it makes production at the end of the day quite smooth. There are differences when you are on factual documentary production as opposed to corporate documentary production. The distinctions are quite clear, so most of the time if you have all the indicators in pre- production, you are probably going to have a very smooth shoot. Skills gap is another thing, but that usually manifests during production. Part of the problem also manifests through funding. Many clients are not prepared to pay as well as they need to for what you really need to get the job done, so a lot of the time you need to hide under stock photography to cover up for places you cannot go in order to make your material as credible as it needs to be.

FO: Which areas of production would you say, in general in the industry, need the most funding support? Is it pre- production, production or post-production?

OA: Well, I like to take it as a whole because trying to distinguish which area needs the most support I guess is determined on a client to client basis. As clients become more knowledgeable, they also apply that knowledge when they are negotiating with you. For documentary makers who are factual documentary makers, a lot of the time they get little funding for what they need to do, so it is more of their passion and interest that is at work, but in regards to corporate documentaries, it’s a simpler,but not necessarily easier, road. A lot of the funding requirements are agreed even before you set out.

Even when you are discussing or negotiating with clients, they look askance at pre-production, as in, “What do you want to use all this money for?”

When you want to have advanced teams do certain preparations and scout locations and all, sometimes it’s a long drawn out process that becomes impossible or you find that you have too little time to do a great job. You need to spend quite some time getting the production design right before you move crew onto

location. Not being able to spend requisite time on that has meant sometimes moving crew to location on the blind and that obviously will have an effect on the final output you get.

FO: What would you say is the importance of documentary to the politics of Africa?

OA: On a personal level, I love documentaries, particularly when you can use them to affect human perception and behavior. In our clime, these documentaries can come from formal establishments like television stations. If they are government-owned, you know exactly how they are going to be filmed. If it is privately owned, then you know maybe they will try to, if they are not owned by politicians with their narrow viewpoint, they will try to make it as objective as possible. Documentaries of that nature are invaluable to political behavior. It shapes attitudes and even voting patterns.

Without documentaries of this nature it is very difficult for people to know what is happening within every milieu. It is therefore key to focus attention on documentaries that educate with sponsors or donor organisations, paying more attention to funding projects in that vein so that you can actually educate the minds of young people who may not be that disposed towards documentaries. Documentaries are seen as boring stuff. It’s not really entertainment, so you need to really invest in that area, particularly in the universities where these things are taught so people can understand the importance of using documentaries to wake up the consciousness of the people. The art for art sake argument still rages in this area too, but let everyone be persuaded.

I have done a couple of advocacy documentaries on my own, trying to talk about different kind of things through different situations and I understand how difficult it can be when you are trying to do that on a shoestring budget.

FO: Should a new funding programme be introduced in your country? What are the critical areas you think it should address? And, please state your reason.

OA: I think education is the very first part. You need to talk to the young, and the best places to do this will be the polytechnics, the universities and even the secondary schools. Get them into the groove of doing documentaries. So I would say, education first.

Distribution is very key, particularly for documentaries. A lot of people are just using online resources — YouTube, Facebook, My Space, or festivals to get their documentaries seen right now. To actually get your documentary shown on television stations can be herculean. You know how expensive airtime is today, so just imagine you have spent personal resources to shoot your documentary and now have to pay through your nose to get it aired. How many people can afford that? Sometimes 300,000 Naira for just 30 minutes, if it’s AIT it could be more! How many people can really afford to do that? However, you need to get these things out so that people can be educated. Distribution is quite key to this.

Production is critical of course. I think if you don’t have a lot of productions going on in this area, it is going to be very difficult to train the human capital that will be responsible for getting these things across. A director may be good, a producer may be good, but if he does not have the right crew behind him, he is going to still come up short. I think these are the three key areas that we could basically design a strategy around.

FO: With respect to training, what areas should such a fund address? Education of filmmakers or the development of skills of filmmakers?

OA: You cannot separate the two. They go hand in hand, but if someone is educated and he does not have the skills at the end of the day he will not be able to achieve what he had in his mind or in his heart. A lot of people are out there just picking up cameras and doing something without understanding the basic production elements. On Twitter the other day, a Harvard Professor was saying education without an ingrained skills set is disaster and I agree. So, I find it difficult to separate the two. I think the two of them are critical and they go together. Education must be practical to address skills and business requirements in order to survive in this environment.

FO: Is there a place to create a start up fund that will allow us to fund the people that have enough talent to make documentaries?

OA: Funding, after training should. I think a lot has to be project-based and I like what iREPis doing in terms of awakening consciousness about the need to use documentaries. We need to be able to get the mass of young people, who have wonderful ideas about contributing to society, working as teams to — even if it has to be like a competition of sorts to start it off — to get them introduced to documentaries, get them working on these materials, ‘incentivize’ them.

A festival of that nature needs to also reach mass audiences and that means television. If you have to put all that together I think iREP is an organisation that could be useful.

ITPAN could also focus on those activities and target the young people. I am looking at association- based organisations that can actually go out there and push these young people. You could also look at schools. I know UNILAG Mass Communications is quite ok, and MAPOLY is another, but if for instance an endowment of sorts could be done at UNILAG, projects of a particular nature could be given to young filmmakers to produce and submit to a university or higher institution film festival and people are actually honored. It will actually kindle in the hearts of people the need to do a lot more as far as documentaries are concerned. I learn a lot when I do documentarie, so I know that for people that will do them it is like being paid to get educated.

FO: Is there a government archive or private archive where you can get old films or footage, if you are doing a historical film for example?

OA: No, I am not aware of any formal archive. NTA is probably your best repository but no one knows just how well they are able to supply stuff dating decades back.

FO: Is there a censor’s board in Nigeria for films?

OA: Yes there is one. There is a Nigerian Film and Video Censors Board. I do not think they bother with documentaries since they are hardly released en masse but I know they do look at films generally, particularly Nollywood films.

In terms of a censors board, I think there are a couple of online resources that are trying to do that, get information back and forth, but I don’t think that it is as organised as what we have internationally.

FO: As a production company, how many films do you think are made in Nigeria every year, both documentaries and fiction?

OA: I think the figures being touted are in the region of about 10 or 15 released per week. I know that is why they say we are the third largest film industry in the world after Hollywood and Bollywood. I think the figures basically also relate to movies. I am not sure that you will ever get a count of where documentaries stand in the scheme of things. If you had other genres apart from feature films or Nollywood films you might actually get a higher number.

At 10 or 15 films per week, that actually gives you an idea of how many films do go out in Nigeria and why the Nigerian Film Industry is ranked the third largest in the world.

FO: What is the situation with piracy here in Nigeria? What are the laws against piracy? What is the enforcement situation like? What is the perception of the law enforcement agencies about piracy?

OA: Yes I am aware of piracy. Piracy is so bad that sometimes within the first week of release, the fake prototypes are already out there in Alaba Market. So most of the time what people are doing today to beat the piracy thing is to release your films first at the cinema. Great, but then, how many people can afford to pay the cinema guys about 5 million Naira, to roll out the film at the cinemas before the producer actually does put it on a DVD?

That is what happens internationally — a film should go to the cinema/box office before it comes out in DVD. I think if producers can actually embrace the cinema part of it things might be better and it might force producers to up their game as far as quality is concerned. If we have more cinemas that are not as expensive, and don’t require a filmmaker to fork out about 3-5 million Naira before the film can be screened at the cinemas, then it might make it a lot easier to actually beat piracy. It is just because a lot of people have to go from production right on to DVD or V-CD. That is why piracy, in my opinion, enjoys quite a huge space in our time grid.

In terms of the enforcement situation, the fact of the matter is that a lot of noise is made about enforcement, but beyond the usual one or two arrests made in the year and paraded on television, nothing else happens. These films are pirated, sent to China where they are mass produced and then brought back here and that is the end of the film for the producer. For instance, I saw on the road Jenifa 1 & 2 and 20 other films bundled in one DVD — obviously that could not have been done by the producers of the 22 films — and it was being sold for the price of one.

FO: How do you fund your own productions? What is the average budget of those who do fiction and what is the average income they make?

OA: I can’t speak for fiction because I am in awe of their resilience for the returns they have to endure! I do more documentaries (factual and corporate) and for factual I generally fund personally while corporate styled documentaries pay for themselves via commissioning from a client.

FO: Are there distributors that fund films?

OA: The great Idumota and Alaba distributors/pirates! They are probably the best sources today. To the best of my knowledge, cinemas don’t fund films even though they provide an excellent outlet today for marketing and distribution.

FO: What platforms do you use as a strategy for distribution of your films? Broadcasting, internet, TV, phones, mobile cinemas, film video clubs….

OA: New media — internet particularly, but that is just beginning to grow in Nigeria so it is fraught with some stress. Broadcasting/TV is usually an option but airtime costs not factored into initial costing will either stop you totally or re-jig your orientation! This is usually not a problem though for corporate documentaries. The others are possibilities, although I have not used them for commercial distribution. Sensitization, yes.

FO: How many cinemas are there in Nigeria and how many halls do these cinemas have?

OA: I can’t say exactly. I am only familiar with The Palms (5 halls I think), Silverbird (not sure) and Ozone (not sure) in Lagos. Silverbird is also in Port Harcourt.

FO: Are there any government training institutions for film and television in Nigeria?

OA: I’m not aware of any unless you count in the Universities who offer related courses within the Mass Communications degree.

I know that the government has supported some of the associations in principle, but not materially. The fund President Jonathan announced that what was supposed to be disbursed by the Bank of Industry is thought to be a ruse, so I guess it doesn’t count!

FO: Are there any private ones? If yes, how many would you say there are?

OA: ITPAN used to be a stalwart, but I can’t say today, particularly in view of stringent circumstances and the lack of donor organisations it needs to make it vibrant. PEFTI is well known but I’m not sure if its well-run. A lot is theoretical. Very little can be achieved without hands on or practical training. IFBA (Victor Okhai) is doing its best. These are the ones I am familiar with.

 

FOCUS GROUP

Adaobi Obiegbosi holds a certificate in Film Production from Gaston Kabore’s Imagine Film Training Institute, Burkina Faso in 2009; a diploma certificate in Mass Communication from University of Jos Nigeria in 2001; and a Bachelor’s Degree in Film Arts/Motion Picture Production from the National Film Institute, 2010, Jos Nigeria. Born in Lagos in 1979, Adaobi is a journalist turned filmmaker. Adaobi has attended film festivals within and outside Africa including Sound Track Cologne Festival in 2011, FESPACO 2009/2011, AMAA 2009/2010, ION 2009 and Mis Me Binga 2011 in Cameroon.

Ogunsanya Oladimeji Abimbola is a trained filmmaker with special concentration on Motion Photography. He has vast experience in the field of Producing, Directing, Cinematography, and in audio/visuals and lighting. He trained as a cameraman under the renowned Tunde Kelani of Main Frame Productions and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). He also trained at the Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN) Training School in Lagos, Nigeria.Bimbo, as he is commonly called, has worked with both local and international visual-media outfits as a Director of Photography and has won many awards including The African Audio-Visual Awards TAVA 2009 for outstanding TV Programme in editing, photography and directing, and the Al Jazeera award for Best Cinematography. His films have been screened at many film festivals including In-Short Film Festival 2012 sponsored by the Goethe Institut and IFBA.

Cy Okonkwo is the former Head of Documentaries for the NTA. He served in this position for 25 years. He has a lot of documentaries to his name, most of them within NTA and a few outside NTA. He has been inducted into the Nigerian Movie Makers Hall of Fame as a documentary producers and has also been an awardee of iREP.

Makin Soyinka, Director of iREP International Documentary Film Festival, received his University degree from University of Ife, graduating in 1991 with a BA in English Literature. He has worked variously as a proof-reader, sub-editor, magazine columnist, contributor with the Sports Parachutist (British Journal of Parachuting), Tempo Magazine, The News, Farafina, True Love, etc. Makin Soyinka has worked extensively in the field of documentary through his company, Barollo Productions, an Arts, TV, Radio and Promotion Company which he founded in 1993. he was an associate producer with Auric Goldman on projects such as a documentary on Nigeria’s natural resources (1992).

His TV documentaries include:

  • Technological Exposition: Nigerian Potential (Asst. Producer) (1992)
  • The Courier is a Killer (producer) (1993)
  • Stolen Heritage: Trade in Antiquities, BBC2 (story researcher) (1997)

In 2006, Makin became the Consultant to the Lagos State Governor on the Lagos Film Commission.

In 2007, he became the founding head of Nigeria’s Pioneer Film Office, The Lagos Film Office and Project Head of the Lagos Film City Project, an initiative of Lagos State.

 

FOCUS GROUP MEETING

TRANSCRIPT OF FOCUS GROUP MEETING

BO: Ogunsanya Oladimeji Ambimbola “Bimbo”: documentary filmmaker

CO: Cy Okonkwo: documentary filmmaker, producer

AO: Adaobi Obiegbosi: filmmaker, producer

MS: Makin Soyinka: iREP coordinator, documentary filmmaker

FO: We are just about to being the Focus Group for Nigeria. Let’s start with four questions to Bimbo Ogunsanya: how many films are made in this country, how many of them, percentage-wise are documentaries, how many do you make in a year, and how many are documentary

BO: I don’t think I can really tell you how many films are made in this country, we don’t have a database that we can go to and determine. Nollywood films are made almost every day, so I can’t give you a specific number. I make an average of 8-10 films, because I do a lot of shorts. I am more of a guerilla filmmaker. I walk on the street everyday with my camera and once I get hold of something that I feel is a story to me, I actually go shoot and tell my story from that angle. Out of these I try as much as possible to make sure that out of every 8 films that I make, about 4 of them are documentaries because I feel that’s the only way I can have a voice about the kind of issues that I feel there should be answers to. My films are based on women and children, so anytime I walk on the streets and maybe I see a child, or I see something not going right, I just try to tell a story about it and that’s basically what I do.

FO: There is surely some data, if you judge by the number of films that go through the Censors Board. That is where you have some figures, but even with those, generally how many documentary films would you say are being made in the country in your own assessment?

BO: (pause)

FO: You can’t say you know?

BO: I can’t say.

FO: Ok, let me ask you the same questions, Cy?

CO: Well, I’m a little bit confused as a ‘filmmaker’ is a person who makes feature films, too. I make documentaries, but even then in documentary I would need to distinguish whether it’s a sponsored documentary for an institution or government, or if it’s a self-initiated documentary. If it is sponsored, I would say maybe about 3 to 4 a year depending on who is coming with the money, but if it self-initiated, I think maybe in the past years I have done only 1 or 2 because of funding. That is the major problem, but for the number of films that are made in Nigeria, I couldn’t say. I can’t say for documentaries because there is no forum for documentary producers to come together and discuss the number of films they have done. Those facts may be difficult for me to present but as an individual, I make an average of 1 or 2 independent films a year. There are short films because of funding and most of the time I don’t distribute them, I just keep them. I try to make a whole compilation of short films which maybe one day I will sell to a media house.

FO: I would like to ask you one more question. How do you sponsor…how do you fund your films? 

BO: Basically, I am actually the Director of Photography and most of the time, most of the Nollywood makers call me to come shoot for them. After being paid I always set aside some part of my money to fund some of my own projects and because I told you am a guerrilla filmmaker, I do not have to have the big set ups to tell my story, I am always on the street and I get my stories done. I have a Canon 60D and a small laptop. I shoot, I direct — I am like an all round filmmaker. I do my sound and every other thing on my own. I am just a one man army, so that is why it really works for me.

FO: When you make these films, what’s the distribution plan, what’s the channel?

BO: I don’t think there is a specific channel for me and that’s why I send my films to film festivals, waiting for someone to watch it and say, “Oh this is good. Let’s work together”. Ever since I started that I ‘ve won awards but nobody has been able to say, “Bimbo, come do this documentary for us”. I’m just doing everything to just keep me going.

FO: Let me ask you, Ada, to address the same questions based on your own experience.

AO: I don’t know how many films are being produced yearly in Nigeria, but in terms of documentary films, I don’t think it’s 10%. We don’t really make documentaries apart from the government propaganda kind of documentaries. They pay people to make these films for them, that’s all. The last time I made a short film was two years ago because of the same funding problem. I’m really not into documentary per se. I have done a documentary film, but I would just say documentaries in Nigeria are more about propaganda than people making documentaries just because they want to make documentaries. And even when they do make documentaries, they are more often short than feature- length.

FO: If I am a young filmmaker, where can I go in Nigeria for funding?

AO: Well, we are like toddlers. We are emerging talents when it comes to filmmaking in Nigeria so we don’t have a place we can go to and say we need funding or grants to make our films. What we do is just call our friends and say, “We want to shoot this movie at this particular time. Why don’t you assist me with handling the camera, or maybe sound or something”. That is how we make our films. We don’t get funding from anybody. We have our brothers, our siblings, our mums, our parents. Sometimes if we are working and being paid, we use some of the money to also make our own films. That is why most of us have the basic things we need for making films — like the camera. We use our laptops to edit our films. That is how we do it.

FO: The federal government has a $200m fund which filmmakers can tap into. There have been disbursements and filmmakers are applying. There has been a disbursement for the building of a cinema, and there have been disbursements for a couple of films. Have you applied?

AO: I have not applied yet, but I have a friend that has and he said to me, “It’s like a nightmare”, because he does not have most of the criteria. He does not have a building to use as collateral or a car or land or something to use to borrow this money. The things that they require in order to give you funding are about as good as you going to the bank itself and asking for a loan from the bank. It is the same thing, the same story, different day. I just think that the funding is there, but they are not really giving it to emerging talents in Nigeria, because they need the already established filmmakers that have the collateral. The emerging talents don’t have it.

FO: What can they do differently, and how come so many filmmakers have not actually engaged them?

CO: It is just like you are starting a factory — first of all, you are asking a filmmaker who does not even know what the market is going to look like, how much are you projecting to get? When are you going to pay that entire loan? So, you find that anybody who is applying for that fund is going to have an institution, maybe a training school, but it is not for an emerging filmmaker.

I was thinking, if that fund is available to improve the industry — you have organisations, you have institutions, like the Nigerian Film Institute, the Nigerian Film Corporation, the important production houses, some NGOs. The fund could say, “iREP we are giving you this money, collect a team of documentary producers, work it out and let us know”, and they will do that. They get the money, they get paid a fee, and the government in itself gains, because the government can now transmit those things to Nigerians abroad. However, asking a filmmaker who does not have a camera in his hands right now, to tell you how much he is going to make in the next five years and all that, doesn’t work. That’s my opinion.

FO: So let’s talk about funding then. What kind of structures do you think are necessary in this industry? Talk about the landscape of funding, what you think the needs are and what you think the solutions of funding might be. If you can, go ahead and answer those questions all in one.

BO: I am actually a Director of Photography and most of the time I shoot films for the Nollywood filmmakers. At the end of the shoot I always have to fight for money, which I use to fund my films. Because I am actually a guerilla filmmaker, I am like a one man army. My sound and editing I do all on my own, because I can’t afford to pay an extra technician, what I have is not enough to push the project. It is the passion I have for the job to just keep it going.

FO: Where do you think funding for documentary filmmaking could come from? 

BO: If there was a place that I could go, like a studio set aside for filmmakers, to do my post production at minimal cost, I could work in there as a filmmaker and pick equipment that I would actually want to use and that would facilitate my production. That would really help somebody like me a lot. I would like to say, “This is my script. This is what I want to do.” And have them say, “There is X, Y, Z equipment available for you, there is post production available for you, there is this fund, no matter how minimal it is, it is available for you”.

CO: I agree totally with Bimbo. The issue of how many documentaries I do or…we have to differentiate between what I call the PR (public relations) documentaries that are sponsored documentaries and the independent documentaries. We do more of the PR documentaries because they assure pay, and maybe we have about two or three in a year. For independent production, we have maybe one or half in a year, because we do not have the money, not because we do not have the talent.I think what the government should do, if they really want to help the film industry, is to give money to some of the credible NGOs or institutions in this country and let them disburse it to qualified filmmakers, and then account for it properly. I have screened a lot of films for international film festivals in Nigeria and you look at the very good films, every one of them has one to five sponsors. None of them, not even one, is sponsored by an individual. If it were sponsored by an individual, it would have taken that person 15 years or 20 years to get the film out, and that does not help us.

AO: Personally I have not applied for the fund, but I have had some friends that went to the bank to apply and they said that it was like a nightmare for them because the requirements where too much. I think it is really sad because, what is the point of bringing out that money in the first place, when it can just be given to the filmmakers that really need it. I think that funding is for the well known people or the people who have already made it in the industry or for the rich people to go there and get more money and build schools or whatever they want, but it does not get to the grassroots people.

FO: Isn’t there an argument somewhere for creating a $200m revolving fund? To call it a revolving fund means that it should fund projects that bring the money back. Why is that a problem? Why should filmmakers not want to be responsible in terms of the financing of the film in such a way that the film makes money? Why is documentary different? Why must it be funded by government to start with? Those are also important conversations to be had, why is that a bad thing?

AO: I can only speak about Nigeria, basically. When we were growing up watching NTA documentaries, we used to call them “sleeping pills: because you’d doze watching them teach you how to cultivate yam or something. People got tired of seeing the same documentaries all the time, and as a result think of documentaries in a certain way – pictures with people narrating or just talking… very boring.

Now we have so many talented filmmakers in Nigeria and so many beautiful documentaries and I think we are going to find new and different ways of making documentaries, that could be more interesting. People don’t want to really put money in it for now and it is safer if you say government should fund it for now so that people, audiences can actually see the other side of documentaries. I think that that is the reason… and again documentaries are not like fiction, they bring in money but it takes a longer time for you to make a documentary, and it takes more funding to make a documentary, and most fundersare business minded people so they want returns immediately if they invest in a film or in a project. They want their money almost immediately, and documentary sometimes takes 5 years or 15 years — it depends on the documentary. For now, I think it is government that would have the kind of money to actually make those kinds of documentaries and not mind how they get their money back. We do not really have structures for documentaries in Nigeria.

FO: What do you mean by structures?

AO: Structures in the sense that, we just started reviving cinema culture in Nigeria, so for now people are more into fiction than documentaries. We don’t really have the kind of documentaries that can be screened per se in our cinema houses and that people would want to go and see and say, “We are paying money to actually watch this documentary”.

FO: You’ve got MNET, you’ve got local stations, how come independent filmmakers are not exploring broadcast?

AO: It is because you have to pay for your film to be aired. You have to pay the TV stations. You just don’t make films, go to them and say, “Pay me for making this film and for airing it too”. Instead of them paying you, it is like the reverse is the case. You are actually paying them to air your films. It is really funny but that‘s what happens in Nigeria, you actually pay those TV stations to air your films instead of them paying you for your production.

FO: Mr. Makin Soyinka has just joined us. He is the co- founder of iREP and is drumming up a consciousness or awareness for documentary making. Ok, coming back to the questions…

CO: Ok, you asked a few questions. One is, why are we not taking advantage of the revolving loan? But let us look at the market and where we are operating. In Nigeria, how many people — no matter now interesting it is — how many people will sit down to watch a documentary? Firstly, we have not been able to make good documentaries. We don’t have the man power and we don’t have the necessary funds to do that. If you don’t have a good producer to produce a good film, nobody will watch it. Nigerians watch home movies because it is related to their life. Documentaries are not just common stories — they are stories that change people, change ideas, change the focus of people. Therefore, they are more serious things. That will not have an easy market in Nigeria. The literacy level is not high enough in Nigeria to appreciate documentaries. We have a number of film houses but none of them has shown a documentary except when there is a film festival, because nobody will go to the market.

Now, if this guy gets this loan, a so-called revolving loan, he spends the money making the film and not just a film, but a documentary. Then pays to do advertisements for that particular documentary, he pays for the hall where that documentary will be shown, so people will come and pay, or he pays the TV station millions of Naira. AIT for example, is two point something million Naira for a twenty minute, or a thirty minute programme.

Where does he get that kind of money? How can he now revolve that loan to be able to pay it back? This is the problem. It is not that the people don’t have initiative. They have initiative, but the market is not there for them. I just mentioned a few minutes ago, for international films, look at the line up at the end and in the credits you see one, two, three, four, five, six organisations supporting one documentary. How many companies in Nigeria are ready to put in 5 Naira for a documentary production as a sponsor? There are none. They give to Nollywood. These are some of the issues we have to think about when it comes to funding documentary in this country.

BO: You asked the question of the TV stations MNET, BBC and the rest of them. I’ve had an issue. I created a programme about transformation, which is more like a documentary. The first episode was a beggar turning into a recharge card seller just because he didn’t want to beg anymore… then, a chartered accountant who sells 60 Naira ice blocks and makes about 4 million Naira a year. I put together this programme and spoke with the CEO of ON TV and he said, “Bimbo, if you are going to do this, I am not going to give you air time, because no sponsor will come on board for such a programme. Nobody puts money into entrepreneurship programmes. Do your normal TV series. Do your normal home video and then we will talk”. I don’t think MNET or BBC is assigning filmmakers in Nigeria to do things for them. I just won the TAVA awards and MNET was one of the Major TV stations and today I still do not have a call from MNET saying, “You won the best documentary. We want to show this documentary”. The only time I had such an offer was when I went to Qatar to Al Jazeera and the moment the film was shown, Al Jazeera called and said, “We want to show this film”. I was advised not to sell the film to them but now it is two weeks after the TAVA Awards, one month after the ZUMA Film Festival and not one person is calling — not one TV station. Yes, they will use it. If you give it to them, they will play it. They will play it for free, but does that pay the bills? No.

FO: (to Makin) please introduce yourself and then share your perspectives on what the landscape is for filmmaking in Nigeria right now, what is the place of documentary, what kind of audiences is your organisation iREP seeking out, etc. Then if you will address the questions they have responded to about funding…

MS: Good afternoon, my name is Makin Soyinka. I produce content for media — the arts generally. I started out as a documentary filmmaker, principally my passion, but many moons ago I branched into other aspects of TV and film when I realised I might starve if I was producing only documentaries, but I have come back full circle to try to make documentary again the focus.

That is my background, but because I do suffer a bit of short term memory loss, I will quickly ask a question — Bimbo why were you advised not to sell your documentary to Al Jazeera? We have seen what they are doing which we think fits into the sort of documentary format that we are trying to promote in Nigeria. We think it is a great outlet. I will come back to the BBC and why they have not been commissioning documentaries from Nigerians. I have done quite a bit of work over the years including several documentaries with the BBC but not as a commissioned work. I have sold story ideas to them, but I was not commissioned and some of them were made into documentaries with me being credited as something else.

In terms of the landscape, basically everyone has touched upon what the issues are, but, fundamentally, it still comes down largely to what you mentioned — lack of structures, funding, but more importantly, the core is the fact that the TV industry, which is meant to be the first promoter, buyer of documentaries in Nigeria is upside down as you have rightly mentioned. We are paying them to show our documentaries. They need content. It is content that drives their ratings and ratings that drive their advertising which is where their money comes from, but somehow, nobody is really interested in pursuing advertising because it seems to be easier to get producers and filmmakers to pay for their films to air.

That is the landscape today. Yes, it has changed a bit, they will show your programme for free if you bring advertising, maybe. But we have not progressed beyond that, so I think what we really should be thinking of is the sort of funding mechanism we could put into the broadcast industry. What sort of regulation, what sort of financing, could go into the broadcast industry that would allow the TV stations and even the radio stations, for radio documentaries, to begin to commission documentaries?

I think that is really where we need to begin. When I was a bright eyed graduate in the very early nineties and had all of these bright ideas of doing these great documentaries. I became a proposal hawker and went to every UN agency and every government agency. But in a short time I became a propaganda hawker. I wanted to do something in the drug trade, an investigative documentary, but by the time I got money from the UNDCP, NDMA a I had to tell the official agenda. I was not really investigating, I had to balance the interests of various.  So what we have increasingly come to understand is if we really want to push the art of the documentary format, we can’t just wait for funding. We had to do commercial projects, and take the money from the profits and — instead of buying fancy cars and nice houses — put it into making documentaries that are good enough to show at festivals and get noticed. Eventually, hopefully, that is how we will be able to sell these documentaries internationally. Look abroad, how many documentaries really even make it to the cinemas? Michael Moore, a couple of other guys, maybe three four maybe one or two documentaries a year make it to the cinema.

Then you show in broadcast, you make your money, you make your commission with your little documentary house and if it becomes highly successful you go to DVD releases and then you sell as well.

There are very few really rich documentary filmmakers globally. I think we have to be realistic about that, but more importantly what I think has to be done is to see how some of the $200m in funding can go into the broadcast industry, because there ought to be feature- length films made for TV as well.

At the end of the day Hollywood with its B movies, make up 90% of the movies that make the millions of dollars — the Cameron’s “Avatars”. What really feeds the industry, that keeps millions of Americans employed, is the Nollywood style. That’s the truth. Then you have great quality HBO amd Showtime films which can also translate to cinema, but they are made for TV. How do we get the BOI, the Bank of Industry….

FO: The Bank of Industry and the other one NEXIM…

MK: I think it’s NEXIM (Nigerian Export-Import Bank) that starts releasing funds actually, but their own mind set is more infrastructural, and the Managing Director admitted as much. The truth is really that today if we are going to access this 200 million, we would have to learn the language, or the business, or hire the people to go to these meetings with us and speak the lingo. If you don’t speak it they are not going to release money, no matter what bright ideas.

Just to come back to the point, if we study the global trends, and I always have in documentary filmmaking, it is a broadcast industry and we have to look at our issues, otherwise all of us will make one film every two years, show it at festivals, make a bit of a name, but we will all still survive on the corporate documentary propaganda market.

Now, another thing I want to disagree with slightly — I think that Nigerians do actually love documentaries as long as it reflects their own internal realities. I don’t know how many clients we have gotten recently just because we have gone to do something for someone, funeral, birthday suddenly you begin to get these calls — my mother has died, I must do a documentary, I want a 30min version, a 2 hour — people are beginning to see quality and they want to do it. This is also documentary. NTA has always done documentary. They did it for education. Documentary started in Nigeria as an educational vehicle, first by the colonialists, then the western region of Nigeria. The reason Awolowo agreed to establish WNTV was because they said to him, “You want to educate 30 million western Nigerians…how are you going to get education to them? How are you going to teach the farmers agric extensions services?” TV — that is how they convinced the old man, so of course the programmes were all geared towards that. So yes, Nigerians already have an innate thing for documentaries. Every corporate company, every ordinary General Manger wants a documentary, but they are still looking at it from the propaganda perspective, so I think we need to begin to find those ways where we can use their funds, which they want to use for their own self-propaganda, to begin to ke on larger issues. However, at the end of the day, we still need to go back to the broadcast industry, because if ON TV is not buying from you, if DOVE Media, is not commissioning documentaries on Scripture, if Sam Adeyemi — and the churches spend the most on broadcast now — can’t buy your programme then there is a problem. We need to get that funding into the broadcast industry to begin to turn the broadcast industry around so that they can buy content, otherwise we will be here in 5 years saying the same thing.

FO: We also have issues with training, issues with funding the films themselves, whether it is in pre- production, production or post production. Can I then go forward and ask, if there was going to be an intervention, where would that intervention be best put? Is it in training, is it in broadcast or distribution, is it in giving the money to the filmmakers themselves or in creating infrastructure for them to make films?

BO: Well basically, if there is no medium to show your work, there is no reason why we are in business. Everything should be geared toward the TV stations, they need content more than the cinemas. If we are talking structure – if they could have a daily slot in their line-up, or commission in-house documentaries, I think that would help.

CO: You see, when you talk about money in Nigeria, there is this issue of accountability that is the major concern of anybody who is given that money. Bimbo has made a good point, and like Makin was saying, we could concentrate on media houses. But if you give them money, and a template, how do you know what quality of documentaries you are going to get? So this may become an issue. I think what we should do is look at the media houses, but also look for organisations or institutions that are credible. I work for some. When we were talking generally I was toying around with the idea of the documentary society of Nigeria.

A body like that could work with funding agencies and media houses and use the criteria or template by which standards are judged and then be accountable for the monies. The basic thing is that you cannot say I am going to spend money only on training. If you train and they don’t produce, what happens? You won’t say you are not going to put money into infrastructure. Training is important because we don’t have that necessary manpower for documentaries. The way we see BBC do their documentaries e — we don’t have that type of money or manpower yet, and we don’t even have that type of equipment yet. However, if you have credible organisations or NGOs that can be monitored effectively to identify topics, identify individuals, then I think we are going to move forward, but there has to be that element of credibility. To me, government associations are not very credible. I prefer NGOs that know what is called accountability. When you give it to them and you give them a target, they will succeed because they know that they have to succeed in order to be in business.

AO: Yes, I agree and I also want to talk about something happened recently. We had a call for entries for my festival and we just had one documentary being sent in from Nigeria, but from South Africa, from one film school in South Africa, we had 20 films — 20 documentaries from one film school. So, I think training in the institutions will actually go a long way in Nigeria. When I was still in the National Film Institute, we had throughout my stay only one documentary workshop in the school and we produced only one documentary film in the school. The rest was TV, fiction, and TV commercials. There was just one documentary that we produced. Since then I don’t think that they have produced that many documentary films so I think we should start from the grassroots. They should start with the schools and tell these institutions that they need to train students in documentary filmmaking. I also think that we need to look into the NGOs because I think they will do a better job of distribution and of funding. With the government people it is the same story everyday. They get money and they find a way to spend it by setting up committee after committee. The money gets spent, and there is no result. So I think NGOs should also be a part of the process of us making headway in terms of documentaries in Nigeria. Also, as you said, Makin, TV stations too…we need to give them part of the money too.

FO: How important is documentary to a country like Nigeria, because if it is not something that is that important, why bang our head against the wall? The iREP documentary film forum is all about trying to build a consciousness at the grassroots for why documentary by independent filmmakers is critical. Why is it to so important for our experiences and our nation ? Makin, as one of the people responsible for iREP perhaps you can respond first?

MS: I think documentaries are important in any society, especially in societies like ours because we need to tell our stories. It is simply about telling stories and we are not telling enough of our stories and therefore stories are being told for us, about us by others. It is as simple as that. Then we go to the different layers, there are things happening in our societies we are not talking about, we are not examining issues. There is no society that is going to evolve if it doesn’t examine its stories that are happening every day. Why are things going on in Jos? Nobody is really investigating that. Nobody is looking at the contradictory stories that are happening. Nobody is talking about corruption.

There are so many things going on and then it is also about archiving, keeping your stories, recollections and records. Still, today, if you want to know anything about Nigeria, you have to go to the BBC, you have to go to Reuters, you have to go to various archiving centers around the world to get access. NTA Ibadan does not even have tapes. When you start a process of storytelling, you feel the need and the compulsion to archive it, to keep it. We then have a collective memory of what has been, what is and what should be. So for me, that’s it basically.

FO: What is iREP and what is it doing along these lines?

MS: Basically iREP actually is about telling our stories, it is about those conversations, and like we said in the first iREP film festival “AFRICA IN SELF CONVERSATION” — stories about Africa are being told by westerners, increasingly now even by Arabs. Why did Al Jazeera come about? They realised that Arabs were being portrayed only negatively, so they are now telling stories for the global community that were not being told, that complicates the image. They are very strong, especially in the documentary format, they do the most amazing documentaries on Al Jazeera. They commission people from around the world, people come back from their home town, their villages, they tell stories through their own eyes as people who have gone abroad and come back as investigative journalists, in depth stories. That is what iREP is trying to do. We say, AFRICA IN SELF CONVERSATION. Let’s talk about ourselves, what are our issues, what are our stories, let’s give it our own perspective — what is going on in Africa, what’s going on in Nigeria? That’s one of the agendas we set out and one of the ways we try to do it. We decided that maybe our own generation needs to stimulate the younger ones. Let them see the documentary as an art format, as a proper aesthetic format, as a creative format. It is probably as difficult, if not more difficult, than shooting feature films. The arts and craft that go into feature, that go into music, into poetry, is all there in the documentary format. That is what, in a nutshell, iREP is all about and what iREP is trying to do.

FO: Bimbo can you also address the questions? Why is documentary so important? Why are you willing to do this with no money, yet doggedly??

BO: Well, basically I see documentary as a check point for both the people and the government. You asked before why I was advised not to sell my film to Al Jazeera. I was actually advised because of the Nigerian structure, I had my family here, and… it was not propaganda.

I had made a film about a boy who was beaten to death in the streets of Lagos. This happened near a military barracks. For the 14 minutes that this happened, not one policeman came to that boy’s rescue. He was 11 years old. Mr. Ogdugbemi watched the film and said, you know where are over 40 NGOs that are meant to protect the rights of the child in Nigeria. How come they don’t know this happened? That is where a documentary filmmaker comes into play because you don’t know all these things happen but a documentary filmmaker, he brings it out. There are so many talents… we are talking about the entertainment industry today which is the second most important money making venture for Nigeria now.

The future of Nigeria are the kids…these children trying to come up. Like the boy that has danced for President Goodluck Jonathan and that has been on stage with Joke Silva and others, and yet is still living in a dust bin. To me there is no future in that, and it takes a documentary filmmaker to bring that out. That’s why I said I see it as a check point for both the people and government, and why it’s so important for Nigeria. We are talking about so many things happening, but there are so many things happening that we do not see.

CO: Yes, why documentary? You didn’t ask me why Nollywood? You didn’t ask me why musicals? There is a simple reason. Anybody that wants to tell his story factually and convincingly must use a story format. As Makin said, “Tell your own story”, and one of the strongest ways of telling stories is by doing documentaries. Any nation that is developing or wants to rebrand itself cannot do that successfully without documentaries because documentaries are very factual, they are not fake stories.

When America was trying to sell America to the world, they produced America, My America. When the colonial masters were trying to instill in us the British mentality, they used the colonial federal film unit. When the Muslims wanted to sell Islam to Africa they used Ali Majiri. Documentary is the only way you can tell a story factually and help people to understand what is going on with them, and if we don’t tell it ourselves, we have a problem. Why are companies going now into documentaries? It is because they have now found out it is a way that they can sell themselves.

I have done films for the World Bank and they ask for 20, 30 and 5 minute versions for presentations. We have no alternatives than to focus on documentaries, and unfortunately we are not doing that, and until we realise the fact that documentary production is the only way, or the major way Nigeria can start changing its image locally and internationally, then we have a problem. Documentaries will tell us our stories the way it is factually, positively and even if it is negatively, you will indicate which side is negative and which is positive and balance the story.

AO: I think documentary is very important in any community in any country for historical purposes. A few weeks ago I was with my mum and we were watching NTA and a clip of the Biafra War was shown. I wasn’t born then, my mum started crying that she was there and for her it was the worst period in her life because she lost her dad, and she was even praying that she would see her dad in one of those clips in the documentary. For her it was a flashback within seconds and for me it was something new because I have never seen those kinds of clips before. We have so many untold stories about history and I think we should do something about it so that our kids and the unborn generations can actually see and know where they are coming from and know where they are headed to.

FO: What are the dominant issues in Nigeria that you think the voices of documentary filmmakers can help to shape?

MS: I would just say one — the Nigerian question. We haven’t resolved the Nigerian question. Are we a country, are we a nation, are we a geographical unit, an

idea, a wreckage just moving along? If we are a country, why are we a country, if we are a nation, or if we are going to be a nation, what are those things that are going to make us a nation? It’s through those stories that these discussions can happen, that we can solidify these bonds that we already have and also maybe begin to repair the cracks in those bonds. It’s all because we are not having conversations.

Documentaries are another form of conversation. Why are we here, what brought us together, why do we need to stay together, why are we really a great people as we believe we are despite all the problems? What makes a Nigerian unique anywhere in the world he goes? As other Africans and other people always say, there is something about a Nigerian. It is not in a propaganda manner, it is just by talking about it, by just showing different examples. Why do Nigerians excel when they are abroad, but are not allowed to excel here? That’s it for me.

BO: Documentary tells us a lot about ourselves. I was working on a project that went back to the colonial system, through Awolowo and Azikwe… Nigeria is like a script and the director is still there directing. If we can discover where our problems started, we will be able to see a solution. Right now we keep going round and round a circle. The same that happened during Awolowo’s time is happening now. If we were able to document ourselves, I think that would really help us a lot as a country.

FO: What are the predominant issues in Nigeria that you think the voices of documentary filmmakers will help us see, even if not resolve?

CO: Predominant issues? Everything in Nigeria is predominant, I think I heard Makin say we need to converse. What tis making Nigeria difficult to run? Why are Nigerians the way they are? Why is it that you put something on the ground, tomorrow it disappears, nobody gives account? Why is it that we steal money from government coffers? Why is it that the man in the village is more honest than the man in the township?

These are all issues that we need to discuss. The people and the nation called Nigeria, the political entity that is being bombed, these are issues. It is an issue of survival. How does Nigeria as a country survive?

These are the issues we have to look at very critically. A friend of mine who does a lot of international programmes, told me when he came to Nigeria he said “Cy, let me tell you one thing: what we shall buy outside Nigeria is not your movies (fiction), because we don’t understand the way they speak English; we shall rather buy your documentaries, and if I cannot understand the English I can get someone to subtitle it, and it will make an impact”. So the predominant issue as far as I am concerned is us. We have to discuss us, how we relate to each other, how we go about our things.

AO: Yes I think that Nigerians are really unique people, and all over in the world, people want to relate with Nigerians. Just last week I was talking with some friends and we were saying Nigerians are used to harsh weather and a harsh way of making it in life. They see things as privileges, they do not see it as a right…it is my right to have 24 hours of light, it is my right to have the basic things that we need in life — so when they travel out of the country, they do what they are used to doing. Other people look at them as if they are overworking but you know, this is what they are just used to. In a sense we are used to hardship, we are used to being bossed around, we are used to bad government, we are used to so many things and it made us be unique in that there is nothing that we can’t face in life, that we don’t strive to get over. So when we travel overseas and we are in a new environment and see people really enjoying themselves, we realize we’ve been living in a country where nothing seems to work. We don’t see the basic things we need in life as a right, but rather a privilege, because we are so used to being bossed around. This is why we need documentaries, so we can show this – so we can talk about it, know our rights.

FO: I am going to ask now about the regulatory bodies, because the regulatory structure for film in Nigeria is also a critical aspect of filmmaking. Can you describe your perception of the regulatory film bodies, name them, who is charge of what and of what use have they been to you, your work as filmmaker? Are there any laws in the country that you think have not been helpful to you as a filmmaker? What I am trying to find out if there are official or governmental barriers to functioning optimally as a documentary filmmaker in Nigeria.

BO: Well for me, the regulatory body is not really doing anything at all as far as I am concerned.

FO: Who are the regulatory bodies?

BO: They are the censorship board or the Nigerian Film Corporation, and the rest of it. About four years ago I made a film called Silent Scream which I sent to the Women of Color Film Festival in Atlanta and they did a pre-screening and it took the screening there for the man who heads our Nigerian censorship board to notice. He called me in Atlanta to send a copy of the film to the Zuma Film Festival that is being organized by them here. How are they going to regulate whatever I do, when they don’t have an idea that I exist as a filmmaker? With Nollywood, home DVD, the film that goes to the censorship board is not actually the same as the one that gets to the market. So what are we really regulating?

CO: I can think of three regulatory bodies in the country, but I may be wrong. There is the Nigerian Censors Board that censors films that are produced. There is the Nigerian Copyright Commission, that supposedly protects our copyrights and there is the Nigerian Broadcasting Commission that monitors or guides the media houses. These are the three. There may be more, but I don’t know.

FO: The Nigerian Film Cooperation.

CO: The Nigerian Film Cooperation is not a regulatory body. It is a film institute and a developmental body.

They do not make laws for any filmmaker. Now let me take them one by one. The Nigerian Censors Board has never censored any documentary and I don’t think they even know that there are documentaries anywhere in the country, but they censor Nollywood films. In terms of the Nigerian Copyright Commission, I do not know how many copyrights they have been able to protect, because once we went there to register a concept and at the end of all the grammar, they said, “My dear brother, just pray that nobody copies your rights because we cannot defend you”. So, you are on your own. Now, the Nigerian Broadcasting Commission is doing well in regulating the media houses but they do not regulate the content of the media houses per se. All they will say is very general: “TV houses don’t want to show miracles on air, they don’t want a lot of blood on air.” Nothing happens at the end of it. TV houses will show blood, but they will say it is make-believe. Of course, they also regulate the cable stations, they are very concerned about when or not they are going to pay their fees.

Now it comes down to this: who is regulating documentaries? Nobody! The problem we have that is the video/film industry in this country doesn’t have an association, doesn’t have a body that can make laws. For the newspeople you have News Gem, you even have an accountants’ organisation by which standards are maintained. But do we have anything like that for the media industry or for the film industry? We don’t have any yet.

Until we, ourselves, form a body that will make regulations and send them to the House of Representatives to promote as law in the country or as an Act, there will be no regulation as far as documentary is concerned.

AO: I am the last person to ask this of, but I don’t think there is anybody regulating documentaries in Nigeria. I think that because we don’t really have much and we see it as a waste of time and maybe because we haven’t really talked about it yet, that maybe they will still do it, but for now we don’t really have regulatory bodies doing something about documentaries.

FO: There was a freedom of information bill recently passed and I was expecting at least that filmmakers or documentary filmmakers would have an opinion about that.

MK: The truth of the matter is that nobody has really tried to challenge and bring up the matter of the freedom of information act. I was at the town meeting with the Newspaper Association last year on the FOI. Even the lady from Canada, which has one of the most advanced FOI bills said, Freedom of Information Acts are always a work in progress and that in Canada it took about 5 years before they could begin to see the gains. Even in Britain Tony Blair said that one of his biggest regrets was passing the FOI bill in England. So, it’s not just going to come, we have to work at it, use it. But then with Nigeria, we are also talking about a country where investigative journalism really is dead. That is the truth of the matter and considering that we are not yet beginning to make or tell enough stories in the documentary format, I don’t even know when we are going to begin to approach the FOI bill for assistance.

My own little experience of documentary making here is that the agencies we have, that are meant to regulate, have tended to be more of a nuisance than a help. If you come into Nigeria as a filmmaker, the Film Corporation insists that when you arrive in the country, there are people they must attach to your project, whom you will pay. Then you must come to Abuja physically to get your work permit, even if you are here for 3 days to shoot some scenes, you must come to Abuja because they don’t have a liaison office in Lagos.

I used to go and get this permit in Lagos, Ikoyi, and then I used to have to fly to Abuja to go and chase this thing at radio house. At the end of the day, if you are a nuisance and you are not helping me to facilitate my work, then why should I come to you. I mean I tried to set up a facilitation agency for Lagos: the idea was that as long as you are filming in Lagos, Lagos film office will give you your permit and will do everything for you, so you don’t start running ragged when you bring your film into my country, or into my state or my city. Basically the little they do does nothing per se for the level of filming we are doing.

CO: On this Film Corporation comment — I think it is a good idea if you are a foreigner coming to film in Nigeria that you must register with the Film Corporation and have a guide you pay to take you around. The reason for doing this was to ensure that people don’t talk nonsense about Nigiera, because in my experience, when foreigners go out and see children naked in the street and they film, when they go home, they use it against Nigerians. That was the major reason behind all those things.

I remember I went to Zimbabwe to film and they had this law. We didn’t know that person who was our guide was supposed to get all the licenses. Next thing, the police turned up saying ‘show us your permit’. We had to go to the embassy and before we got back on our feet, it was wahala (trouble). At least there, they are keeping the law. In Nigeria if you want to film successfully, all you do is go and pay the police, they will take you around.

What are the police doing? The police are not looking at the content. The police are there to take care of the area boys who will disturb you in Lagos. The Nigerian Film Corporation has this law for visitors who come to Nigeria to film and I support it. The only thing I worry about is the way they sideline the law for whatever reason. Sometimes you go to the station and they will say “we don’t have anybody, we don’t have staff ”, so how does it work?

FO: The final question now… let’s assume that there is a fund created to support documentary filmmaking especially in Nigeria. What are your thoughts on: What kind of filmmakers will be eligible for that funding? Who do you think should manage that funding? What issues will emerge in your opinion in its management, should it be managed through guilds, should it be something given individually to each filmmaker? And who decides who gets the funds and how can this be fair in the context of the culture of the country?
After this question I would ask you for just general opinions and thoughts about what you are trying to do as a filmmaker, how empowered you are so far, where do you see your future, what projects are you working on at the moment. I’d like Makin to specifically discuss, when we get to that, the landscape of what iREP is doing. Are there any other organisations like this and what is happening across the country, because it seems to me we haven’t even discussed the fact of whether documentary filmmaking is Pan Nigeria or is it just something that is concentrated in Lagos, Abuja… I’d like to discuss that.

AO: What kind of filmmaker can be eligible for funding? I think all filmmakers should be, but I think we should have a body that sees to the funding — who is to be funded, if that person is a credible filmmaker, what work they have done before, and the merit of the project they want funding for. I think, as I said earlier, that the people who manage that funding should be people not from the government, but from NGOs. I think NGOs are more transparent. They are like individuals and nobody will want to spoil his or her good name, so they would want to do a proper job in terms of managing the funds and actually know who they are giving it to and follow up. What we don’t do mostly in Nigeria, is follow up. We just give out these funds and no follows up. Nobody says “what is actually happening” and “when is the production going to be done” or “when is it going to be ready?” I think the NGOs should also look at follow up apart from giving money for production.

For issues that come up later, they should be taken care of by the NGOs. They should have a committee, different committees, such as task force committees, an implementation committee, and a different department in the NGO so that all the committees could know what they are doing. They should know their jobs, so that at the end of the day it will be accounted for so that everybody will know how the funding is being spent. I think NGOs should have an arm that sees to film…they should have somebody that is into the field, into filmmaking, a person who knows film production — a person who knows a good film.

FO: So the Non-governmental organisations you are talking about, people generally understand that they have an agenda, that they’re formed by special interest groups ? 

AO: Yes.

FO: So the question is, who are those that you are asking to do this and what would be the structure of that? Are you talking about creating one, are you talking about guilds, are you talking about associations, are you talking about filmmakers?

AO: The NGO, for example iREP, because at iREP they are into documentaries already and they have been there for two years now. This year will be two years, so I think they have an idea in terms of production, in terms of difficulty when it comes to funding and all those things, so they are aware of the system, and so I think that those are the kind of NGOs that should be given this mandatory power to actually fund documentaries in Nigeria. Definitely not the government!

CO: I think I will start with who will get the funds first? You (Femi Odugbemi), are working on this report for an African Documentary Film Fund. You have an obligation, I am sure they will ask you for an account of every kobo you spend and you must or Femi Odugbemi and his company will be in trouble because they will black list you internationally and hunger will come and visit you. You see, give this one to iREP, (I am using iREP as an example). I want you to form a committee that will manage this fund that I am going to give you, to select the people that are going to do documentaries for us. iREP can now go to ITPAN, “go outside, pick one person” and form a formidable committee which will be approved by the funding body because it will be easier for everybody. So iREP has that responsibility on the side to make sure that this thing does not fail, because iREP already has a commitment. It could be any other foundation, but not a new one, an existing foundation that already understands the industry. Ayo Mosigo is more into home videos, feature films and all that. As for the money, everybody who is in the video industry is into production and manpower development. You don’t have any business with those who want to build cinema houses, no. You might have business with those who want to train people because we need to train people — capacity building. Now, at iREP, you form this committee, iREP gets that money now, iREP asks for what area you want to concentrate on. You will call people, like you have called us to look at the critical areas and say”1, 2, 3, 4”, based on what would be beneficial to the society and the individuals. You will now work it out as a format.

Then, those who want to be a part of it will send in their proposals. Another committee will sift through the proposals and select those that are appropriate based on their past work, whether they can do the job, etc.

I have worked with international institutions, they have a very stringent monitoring system. It is good because you are kept on your toes. You tell people up front, you must give me a report, be accountable, then there is credibility. You have to have criteria because otherwise people will accuse you of favouratism, “he has given it to his Yoruba brother”, etc. And people who accuse won’t know anything about documentary or may not have even applied. So, these are the issues, I think.

BO: Well the question of who is eligible for the funds, hmmm. While growing up in the industry I have seen situations where a lot of funds are given to a body, and the issue of who knows who, comes into place. I am a filmmaker that actually suffered the rejection from the older generation, and when I say suffered rejection I mean, I would say “I am planning to be a filmmaker, I am working towards being a filmmaker”, but there was nobody to assist. There is no body, like no regulatory body.

MNET used to do a project called the New Direction Project whereby you discovered a lot of directors and the rest of them through such projects. I am looking forward to that kind of organisation whereby you have a structure, you have a fund base. I may not be able to write reports, I may not be a report person, but it doesn’t mean I don’t make good films. I can tell you for all the documentaries that I’ve done — and they have won awards both locally and internationally — I did not write a script. I drew all the scripting later with my wife and we just put paper down. It doesn’t mean I do not have a right to the funds. So, we are looking forward to a situation whereby we have credible people who are not saying the fact that we don’t know you doesn’t mean that you cannot deliver. This is one of the things we need to look at when we are thinking about the future of the industry and that is one of the things I am basically particular about. I am looking forward to an iREP that has a studio where I can come and say, “Ok, I want to shoot this on RED,” and I can go there, give them my proposal and they can look through whatever I have to do. If I need a sound man of international standard, they will be able to tell me, “Bimbo yes, this is x, y, z that we can do for you” as a body. I am looking for a situation whereby at least I won’t have to suffer to make a film.

If some of those things are being done I am sure it will really be more attractive for some of us to do more than we doing. It would take off of a lot of stress because, I won’t lie to you, doing documentaries in Nigeria is stressful. It’s a lot of stress, if you are not so passionate.

I have had issues every time I pick up my camera and I want to go shoot. My wife is always saying, “May god bless you as you go”, because she is not even sure whether I am going to come back. That film that I was advised not to sell to Al Jazeera. Well, suppose there was a body that was behind me that could say, “Look, Bimbo, go on. We are behind you.” I would go and give content to anybody without thinking about what any one in Nigeria is going to say about it. The fact that it is not favouritising them does not mean that it is not good work. These are some of the things we need to look at in Nigeria.

As a body, iREP has really tried to bring in new filmmakers which at least gives people like us hope. And now that this possible fund is coming up it is really a welcome development because now there could be a future. Sometimes I didn’t have funds and there were so many festivals I would have loved to have sent my work to but couldn’t. I couldn’t send my film to FESPACO because I did not have the funds to send it to FESPACO. I could only send it to the Nigerian festivals because I didn’t have the money. Now I am looking for a body, that I can say, “Ok iREP, I’m talented, can you help me spread this film and take it to major film festivals and if possible, can you market this? This is a percentage I can give to you.” Things like that would encourage me to keep doing more.

MS: Very interesting questions, I’m thinking maybe I should start from the last question — who decides who gets the funds for instance, and how can this seem to be fair in the context of culture in the country?

Who decides is the grant giver. I think that is straight forward. If I am giving you a grant, if I have the funds and I set it up as a grant, then it is about me setting up a mechanism, basically a board or a committee that decides, supposedly widely drawn from the profession, from outside the profession, media, and business people. Who gets the funds will also be determined, I think, that now goes to the first question — who will be eligible for that funding would depend on what sort of fund it is. Is it a revolving fund, or is it just a straight forward grant giving body, which means go make your films and we are just happy that films are being made in Nigeria. We are making people employed, we are channeling creative energy, we are taking people off the streets who otherwise might be psychopaths and then hopefully we will be branding Nigeria positively.

The type of fund is what will determine what kind of filmmakers will be eligible for that funding. I would like to assume that every filmmaker will be eligible, but until you determine the sort of fund — is it a soft loan fund or is it a grant from the national lottery or from the sports lottery? There are many questions here so I can only be a bit vague. Who will manage the funding? If it is the grant giving body, then they decide to outsource it and decide. What we have seen is what First Bank trustees have done in the area, so, can First Bank trustees come and run it even under different emphasis ? Or do we want to give it to ARM or ARM Investment Managers or to Bismarck J. Rewane financial dervivatives company. I want to give it to BGL Investment Banking and Investment Group who are looking at funding things in entertainment now. When I was in Lagos State what I wanted to do was two types of funds, one is like a sunk fund. You just want to give grants, get young people doing creative things, making them active, making films in and around Lagos, stimulating the economy for the long term. Then, do a second fund which is more commercial. It is like a soft loan, but it will be outsourced. It will be managed so that we get our monies back. The emphasis is not about making a profit, it is just that we want to keep generating the fund. Not everybody is going to be able to pay back, but the whole idea is that you have enough coming back to sustain that fund. You have to have a percentage that you are going to write off and that was one of the problems with the bank project we spoke about. Part of it was that they strictly looked at it as straight forward business — every film must bring a profit and after a percentage lost then they hoped that there would be at least one film that would make a profit for every body else, so they could put the money back in. There will be only one film that makes a profit for everybody else then you sink the money back.

Issues will emerge about how it should be managed. I think there is a need, for lack of a better word, for associations. There is no doubt and I think documentary filmmakers need to follow the examples. ITPAN, when ITPAN was active was a strong advocacy body with an agenda. There has to be an advocacy group, a pressure group. You have the bulk of their numbers, you give examples of an organisation like iREP, which is also a voluntary association, which is now beginning to network all over. iREP too is meant to be an advocacy body. We can push funding, we can speak of our friends in government, we can speak to, network with our partners internationally. iREP is linked with DNA Documentary Network Africa. We get lots of young people coming to us saying that they need to get experience and we are pushing them to studios, people that we know that are doing documentaries. We don’t have that resource, physical resource, but we have the human resources, networking.

At the short film festival of course, quite a few guys were doing documentaries — young chaps, who thought that was their chance to come up. I got a lot of people walking up to me both as iREP and at the Lagos Film Office and saying, “Look, how do you facilitate what we want to do?” and I was saying, “I think you should concentrate your energies on film festivals in Africa, don’t even bother about Europe yet, go to these two, because when you go to those two then you get a lot of international people there”. It’s about giving a sense of direction and giving a push and I think that’s what the guilds should be doing. Funds will not be given to any association to go and manage. If an association decides to go and raise its own funds internally and decides to give funds, members decide, for example, that from every job we do, we are going to contribute 5% and we are going to have a pool and we are going to fund 5 films a year for — choose your criteria: female filmmakers only, age 18-21 only, just graduates, etc. I think funds definitely will have to be given to individuals, to companies, and then they have to be held to the highest standards. You don’t necessarily need to bring in a third party or outsource the reporting, but you have to have basic accountability as well as input.

FO: How do you the see the future of the documentary evolving, and how can it be supported? And what kind of future do you think the industry has in general – not just documentary, but across the board. You know Nollywood, you know broadcast, what kind of impact does that have on documentary?

MS: I think we are in the middle of an evolution. I won’t say a revolution, we are in the middle of an evolution and I would look at it almost like a 10 year cycle. I would say we are almost halfway there, and we can see the budget is increasing in commercials, largely funded by certain industries — maybe three or four industries. The truth of the matter is content is only going to be pushed when you have a strong economy, otherwise you are going to become like the Francophone countries and are going to rely strictly on hand-outs from the French which actually doesn’t really doesn’t stimulate your local creative economy.

We are getting an active economy from the growth of the banks, followed by the telecom companies, and now everybody is building little studios because they need to create sets. We are getting franchises of the big reality TV programmes. Of course it’s all going in a particular direction for now, but it’s still a sign that the space is opening up. When that space opens up and more TV stations become more ambitious, there is definitely going to be some falling by the wayside, but some will remain small niche players and two or three might emerge eventually as continental players and maybe global payers. Take a look at MNET. They are trying to ramp up their programming because I think they sense something is going to come out of Nigeria soon and if they don’t ramp up and try and keep people happy, expand their channels, their programming and forward thinking, that some other person — the way the industry is evolving — is going to wake up one day and take over. It nearly happened to them, and it was a wakeup call, so they are going to have to begin to expand their programming and their content buying. The figures might not be great, but enough to stop the restiveness amongst the natives I would say. You know how the colonial officers used to do it in those days — once they noticed the natives were getting restless, they would quickly arrange one or two incentives for them to calm them down — and I think that is going to happen. As it goes global, there is going to be more space for niche players, and we are niche players — documentary makers — whether we like it or not. We have already seen the TV series, soaps, programmes, “Who Wants to be a Millionnaire”, etc. The budgets are growing exponentially and that is giving more opportunities to other people to increase their income within. If the industry is going to go through a phase, I think we are going to have two or maybe three global players coming out of here, and that is where we all need to be focused, and be prepared for that. It might happen and we won’t be prepared and all our programming is going to go offshore and then, we are all going to be sitting there and saying, “The South Africans and all those white boys have come into Nigeria again”, and then everybody will say, “Well, you guys were not prepared.” And if we’re not careful, we’ll have a catch-22 situation, where we’ll all be saying we didn’t have the funds to prepare. I think this is where it’s all heading…

What was the other part of the question?

FO: Essentially it’s about the work you are doing — what is iREP, what is their goal, what have they done so far, what are they planning to do?

MS: I think what I have just said now — preparing for this, I won’t call it an explosion, but, preparing for this thing happening. We actually have the means here, we have the platforms, to begin to tell the stories globally.

We at iREP are trying to position our people, forcing the agenda, showing that there is creativity here, trying with the few people doing work on their own with no budgets, trying to put it out there so that people can see — so that when that space becomes open and available, we are ready to grab it. We are ready to tell the stories. That’s it basically.

FO: Just talk individually about your work, how the landscape is and how you see your work in the future. What can be done to support your work as a filmmaker and what is your general mission?

BO: Well, basically as guerilla filmmaker, I do most of my work from my home. I don’t really see a future in waiting for people or waiting for funds to come before you get things done, because I didn’t really see that structure coming and if now, there is a structure for funding coming — that will work for development.

It actually is going to facilitate more work to be done. I am not letting go of whatever I am doing. I am still going on with my films and I am still on the streets and still making and telling the stories from the angle of the streets. With iREP now coming on board, I think that is actually showing that there is a future and I really see us doing big things and I really see myself going far. My film having been picked by Al Jazeera was a really big one for me and even in the last short film festival by the Goethe Institut I won the best documentary and I feel like wow! The heat is on and I am not going to stop.

CO: Ok, I think, let me start at the top, I know you want me to be very brief but let me go a little bit wider. First Makin was talking about evolution in the industry…I think there is an evolution. There were those days when we only had cinema houses where we were going for entertainment and we have seen a lot of terrible Indian films, where there was no sound or video synchronization. From there we grew into television houses, people were going home to watch Things Fall Apart, to watch, Mirror In The Sun and all these things, then TV houses started failing. Then as a response, Nollywood came up. Nollywood has had its own ups and downs but it is now resurfacing with better stories and better production than what we had before. Whatever you say about Nollywood, there is progress.

Now from Nollywood we have gone to the arena of reality shows. Everybody wants to do a reality show — how to speak, how to laugh, how to marry, how to eat, how to do anything, but it is progress. So the future is very bright. I believe that the media industry will eventually become the biggest industry in this country, but then how prepared are we? I put myself in that situation. It has been said that we are a wasted generation, maybe at my age it is already getting too late. Many a times I wish I were 25 or 30 years old. I would do a lot in the industry. But for me, because I have not had the money to do the things I want to do in documentary, I have focused more on manpower development. I am very passionate about developing the human resources, because if there is an explosion tomorrow, there is nobody to handle the explosion, so I am doing more in training people. I would have set up a school but I don’t have money to set up a school.

What I do now, is go to people and send proposals. Unfortunately, a lot of Nigerian industries and Nigerian media houses are not even interested in training manpower, but we will continue pushing. When there is money, I want to do things that will show the cultural beauty of Nigeria, the laugh of the Nigerian, that which is most Nigerian, that which makes Nigeria the unique country that it is, whether it is Igbo or Yoruba, the people who occupy the present Nigeria, what they are, who they are and all that, that is where my passion is. This was also the reason behind the idea of having a Documentary Society of Nigeria, where we can build a body that will help in promoting documentary production. That is where I am for the time being. I hope I have answered your question.

FO: You will suffer greatly for that idea that you have. 

(ALL LAUGH)

AO: Right now I am more into production and production management.

FO: Talk about your festival, you have this student film festival – what’s going on there?

AO: I am organizing a pan-African student film festival and it is taking place here in Lagos, Nigeria. The University of Lagos is the venue. As a young girl in film school, people wondered what I was doing there — I was ‘supposed to be’ somewhere else, not in film school. They looked at me and thought “Okay, you are going to be more into make-up and costume,” all that stuff I find boring. I was kind of different because I was more into directing and cinematography, which I loved very much. I started making short films while I was in school and I started sending them out for film festivals because one of my hobbies is travelling. I like travelling a lot and meeting people, so I saw it as a way for me to travel without paying for my travel (laughs). When I traveled, I met with my fellow students and my colleagues and it was always amazing to actually find students like me, you know from Africa, doing the same thing I did — actually girls, who face the same challenges that I did in Nigeria. I came back and I was pressing for us to have a small kind of awards night in school, just to encourage ourselves and also to exchange ideas, but anytime I wrote a proposal to that effect in school, I was always turned down. So when I came back from school, some years after, I said to myself that I should do it. I started organising and telling people. People like Mr. Femi and Gaston Kaboré encouraged me and Mark from the Goethe Institut encouraged me, because I wanted to give the African students a platform where they could meet on a yearly basis to exchange ideas, for them to know themselves, for them to actually grow together and say, “Ok we are film students — what can we do together?” I think to organise that kind of festival will actually go a long way in helping them grow strong in the industry. We also have this problem in Nigeria and I don’t know if it is only Nigeria, or around Africa, but we don’t encourage the younger ones. We only know the stars, we don’t know the emerging talents. And that is one of the reasons why I started organising the film festival. I have been so impressed by the interest the students have had in participating in the festival, because most of them have never been to a festival in their lives – and they immediately saw it as a venue to meet with their colleagues across the border and set up new relationships. That is what I am doing right now and hopefully it will be a yearly programme. We just hope that we get funding to do it because right now we don’t have funding. We have partners that give us the basic things that we need, but no money attached to it and that is the basic problem that I am facing organising the festival. Some of them will say, just do this first year and let’s see what the whole thing is really about and then maybe next year we will come and sponsor you. So, for now we are doing it whether we have money or not because it’s fixed and you know once you fix a date for something, it’s as good as taking place already.

FO: I just want to thank everybody. Are there any other thoughts that you haven’t expressed that you would like to put on record?

AO: I didn’t talk about the workshop in the festival that we have, documentary…Sorry, we have four workshops within the festival. We have documentary, we have directing, we have cinematography and we have scripting for now because I think those are the four basic areas in filmmaking that we really need to work on in our schools.

FO: Excellent. A thought occurred to me that Nigeria might be the country with the highest number of television stations in Africa… 

CO: …and the largest, NTA has 72 stations.

FO: If you count the private and state stations, we have over a hundred television stations. What is it that can be done for documentaries in such a large network, in one country so large? Do you have any ideas for what we could do? Part of the joy of being a filmmaker is connecting with an audience, and something is wrong when the system for reaching an audience is not working with you. How can we change the current scenario so TV channels pay filmmakers and producers – because they are the ones who fill the content of their airtime?

MS: I think it still comes back to the same thing, I think it is a basic misconception about what media should be doing — when TV was sort of technically privatised in the early nineties we got a sense of people rushing for these licenses because they thought it was like an import license. I suspect a lot of people didn’t get their business models right and when the harsh reality of how expensive television is, when the harsh reality hit them I think they just said,“Look how do I find the easy way out?” NTA should be mandated constitutionally to commission programming, because until that happens then the private guys have no incentive or reason to. You can’t mandate the private guys to commission. It’s their money until the environment is forced to change. I am not one for heavy regulation, not at all, but I believe that stimulus policy should stimulate the economy, because there is an economic argument for it. We need to show the figures. The economy will not be stimulated in this sector which can add X, Y, Z, tens of thousands of jobs annually, taking people off the streets and generating sales both from the continent and globally, unless NTA, which is paid for by our tax money, begins to pay for content. What NTA is doing right now is exploitation at the end of the day and so you have a lopsided economics. We need to look at the economics of it because that is the language that people understand these days. What are the economic gains by NTA commissioning programmes? When NTA begins commissioning programmes, then AIT is not going to tell me to come and pay, Silverbird is not going to tell me to come and pay or say I will take it for free, and I will take 60% advertising, no. That is I think what we should be looking at — the economics of it and how do we regulate that aspect. You cannot take my taxpayer’s money and tell me to come and pay you again. That’s double taxation, in fact triple, quadruple, hundruple taxation. So, when we begin to speak the language of economics, then maybe we can force the private guys. It’s because we don’t use figures. It was the same way in the newspaper industry. Why did a lot of newspapers fight the ABC (Audit Board of Newspaper Circulation)? Because they don’t want you to know how many newspapers they’re selling. Because if you knew how many newspapers they were selling (or not), you would redirect your advertising. Newspapers around the world always try and fiddle but it has now become a huge crime in South Africa and in America. If you fiddle with your newspaper figures it means you are lying to banks, to advertisers, so they made it a crime crime. So we must know how many papers we are selling per day — the same way we must know how many people are watching the stations — those are the areas for regulation. I am not going to say to do 40 documentaries a day. It’s not my business to tell you. I will do content, foreign and local, because every country does it, but I will not tell you, you must show 60 documentaries a day and 5 feature films a day. It’s your markets, your audience, your niche, you decide and PZ cousins will decide, am I advertising with you or not. You will find documentaries that are working. In fact, they want you to do a documentary on what you know, not the normal propaganda thing, because there is an audience for it. I think we have to sort of go for it like a twin track. Yes, we want regulation to be as light as possible, but in this case where we are looking at the economics of it and we see that there is this behemoth called NTA which is not adding any value, we do have to regulate that and that is where we need to start talking to NBC (Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation), engaging NBC, engaging the parliaments. Let’s use the economics of it. If you do this, you will provide X number of jobs. If you do this, the government coffers will contribute. Then people think all right – I should go and get a TV license, I should start investing in production, I should start funding, I should start a school.

BO: Well basically I agree with you on some of the points. But I think we should talk more about the NBC than the NTA. NTA was not assigned for documentaries and nobody is watching them. But if the NBC makes it compulsory for all of them — you need to show X, Y, Z content including documentaries — then we will see a change.

It’s not just any filmmaker who wakes up one day and does a documentary, a good one. And that’s where we should try to help. When I was a young filmmaker, I needed to be mentored and there was nobody – not one person who was ready to mentor anybody. The older generation, instead of trying to mentor, they see you as competition. You meet at film festivals and you’re kind of saying, “Ok, who wins today?” It shouldn’t be like that.

I think if we can go in that direction there will be a lot of gains, especially for people like me who are on the streets – because I speak for those kind of guys.

MS: You need to repeat that part, lack of communication…

BO: Ada is doing a film festival now, how many of the people from the film festival are going to be able to have access to filmmakers like us and learn things from us, and begin to build things from there? How much of my work do you want to see, how much of whatever you have would you want to pour into me? Those are the questions we need to ask.

CO: Thank you very much, let me start with the attack on (laughing) the older generation. You see, everybody is in the market of poverty and trying to come out of it, so the old man is also looking for money as much as the young man. Apart from that the problem we have with the younger ones is that they are too much in a hurry. They want to make money overnight, I have had guys who come to me and say, “Sir I want to do this documentary, I want to do this programme, blah, blah, blah”. I sit down and when I educate them on how it’s done they say,… “Ahh! it’s not what we want”. They are already planning how many millions of Naira they will put into the bank and I tell them that if they go like that they are going to fail. Some tried it and failed and came back to me. I say you start from the rudiments. Documentary production is not what you just come in and do. Some of them have come to me saying, “Sir I have this documentary and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah”. I say, “What is your budget like? He says, “Well I collected 1.5 million Naira”. I say, “How many states are you travelling to?” He says: “I will go to this, do this, and do this”. I say, “What is the duration?” He says, “One hour”. I will look at you. “Sir I want you to help me”, he says. I will say, “No, I cannot help you, the only way I can help you is this: Go and send back that money, because you cannot produce with that”.

He went and shot and came back with 5 tapes of 30 minutes — a short one hour documentary. By the time he went to the editing table, he didn’t make 5 minutes.

BO: It’s not enough.

CO: Of course it’s not enough, so when he came back I said, “I told you to go and return the money and you refused, you must finish it”. They almost locked up the boy. So you see the young ones are not even consulting, and I am not going to beg you to come and consult me. You have to find me out and come to me. The young ones should go to learn and find out from the older ones how they aquired this knowledge, then they can use their youthful ideas to make money with this knowledge. That is important — they don’t go for training.

Then, we go to the question you raised. Everybody has said, NBC has a critical role to play. I mentioned before that NBC should do a little bit of regulation. NTA for example, the last documentary, pure documentary NTA transmitted and produced was in 2002 and I did that. It was called Rediscover Nigeria. What I see now is a lot of words and pictures that are like a sleeping tablet because they don’t have a trained person working on them. I asked for time to train people to form a national documentary team. I talked, and talked and talked and it was nice until they posted me out of Lagos. When NBC started and media houses were coming to them for producers, I called them a number of times. I called those people and said, “Look, opening a TV station is not bread and butter. It is not import license”. What I would advise to do is to take one genre, transmit two hours a day, and start with that. I gave people an example of channels. It was news, there are certain media houses I have talked to and they want to employ me. I say you cannot employ me, and you cannot pay me my salary. They say, “How much is NTA paying you?” I say, “NTA is not paying me anything, they give me my freedom and you cannot pay for my freedom”.

NBC should be able to make certain general laws. You must be able to, if you are running a media house, you must be able to give a percentage to documentary production. We can help them pull resources together, hire people to produce content for them. If NBC would allocate certain monies to finance production, we would give them content, and that would really help. All the media houses are ready to do that.

NTA does not produce programmes nowadays. What it does is sell airtime to independent producers, at exorbitant costs. There is no way that these media houses are going to help us for the time being unless there is a regulation that helps bring us all together. Otherwise, I don’t know what else we can do because documentary is an endangered genre in television production in Nigeria. Documentary producers are an endangered species. There are not that many and unless we do something…. Government should intervene by giving certain guidelines on how we can make media houses open up a little bit so that they can accommodate stories about Nigeria, documentaries about Nigeria, just as we accommodate for Nollywood now. It is not going to be easy for us in the industry. Our media houses have a role to play in making sure that the television industry grows, the film production unit grows, the documentary producers grow, and the country’s story is told. That’s my own take.

AO: Thank you very much for the mentoring aspect of I think it is really important to mentor the younger ones. When I started in film it was not easy because there were not a lot of women in film production. Even if you went to women who were and asked for their advice, they would say, “It’s not easy, it’s a man’s world.” They were really discouraging, “It’s not for girls, just try and do something else.” You are really shocked, for goodness sake, and you really want to do it because you have a passion for filmmaking. It becomes a huge problem if you don’t have people encouraging you, mentoring you, if you don’t have anyone to look up to. That’s why we have a women’s discussion forum in the film festival. It’s for emerging filmmakers and women who are already filmmakers. They will use it as a way to exchange ideas about the challenges in the industry women face if they want to handle the camea, direct or be an editor.

So, coming back to your question, Mr. Femi, I think we should start by having a body that will advocate “Okay, we are here because we have a right to have our productions, our films, aired.” and which will then enforce this with the TV stations.

You start out with 5 minutes of air time, then later on if they see good documentaries that are really not boring and they have an audience for that particular documentary I think it will help a lot, because that will get more adverts. Also, these TV stations need money to also grow, so yes we start off with 5 minutes and by the time they will see more people tuning in to their station, to actually see these beautifully made documentaries, they will come to you and ask you to produce a 10 minute documentary and offer to pay for it. That’s how I think it will start — not just by forcing them to start airing documentaries for 20 or 30 minutes. If you give them a good job, a good documentary that is properly made and start small, at the end of the day they will get a bigger audience and then get more sponsors or more adverts for that particular programming. Eventually they will need more content from the filmmakers and want you to produce feature length documentaries to air on their TV stations. So I think starting small and giving them quality to entice their audience to tune in to their TV stations could also really help us all.

FO: Thank you. What did you want to add? 

BO: Well, we are still talking a little about the regulation here… I remember when Jide Kosoko came in as the president of the ANTP in the Yoruba movie industry. One thing he did which is still really helping the industry today was to establish criteria for professionals. There were so many people calling themselves DOPs and technicians, so what he did was to call all the basic professionals together, and said, “Tell us what you know, let’s check you out. Let’s now begin to place you where you actually belong.” In the end, out of about more than 50 people that could say, I am a Director of Photography, only 10 were credited as Directors of Photography for the industry and that really helped upgrade their level of filmmaking, because now you had people who were actually worth it. Then he sent a list around to all the marketers and all the producers. You want to produce a film and you come to me, I want to check the list and make sure that whoever you are working with is on my list. . Otherwise, I won’t do it. I feel that is a level of regulation that is really helpful.

Ada Obi said something about giving each of the stations a 5 minute piece and the rest of it. I don’t really see it working because some time ago I approached TVC and I told them that I had a couple of short documentaries that I did and wanted to give it to them to actually use, and let me just see if I can use that to build myself up. Apart from the money and the air time thing, the guy in charge actually called me and said, “Bimbo, if we show this we are only just going to show it for the sake of showing it. Nobody is going to assign you to do a documentary for us, just because you have given this to us to show. Why not look for somebody else who is a big name”? That’s why I say I don’t see it working. Maybe there is a regulatory body, and 5 minutes every day these are people that are certified to do jobs for you . Even if they are not paying, you are sure of something coming back to you at the end of the day. So if you are going to meet investors, you have a record that you can fall back on.

FO: Well I think we have done very well. Thank you very much everybody.

 

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Nigeria is perhaps the most active hub and population. It has immense cultures, over 100 languages, and the history and potential for stories is just huge.

As huge as it is, Nigeria is also an absolute contradiction because it is so rich yet so poor, it’s so monolithic in a way, yet it’s got all these shades of grey. It has got a history that includes recovery from a war, to the discovery and drilling of oil. It is defined by its people, who are clearly very colorful, clearly very ambitious and clearly very creative.

Nigeria is one place where there is a major need for a better understanding of what it can do with documentaries and what documentaries can do for it. The film industry right now is buoyant and bountiful. There are a lot of filmmakers who are making films with very little money and who are accessing some kind of reward in terms of what open market sales they make. Cinemas are coming back, so in a lot of ways there is a lot of activity. We are talking about hundreds of video films being made a year. Imagination and industry — but the underbelly of it is the same as in every other African country. The broadcast universe seems extremely diversified with over a hundred TV stations, but again monetized airtime is its problem. Filmmakers in Nigeria basically need a couple of things in my opinion.

The iREP documentary film festival is a recent but important initiative that I think needs to be supported. As a matter of integrity, disclosing that I am a founder of iREP. iREP was founded three years ago as a documentary festival because we, myself and a couple of colleagues, thought that that might garner at least a better awareness of what it is that documentary making can do in terms of helping politics, the rights of people, the culture, fighting issues of corruption, and generally creating a level of conversation outside of the clutter of the media itself and of the politics in Abuja (the capital)..

There is a world of young people who have showed up, we have had training where over three hundred kids have come and are interested in documentaries.

We have monthly screenings and we have a regular attendance, so I do think there is some kind of appetite for documentaries in Nigeria and there are many ways by which it can be supported.

I think the principle thing would be support for the festivals because that has created a platform where you find a lot of interaction, a lot of networking going on. Obviously there is also the need to create access for documentary filmmakers to gain an audience in Nigeria beyond broadcasting. At some point, if the right documentary came along, it would also play in cinema houses — and there is the possibility in Nigeria particularly that a documentary film could make money at the box office, because simply, the numbers are there. The subject matter would be key and that might be something important, because the impression in Nigeria is that documentary cannot make money or that documentary is a lower form of art. I think it is very critical also in Nigeria because the huge numbers of those who are making Nollywood films have poor skills. They need to understand that filmmaking is also to a large extent, intellectual. Their capacity to integrate their thoughts, their ideas, can be better trained if they were also given a conscious push into telling their stories in a documentary way.

I also think the volume of films being made will probably increase because now young filmmakers are making their maiden works as features — which basically is not the right place to train. The concept of short films and documentaries as an initial way for them to build their capacities may also be something that would be helpful.

My recommendations for Nigeria are to:

Support the festivals and ensure that the opportunity for networking, for enlarging the awareness of documentary filmmaking is key.

Support in some form for some kind of documentary film fund that can hopefully develop a film that will make it into the mainstream distribution channels here in a big way. Then we would be able to convince some of those people in Nollywood to also think about creating films of a documentary sort.

Those would be the first two things I would say for Nigeria. In addition, there is enough financial capital in Nigeria for young people to generally be able to access funds for equipment, but training and honing networking skills would be good.

There are a lot of schools in Nigeria that are supposedly training filmmakers and now quite a few universities are also beginning to train in film.

I would suggest developing or collaborating on the development of a curriculum model that is standard, that is international, that is practical, that we can give to these training institutions to pursue. Standardizing that curriculum across Nigeria is key. Education in Nigeria in general is not bad, but film education is particularly weak. I think that may be the third necessary intervention point in Nigeria.

— Femi Odugbemi

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ADEPt – West Africa(Liberia)

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LIBERIA, THE COUNTRY

Source: www.micatliberia.com/

Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Côte d’Ivoire on the east. Liberia’s coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.

Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organisation that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa.

 

HISTORY OF FILMMAKING IN LIBERIA

Filmmaking in Liberia is still at its infancy. Frankly, there is no known evidence of a robust effort to establish a local film industry. Much of the early efforts were those of government, which commissioned specific films on a needs basis on presidential visits or other occasions considered of national importance. Many of the early documentaries were commissioned by the government and made by foreigners. Others were commissioned by private sector players like the large rubber plantation companies such as Firestone and B. F. Goodridge, or the mining companies such as Liberia Mining Company, Bong Mining Company or Liberia American Swedish Mining Company.

Later during the 60’s, the government of Liberia established the Audio-visual Division of the Ministry of Information, Cultural Affairs & Tourism (now the Ministry of Information, Tourism and Culture). The early documentary makers were Stanley Blay and Frank Forti. However, the subjects of these documentaries were overwhelmingly biased towards promoting government image and economic development, and so there was a heavy dose of footage on trade, commerce, political state events, and the international travels of the president.

The documentaries commissioned by government were often used in support of its international relations, as they were distributed through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for its embassies worldwide. The private sector commissioned documentaries were stored in their headquarters with little exposure in Liberia, and no public access to them.

The result is that the power of the documentary medium has never been fully exploited in Liberia. Proper storage was always a problem, especially with the space requirements of the old reel-to-reel. Even the small u-matic formats required significant space and temperature conditions.

The 14-year civil war wreaked havoc on the development of the film industry in Liberia. The entire film library of the Liberia Broadcasting Service, custodian of the government-produced documentaries, was abandoned and left in the blazing sun and rain- drenched destroyed building of the LBS. It is rumored that many or all of the reel-to-reel and the videotapes were burned for lack of space. Fortunately, about 500 u-matic one-hour tapes were rescued by the Blamadon Center for the Arts (BCA) and funding for restoration and preservation of these tapes is being explored. When completed, the tapes will be stored in the digital archive section of the BCA and used as core material for weekly film/discussion series for students, teachers, researchers and the public.

Excerpt provided by James Emmanuel Roberts, former Deputy Minister of Education, Monrovia and documentary filmmaker.

 

THE FILM INDUSTRY IN LIBERIA

RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRIEF

Liberia, like its neighboring country, Sierra Leone, has been through a civil war that left the country devastated and many of its historical artifacts destroyed.

The film industry is relatively young, but Liberian feature films are a common sight in capital city. Documentaries, however, do not seem to share the same platform. It is still a relatively unexplored area.

According to Elizabeth Hoff, the Deputy Minister of Technical Services, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism, the civil war destroyed most of the country’s audio-visual archives.

James Emmanuel Roberts, former deputy minister of education and a documentary filmmaker, points out however, that some audio-visual tapes were reclaimed and are now archived at the Balmadon Center for the Arts in Monrovia.

Professional and Developmental Support:

There is little or no structure in the film industry in Liberia. There are no funds available for filmmakers from the government or private organisations and there are no film schools, government or private.

The film industry in Liberia is said to be regulated by the technical arm of the Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism — the Ministry of Technical Services Department. There is only one reported advocacy group in Liberia, called the Movie Union of Liberia. They do not have a website but media presence suggests that they have been active for the past 3 years. There are no film festivals in Liberia. There is mention of a copyright board that was appointed by the President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in 2008. However they do not seem to be active.

The government-owned broadcasting station, Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS), does not commission content. Filmmakers have to pay for their work to be aired.

Distribution and audience cultivation:

Feature length films are distributed in the form of DVDs via street hawkers who are a common sight in Monrovia. There is only one functional cinema in the Capital city Monrovia: the Rivoli cinema.

Audience cultivation is through posters, banners, radio, TV adverts and bill boards. Documentary films are distributed via the internet (Facebook, My Space, YouTube). This is the primary means of distribution of documentaries as there are no film festivals in Liberia.

Legal Framework and regulatory environment

A representative from the Ministry of Information insists the government will have no objections if funding were to be brought in for filmmakers as long as it goes through proper government processing.

FILM FESTIVALS IN LIBERIA

There are no film festivals in Liberia.

 

QUALITATIVE STUDY

REGULATORY BODIES FOR FILM IN LIBERIA 
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION, TOURISM AND CULTURE LIBERIA
Purpose and Overview of the Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism

The Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism hereafter referenced as “MICAT” was created by an Act of Legislature in 1965 and subsequently reorganised under Decrees 46 and 47 of the People’s Redemption Council (PRC).

MICAT is statutorily charged with the responsibility to develop and disseminate factual information about Liberia’s culture and tourism at home and abroad. The MICAT is also tasked to promote Cultural and Tourism activities through various cultural and traditional dances, artistic and historic exhibitions on display at the National Museum, as well as through the development of tourism or touristic sites such as the Providence Islam and many more.

MICAT is comprised of five main programmes which are:

  • Technical Services,
  • Information Services,
  • Cultural Affairs and Tourism,
  • Administration/Management and Foreign Mission

These various programmes have bureaus or divisions that coherently coordinate the day-to-day running of the entire MICAT.

In fulfilling its mandate, the MICAT disseminates government policies and programmes through its regular Thursday Press Briefing, Press Releases, Radio and Television Talk Shows, Community Outreach, Audio and Television, Graphics and Billboards, the Internet, the New Liberia Newspaper (the official publication that comes out of the MICAT), and many other non- conventional means of reaching the general public.

The Technical Services Department is the technical arm of the ministry headed by the Deputy Minister for Technical Services, Mr. Robert W. Kpadeh.

Deputy Minister of Technical Services Department of the Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism Hon. Rixck Barsigiah.

This department is divided into several main pro- grammes that are named below:

  • Liberia News Agency (LINA)
  • Central Printing Incorporated (CPI)
  • Technical Services/Utilization
  • Motion pictures Review Division
  • National Communication Bureau
THE LIBERIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM (LBS)
About the Liberia Broadcasting System

The Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS) is a state- owned radio network in Liberia. Founded as the Eternal Love Broadcasting Corporation in 1960, the network was owned and operated by Rediffusion, London until 1968, when management passed to the Government of Liberia. The network began broadcasting television as the Liberia Broadcasting Corporation in 1964.

Following the 1980 coup, the newly formed People’s Redemption Council gave the network its current name. As a result of the First Liberian Civil War, the company ceased broadcasting in 1990, and the network’s premises were heavily damaged by war and looters over the next seven years.

Following the end of the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003, the network began providing radio broadcasts, though the lack of proper equipment limited the broadcasts to a sixty-mile radius around Monrovia.

In 2008, the Chinese government installed a new 10kW FM transmitter, along with several secondary transmitters throughout the country, which extended the network nationwide. Additionally, there are plans to reestablish a television service for the Monrovia area.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org

MEDIA REPORTS ON ACTIVITIES OF THE LIBERIAN BROADCASTING SYSTEM (LBS)
LIBERIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM (LBS) GOES NATIONWIDE

19th November 2008

LIBERIAN AMBASSADOR CONMANY WESSEH AND CHINESE AMBASSADOR H.E. ZHOU YUXIAO REPRESENTED THEIR RESPECTIVE GOVERNMENTS AT THE MOU SIGNING

Monrovia, Liberia — The Government of the People’s Republic of China has turned over to the Liberian Government newly renovated and expanded facilities of the Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS). Wednesday’s ceremony also marked the formal launch of the China/LBS Radio Project, under which the Chinese Government has provided a 10-thousand kilowatt FM transmitter to boost the station’s radio transmission throughout the country. A second transmitter has also been provided by the Chinese to relay English programmes produced by China Radio International throughout Liberia. The transmission will also provide three hours of radio programming in Chinese.

Speaking at the turning over programme, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf lauded the growing partnership between the Governments of China and Liberia. The President acknowledged the constructive role China continues to play in all areas of Government’s development under the country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy, otherwise known as ‘Lift Liberia’. China’s decision to expand the broadcast facilities of the country, said the President, could not have come at a better time given the ever increasing need to adequately inform Liberians of the progress taking place in the country. The President also lauded the management of LBS for its leadership role and partnership with Chinese experts in ensuring the completion of the project.

Source: http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_ id=950 

KROMAH HITS THE GROUND RUNNING

4 October 2011

Free speech, underpinned by free, unhindered access to information, advocates of pluralistic democracy say, is the foundation of a free, progressive society. Postwar Liberia’s political dispensation promises just this, but with the current limitation placed on the nation’s radio and television services, some say Liberia has a long way to go towards achieving a “progressive society status”. Now, it seems the Liberian adage, “Every disappointment is a blessing”, seems to hold true for the nation’s communication sector, given what is unfolding at the Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS). The Analyst, reports.

Barely a week after “rescuing” the Liberian Broadcasting System (LBS), amidst controversy, the system’s acting managing director, Professor Alhaji G. V. Kromah, has reportedly embarked upon a process that will extend and improve radio signals to rural Liberia. The Analyst learned yesterday that the management, under Mr. Kromah, has begun reactivating the system’s rural transmitters to begin broadcasting to parts of rural Liberia that were hitherto off-limit to radio signals. According to LBS Acting Director-General, Professor Alhaji Kromah, the management, by last weekend, completed the reactivation of one of the three inactive transmitters, which is situated in the provincial city of Zwedru in southeastern Grand Gedeh County.

The reactivation of the Zwedru transmitter, he said, prepared the system to cover most of the Southeast, which includes Maryland, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, River Gee, and Sinoe counties. The new LBS boss, who returned to the capital from inspection of LBS facilities in Bong and Lofa counties yesterday, disclosed that management was also considering reactivating the Maryland County transmitter to boost radio signals to the Southeast.

He disclosed that the Lofa County transmitter, now near completion, would begin full relay of LBS broadcasts by this weekend, all things working according to plan. Professor Kromah said thereactivation of these facilities was part of the priorities that the LBS Board of Directors approved since he took over as acting director-general a week ago. He said the activities would  enable the radio service of the Liberian Broadcasting System, ELBC, to reach out to voters and non-voters in rural Liberia.

Source: http://allafrica.com/stories/201110040618.html

 

FILM EDUCATION IN LIBERIA

GOVERNMENT FILM SCHOOLS/PRIVATE FILM SCHOOLS IN LIBERIA
Information provided by the Deputy Minister of Technical Services, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism Elizabeth Hoff
  • Liberia has no film/documentary archive or a body that details the volume of films/documentaries produced within a five-year The Ministry of Information previously had such information, but all of that was damaged during the war years and has not been restored.
  • There are no government or private film schools in
  • The regulatory body for films/documentaries in Liberia is the Ministry of Information.
  • The Movie Union of Liberia is the advocacy group for films/documentaries. Any individual or group seeking to produce a documentary or film in Liberia must first seek permission from the Ministry of Information and work in collaboration with the Movie
GOVERNMENTAL/NON-GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING BODIES FOR FILM

There are no structures in place for funding film in Liberia, governmental or non-governmental.

ADVOCACY GROUPS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

This organisation does not have a website but publications on the media suggest they have been active for the past 3 years.

MOVIE UNION OF LIBERIA (LIMU)

LIMU was established April 17, 2004, accredited by the Ministry of Information, Culture & Tourism, Ministry of Labor & Ministry of Commerce & Industry to help government regulate movies and its related activities. https://www.facebook.com/…/Liberia-Movie- Union/299188486843521

  

SOME KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

Before Liberia’s civil war, James Emmanuel Roberts worked in theatre, dance and television for more than 10 years. He earned an Ed.M. in administration, planning and social policy analysis from Harvard University. He returned to Liberia in 1999, establishing an NGO that designed training programmes for educators. In 2006, he was named Deputy Minister for Planning, Research and Development for the Ministry of Education, where he had direct responsibility for planning and implementing a national education recovery programme. He is currently the Founder and Artistic Director of the Blamadon Center for the Arts.He is the executive director of the documentary film, No More Selection, We Want Elections (2005).

Deputy Minister of Technical Services Department of the Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism Hon. Rixck Barsigiah.

Members from the Liberian Movie Union

Sylvanus Mohamed Turay is a key figure in the establishment of the Liberian Movie industry, a founding member of the Liberian Movie Union (LIMU) and its first elected Executive President. He was appointed a member of the Copyright Board of Liberia by the President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, where he served for three years. As an independent film producer, director, editor, writer, and an award winning actor; he has produced films like: Tears of Marriage, Complex Decision 1&2, Guided Destiny 1&2, Home Again and 10 video documentaries for the UN and other Non Governmental Organisations.

Kadiatu Kaba has a BA in mass communications. She has served in various roles over the years including as a broadcaster for Ducor Broadcasting, a Public Relations Officer for Amnesty International, an Investigative Journalist for the election process. She is currently Vice President, Liberia Movie Union.

 

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Taking into consideration that I have not yet conducted an on the ground assessment on the state of the film industry and documentary filmmaking in Liberia, this assessment is based on correspondence with filmmakers there.

Liberia seems to share many attributes of Sierra Leone, they are neighboring countries, they have both been through a civil war that devastated lives, destroyed historical data and left countless stories untold. The film industry in both countries is very young and underdeveloped.

From this perspective, I would say the development of skills of filmmakers is crucial. There has to be some kind of investment in Media training. I would recommend critical support for a media school with a curriculum that not only deals with the technical understanding of production, but also deals with the creative side of production and the interrogation of content.

As in all the other West African countries I have visited, the broadcast industry in Liberia does not commission content, therefore Media training also needs to familiarize these filmmakers with the use and power of the internet as a platform for the promotion and exhibition of their work. They need to have a familiarity with promotion strategies using the social media channels so that they can aggregate an audience for their work and also potentially use these channels for distribution until better options evolve.

I would suggest as well that the government of Liberia be a partner in the establishment of this training structure and infrastructure – including assisting with making equipment available, another factor that is critical. However, the learning/training environment needs to be open enough for these young filmmakers to be able to express themselves.

The government also owns a major broadcast structure that could open its schedule to permit documentary filmmakers cost-free access to broadcast their works.

Funding for documentary filmmaking is necessary to nurture the growth of documentary filmmaking in Liberia. There are Non-governmental organisations on the ground in Liberia doing post-war rehabilitation work. My suggestion would be for funds to be administered through one of these NGOs until an alternative funding structure is implemented.

What really needs to be built immediately is the capacity of these vibrant filmmakers to emerge as strong, viable and creative voices in documentary.

— Femi Odugbemi

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Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa(Ghana)

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GHANA, THE COUNTRY

Ghana is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means “Warrior King” and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.

Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others.English is the country’s official language and predominates in government and business affairs.

Christianity is the country’s largest religion, and predominates in southern areas and parts of the northern regions, while Islam is more populous in parts of the northern regions.

Textiles are very important in Ghanaian culture. These cloths are used to make traditional and modern attire. Different symbols and different colors mean different things. Kente is probably the most famous of all the Ghanaian cloths.

Accra is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2,291,352 as of 2012. Accra is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is conterminous.

Accra is Ghana’s primary city, serving as the nation’s economic and administrative hub. It is furthermore a centre of culture and tourism, sporting a wide range of nightclubs, restaurants and hotels.

 

HISTORY OF FILMMAKING IN GHANA

FILM INDUSTRY

Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, in 1957 Ghana became the first country in colonial Africa to gain its independence.

HISTORY OF CINEMA FROM 1896-2000 

Film exhibition in Ghana started as a private business with the opening of the first cinema in Accra in 1925. Film production, however, started as a government activity which eventually led to the establishment of the Gold Coast film unit in 1948. That year also saw the establishment of a film school by the Colonial British Administration in Ghana, with three students from Nigeria, Messrs. A.A. Fajemesin, J.A.Otigba and Malam Yakuba Auna, and three from Ghana, Messrs. Sam Areetey, R.O. Fenuku AND Bob Okanta as the pioneers.

As film developed worldwide, film in Ghana also grew steadily and provided much support for government information campaigns during the colonial period.

With independence, the new government saw film not only as a tool for disseminating information, but also as a powerful communication instrument to be exploited for national integration, social and economic development and for the preservation and further enrichment of the cultural heritage of Ghana. This saw the opening of Ghana’s TV station in 1965.

To provide an institutional base for the development of film and its utilization for these purposes, the government in 1962 established the Ghana film industry corporation (GFIC). For the following 28 years, the GFI produced a considerable amount of films and undertook the distribution and exhibition of both local and foreign films. This growth was accompanied by equally impressive advances in all other sectors of the film industry.

The most remarkable growth has been in “video film” production where growth has been phenomenal over the past decade and where the private sector has played an outstanding leadership role. Much of this role can be attributed to the electronic revolution which has led to major technological changes in the film industry worldwide and has made it possible for filmmakers of varying degrees of experience to attempt production experimentation which would have been out of reach a decade ago.

The film industry lost a major anchor in 1996, when as part of the divestiture programme of the government, GFIC was sold to a private company which abandoned film production and converted the technical facilities into a television station.

Although the movie industries continue to grow and the number of local productions continues to rise, the industry is plagued with a number of issues which works against the achievement of quality in productions and economic viability in the industry.

Poor technical, artistic and ethical standards associated with most of the current generation of films made in Ghana are attributed to the inadequate training of film personnel, not only for Ghana, but other African countries. The inadequacy of facilities, staff and financial resources, however, do not allow the institute to expand its training programme sufficiently to address the vast training needs which have arisen from the growth of the industry.

While there are extensive and powerful international networks for the distribution of foreign films, no such facilities cater to African film productions. The absence of an effective film distribution system, both within and outside the country, has been a major constraint to the achievement of economic viability in the film industry. Locally produced films do not have adequate exhibition throughout the towns and villages in the country and the major local productions, which have sought markets in other African markets, have fared rather poorly.

Almost all films currently produced in Ghana are made on videotape. This is partly because of production costs and partly because of the lack of relevant equipment. 35mm or HD equipment and other items required for complex productions are expensive and are usually hired for productions and not purchased.

In recent times there has been some collaboration between Ghanaian and Nigerian crew and cast with a number of productions being turned out. Among these co-productions were WEB and LOST HOPE, which received nominations at the Ghana Film Awards. Though Ghana shares borders with Francophone neighbors, so far there have not been any co-production to hit the Ghanaian screen. This has been attributed to the lack of funding as well as to language issues. Ben Musa Imora of Ghana, vice-president of the Video and Film Producers Association of Ghana in West-Africa, spoke about a video-boom in his country. He said the effort of networking with other African countries to sell products was a cheaper way of making and marketing films. Many filmmakers use their own family members in films as actors to produce videos which are very popular in Ghana. The videos are shown in humble venues such as garages, churches and community halls.

 

THE FILM INDUSTRY IN GHANA

RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRIEF

Filmmaking in Ghana is concentrated mainly in the capital city Accra. The industry is a fast growing one based on the Nollywood model from Nigeria of straight- to-DVD video-based movies and entertainment. The industry there is called “Ghallywood” and there is a lot of activity in the non-fiction genre with a lot of Nigerian video filmmakers and producers also actively working in Accra. The distribution channel mirrors Nigeria as well. There are open market sales of DVD copies of films and very minimal defense against piracy and intellectual property theft. Corporate video production and advertising commercials for private businesses and companies are the staple source of income for filmmakers in the non-fiction sector of the industry. Non-fiction, fact-based, issue-driven documentaries are not numerous.

Filmmakers in Ghana need funding for productions, more training facilities especially dedicated to documentary filmmaking and government intervention into thebroadcasting of documentary on Government Television networks (without being charged exorbitant air ti me fees).

Professional Developmental Support

There is a semblance of structure in the Ghanaian film industry, though not as organised as in Nigeria. There is a video censorship board and there is a vibrant broadcasting landscape with The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) and the GTV — Ghana Television — which both broadcast throughout Ghana.

There has been a recent mention of funding from the government for filmmakers, called The National Media Fund, but filmmakers are skeptical of the availability of this fund as they say the criteria have not been made available. There is a government film school, National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) and documentary filmmaking is offered as a part of other courses, but there are no reputable private film institutions.

There are several film festivals in Ghana that are held yearly including the Environmental Film Festival Accra (EFFA), Real Life Documentary Film Festival and Festival of Films Africa (FOFA). Advocacy groups come in the form of the Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts (GAFTA) and other guilds.

Distribution and audience cultivation

Feature length movies can be found in DVD format and they are sold by street hawkers everywhere. Ghana has cinema houses, with the most popular being the Silverbird chain (Accra), and the other being The National Theatre. Audience cultivation is through TV and radio adverts, billboards, posters, Blackberry phones and the internet. Documentary films do not have a DVD market, they are primarily distributed via the internet (Facebook, YouTube, My Space) and film festivals.

Structure and Focus of Funding

Funding, as suggested by filmmakers on the ground, should be focused on training, the skill development of filmmakers, especially in the area of documentary filmmaking, acquiring equipment and the availability of funds for the production of documentaries.

The general consensus of filmmakers is that funding should be structured in such a way as to avoid going through government, preferably by a private organisation or NGO. Eligibility for funds should be based on the previous works and track record of a filmmaker, a committee should handle any issues that may arise.

 

QUALITATIVE STUDY

REGULATORY BODIES/POLICIES FOR MEDIA
NATIONAL MEDIA COMMISSION ACT 1993

The National Media Commission Act 1993 (Act No. 449) establishes the National Media Commission (NMC) provided for in the 1992 Constitution Act. The functions of the National Media Commission, which are set out both in Article 166 of the Constitution and in the NMC Act, include “to promote and ensure the freedom and independence of the media for mass communication or information”, and “to take all appropriate measures to ensure the establishment and maintenance of the highest journalistic standards in the mass media, including the investigation, mediation and settlement of complaints made against or by the press or other mass media”. The Constitution, and the NMC Act, provides for the NMC “to make regulations by Constitutional instrument for the registration of newspapers and other publications, except in terms of any direction and control over the professional functions of a person engaged in the production of newspapers or other means of mass communication”. It makes no specific provision for the making of regulations for broadcasting although this may be inferred from the general functions set out in Article 166 of the Constitution. At the time of the establishment of the NMC there were no independent broadcast media. The Constitution provides for NMC to be composed of eighteen commissioners. Of these, thirteen are nominated from named constituencies (Ghana Journalists Associates nominates two, two are appointed directly by the President and three are nominated by Parliament).

NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY ACT 1996

The National Communications Authority Act 1996 (Act No. 524) is established “to regulate communications by wire, cable, radio, television, satellite and similar means of technology for the orderly development and operation of efficient communications services in Ghana and to provide for related purposes”. In the absence of any other provision for broadcasting service authorisation this Act has been used to regulate the establishment of broadcasting services. The Act establishes the National Communications Authority which replaces the previous Ghana Frequency Registration and Control Board. The objectives of the NCA, set out in Section 2 of the NCA Act, include “to ensure that throughout the country, as far as practicable, there are such communication services as are reasonably necessary to satisfy demand for the services”, and “to ensure that communications system operators achieve the highest level of efficiency in the provision of communication services and are responsive to customer and community needs”. Communications services and communication systems are very broadly defined to include wired and wireless transmission and the conveyance of sounds, visual images and data.

The NCA Act provides for the Board of the NCA to be appointed by the President and to consist of a Chairman, the Director General, one representative of the National Security Council and four other persons “with knowledge in matters relevant to the functions of the Authority”.

No legislation exists specifically to regulate or guide broadcasting content. A document titled Broadcasting Standards, which gives a guide on programme content and advertising, prepared by the National Media Commission in close consultation with the broadcasters is not legally binding. The Ghana Journalist Association has a Code of Ethics which it provides for its members including those in broadcasting.

 

GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION (GBC)

Source: http://gbcghana.com 

A BRIEF HISTORY ON GHANA BROADCASTING CORPORATION (GBC)

The national broadcasting service commenced in 1935 as a radio relay service under the name Radio ZOY, later Gold Coast Broadcasting Service. Through telegraphic connections and local relay transmitters it sought to provide a single national radio service covering the whole of Ghana. With independence, the national broadcaster was renamed Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC).

Television was introduced later by GBC in 1965. Today GBC wholly owns controls and operates three national radio services, ten regional radio services, and the national television channel, GTV. The national radio services consist of two short wave services, Radio 1 and Radio 2 (at the time of the study only Radio 1 was operational) plus Accra-based, Uniiq FM, which covers a large part of the country with a primarily English language service.

Radio 1 broadcasts in six languages — Akan, Ga, Ewe, Nzema, Dagbani, and Hausa. The regional radio services cover each of the administrative regions. They have their own programmes and an emphasis on local languages but all carry GBC national news.

The present mandate for GBC is derived from the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation Decree 1968. It includes broadcasting programmes in the field of culture, education, information and entertainment, to reflect national progress and aspirations, and to broadcast in the main Ghanaian languages and in English.

GBC held a broadcasting monopoly until 1994 and is still a dominant force in radio and television broadcasting. When the National Communications Authority was established GBC was obliged to relinquish part of its control over the broadcast radio and television spectrum. However, GBC retained control over other frequencies which have been used later for expansion or to assist the establishment of commercial broadcasting services. In addition to the services that it wholly owns and operates, GBC holds 50 per cent of the shares and appoints the Chair of the Board of Metro TV, the first commercial television service. It also has minority shareholdings in the Multimedia Broadcasting Company which owns two local commercial radio services — Joy FM (Accra) and Adom FM (Tema). In practical terms though, GBC plays no role in the operations of the private companies in which it has shares and is yet to receive any income from them.

Funding for GBC is partly provided through direct government support for salaries and partly internally generated through commercial activities. Internally Generated Funding (IGF) accounts for around 50 per cent of the total revenues of GBC. IGF is generated through adverts and from selling airtime to private production companies. In 2004 the annual government support was 42billion Cedi (about US $4.5million), which contributed towards the costs of a staff base of around 1500 employees.

This government funding is negotiated annually with the Ministry of Finance and Planning and administered through the Ministry of Information.

Although there is a license fee collectable from all television viewers, it has not increased for many years and is set at just 3,000 Cedi per year (US $0.30). As a result of inflation, the television license fee is now worth less than the costs of collection.

GHANA TELEVISION (GTV)

GTV (Ghana Television) is the national public broadcaster of Ghana, run by the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. It commenced operations on July 31, 1965 and was originally known as GBC TV.

GTV broadcasts mainly local programming, with over 80% of the schedule consisting of original productions. Although its main production studio is located in Accra, capital city of Ghana, it has affiliations nationwide and covers 98% of the airwaves in Ghana, making it the most powerful mode of advertisement in Ghana. Although GTV is largely funded by the Ghanaian government, it also collects annual fees from viewers (defined as every Ghanaian who owns a TV and has an erected antenna, regardless of whether they watch GTV or not).

FILM EDUCATION IN GHANA

GOVERNMENT FILM SCHOOL
NATIONAL FILM AND TELEVISION INSTITUTE (NAFTI)
A brief History of the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI)

An agreement concluded in 1965 between the Government of Ghana and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation of West Germany for the establishment of a joint film project in Ghana laid the foundation for NAFTI.

In January 1975, the then Commissioner for information submitted proposals to the Government on the establishment of a Film Television Institute in Ghana. The government approved this principle. This in turn empowered the Ministry of Information to make a formal application through the external aid division of the then ministry of Economic Planning to UNESCO for assistance.

In May 1975, UNESCO sent its Regional Communications Advisor for Africa to discuss the matter with the Ghanaian authorities. It was evident that they wanted to help. Following up on this, the government of Ghana sent a delegation abroad to inspect film and television institutes in Britain.

As a result of the report submitted, a new partnership agreement was concluded between Friedrich Ebert Foundation and the Government of Ghana for the establishment of the Centre For Educational Feature Film.

The National Film and Television Institute was established by SMC Decree (SMCD.151) and published in the Government Gazette of 17 February 1987.

Today NAFTI has been influential in shaping the film and television industry in Ghana and Africa. In 2002 NAFTI established the African Cinema Research and Documentation Centre (ACREDOC) to work towards a language of film and television that will contribute to notions of socio-cultural development by researching and documenting indigenous African story telling for the screen and research purposes.

Mrs. Vincentia Akwetey, Dean of Studies, says NAFTI accepted 60 students for this academic year and all directing students (both TV and film) study documentary filmmaking. Officially only one or two students graduate as a documentary filmmaker. The school festival partners include: The Real Life Documentary Film Festival, The Environmental Film Festival and Animation Africa.

NAFTI hosts the African Student Film and Television Festival (ANIWA) every other year. Participants include film and television students in Africa and African students from the Diaspora.

 

COURSES OFFERED AT NAFTI

BACHELOR OF FINE ARTS
FILM DIRECTING/TELEVISION PRODUCTION

The directing course integrates theoretical elements, which culminate in the students writing and directing their own works in the form of short films, television drama, magazines and documentaries.

MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY

The department uses digital video cameras such as D9, Mini DV and HD as well as a Television studio equipped with a lighting system for film and television production to train students in the art of modern photography.

FILM SOUND PRODUCTIONS

Students are trained with state-of-the-art sound equipment which makes it feasible for students to creatively record, process, mix and edit sound for film and television.

EDITING

Editing students are trained in the art and technique of post–production. They are trained to work with modern professional editing software such as Adobe Premier, Pro, Avid and Final Cut Pro series in digital technology (non–linear).

DESIGN

Animation. Students in this section have access to a rostrum for stop motion with digital video camera, studios with facilities for painting/drawing and light boxes, and laboratories with workstations running 2D and 3D animation software.

ART DIRECTION

This section offers training that provides graduates with employment opportunities as versatile artists and influential operators in the fields of scenography, costume and make up design in film and television.

OTHER PROGRAMMES / SHORT COURSES
NAFTI CERTIFICATE IN FILM & TELEVISION PRODUCTION
PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

The general course in FILM/TV provides an opportunity to prepare students in basic and relevant areas in film and TV production. The programme provides the introduction to the intellectual and technical expertise needed to gain a foothold in the film and TV industry.

Yearly intake at the institute startedat 30 students a year. The academic year 2010/2011 numbers increased to 46 and in the year 2011/2012 it went up to 60 students.

Documentary film making started as a specialization course at NAFTI in 2001, so the first batch of documentary filmmakers came out in the 2003-2004 academic year.

All Directing students (both TV and film) study documentary at level 300 before they decide whether to opt for fiction or documentary in the second semester. As such, most graduates end up making documentary films for survival since the feature film is more capital intensive.

Officially one or two students graduate from documentary filmmaking annually but all directing students and students from other areas of specialization engage in documentary filmmaking.

Festival partners of NAFTI include:
  • Real Life Documentary Film Festival
  • Environmental Film Festival of Accra
  • Animation Festival by Animation Africa

 

FILM SCHOOLS IN GHANA

ANIMATION AFRICA

Animation Africa is an animation production and consultancy based in Ghana, West Africa. Over the last three years animation Africa has trained, produced and provided consultancy services to schools and institutions in the West Africa sub region. They are committed to the development of the animation industry in the region by building capacities, and exploring folklore and music for archiving and as ingredients for the production of animation films.

Animation Africa works in 2d animation, 3d models and objects design, web development, graphics, Flash Animation, Website Designing and post-production.

Source: http://www.animationafrica.org

Research, answered questionnaires and a personal visit to the country indicates there are no standard private film schools in Ghana.

 

AUDIO VISUAL/DOCUMENTARY ARCHIVES

The Ghana Broadcasting Corporation lost a considerable amount (25 years) of its audiovisual material when a fire broke out in its audiovisual library in 1989. The state of these archives however is unknown, but all individuals interviewed believe that they may not be well kept.

Video and sound archives may be found at The Ministry of Information of Ghana, The Information Services Department.

Website of The Ministry of information: http://www. ghana.gov.gh.

 

GOVERNMENT REGULATORY BODIES FOR FILM IN GHANA

There are several mentions of the Ghana Cinematograph Board of Control in media publications about the film industry in Ghana.

However, filmmakers on the ground say that to their knowledge there is no Government regulatory body for film in Ghana.

PUBLICATIONS OF ACTIVITIES OF THE GHANA CINEMATOGRAPH BOARD OF CONTROL
CINEMATOGRAPH BOARD TO DEAL WITH PORNOGRAPHIC FILMS IN GHANA

Monday, 21 June 2010

Mr. John Tia Akologu, Minister of Information on Friday inaugurated a 25-member Cinematograph Exhibition Board of Control and charged it to look out particularly for, and deal with, pornographic, violent and culturally unacceptable films in the country.

The old Board was dissolved owing to the public outcry about its inability to avert objectionable material being shown on the television, public cinema and video theatres even though Act 76 of the Cinematograph Act of 1961 authorized it to censor films.

Mr. Akologu said the new Board “will constitute a preview and classification committee, and until the passage into law, the development and classification of a Film Bill to provide the machinery to deal with the production, previewing, distribution and marketing of films”.

He called on producers of audio-visual materials and television companies to produce films that were sensitive to the concerns of the Ghanaian public. “I wish to urge the industry practitioners to produce educational and positive films instead of films full of violence, pornography and other offensive sounds and images that are harmful to our minds, especially the fragile minds of our children”, he said.

Mr. Augustine Abbey, President of the Film Producers Association of Ghana and member of the new Board, on behalf of his colleagues, expressed the Board’s commitment to partner with government to bring sanity to the film industry through strict censorship. “I also hope that by the censorship, the move would not send creativity to exile”, he said.

Source: http://www.gbooza.com/group/nollywood/forum/ topics/cinematograph-board-to-deal#axzz28vX0xSTw

 

FUNDING FOR FILMMAKERS IN GHANA

There is no governmental or NGO funding available for filmmakers, including documentary  filmmakers, in Ghana.

 

ADVOCACY GROUPS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

There has been mention of

  • The Film Association of Ghana (FIPAG) and
  • The Ghanaian Film and Television Academy (GAFTA)
  • Ghana Movie Makers Association (GMMA)
FILM PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION OF GHANA (FIPAG)

FIPAG does not appear to have an established website, but mentioned is made in the media relatively frequently. FIPAG held long-awaited elections in August 2013 and has been going through major changes, according to reports:

PUBLICATIONS OF FIPAG IN THE MEDIA
FIPAG LAYS DOWN STRINGENT MEASURES TO IMPROVE FILM PRODUCTION IN GHANA

The newly elected executives of the film producers association of Ghana (FIPAG) led by Steve Asare Hackman is perhaps on the verge of revolutionizing the Ghanaian Film industry as after series of meetings and discussions with other stakeholders of the industry just some few weeks into office have outlined stringent policies to regulate the industry which has been left asunder for a while.

Starting November 1st, 2013, the new directive requires producers with the intention of shooting movies in Ghana to first furnish the FIPAG office; either in Kumasi (for those in the northern sector) or Accra (for those in the southern sector) with information concerning the production.

Refusal to do this according to the directive will lead to a halt in the production, until procedure has being followed and a penalty paid.

Read other directives per their meetings.

DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING:

New prices from producer to distributor, marketer and to retailers have being agreed on. Howbeit, this will not affect the final consumer price for now. Even though prices of commodities in the country have gone up over the years, prices of local movies have remained the same. We are not increasing the consumer price of the movies yet, but it is something still under consideration.

ACCREDITED DISTRIBUTORS:

Very soon names of accredited distributors of our movies would be communicated to all producers. It is advised that any producer due to release his/her movie, would use these accredited distributors only, in their best interest.

Any producer who is not registered with FIPAG, and desire to release his/her movie through our marketing channels, would be required to pay some amount of money before the movie would be given the green light.

This also applies to all foreign or non-Ghanaian owned movies, who intend to sell their movies through our market channels.

MOVIE RELEASING SCHEDULE:

Movies are released every week onto the market. This has proven to be very challenging for the producers. In this light, it has been agreed that movies, from November 4th, movies would be released every two.

This means that movies would be released only two (2) times in a month instead of the current four (4) times.

RELEVANCE:

This has become necessary to give the movies some extra time to sell before new ones are brought into the market.

MOVIE SCREENING ON TV:

It is being agreed and hereby directed that from November, this year, when these directives take full effect, no movie less than TWO (2) YEARS old should be given to any television station for broadcasting.

Any producer who violates this directive would be severely sanctioned by the FIPAG.

OIL MARKET:

It has being observed that the ‘oil market’ is one of the dangerous evils in the film industry. Some producers shoot anything at all, called movie, with the aim of selling them on the oil market. This has become a very dangerous practice since it has been one of the reasons why there are lots of poor standard productions on our market.

It is now being directed that a movie would have to be ONE (1) YEAR old before being admitted onto the oil market.

It is also being directed by the stakeholders, that the “oil price” to the final consumer should be the same as the price before the movie went on “oil market”; five (5) Ghana cedis for the two part disc.

MIGRATION FROM VCD TO DVD:

It has being agreed by the stakeholders, that starting February 2014, Ghanaian movies would be released straight on DVDs and not VCD.

All producers who would be releasing their movies from February next year, would have to do so in DVD format and not VCD.

This has become necessary because the equipment used in productions these days are of high quality, giving quality pictures but when converted to a lower format like the VCD, the quality of the pictures drop drastically, making nonsense of the usage of the quality equipment.

We believe that migrating to DVD would ensure that picture quality of our movies is improved, to compliment the expensive and quality equipments being used in productions today.

PIRACY:

Piracy is seen as dangerous evil of our trade. In this light we have decided to tackle the issues with all resources available to us and in collaboration with the law enforcement agencies of Ghana.

Undercover and secret informers and whistle blowers have being set up in various parts of the country to help us arrest pirates of our works.

Currently many pirates have been arrested and arranged before the courts of law in various parts of the country. This process will be going on until we finally win the battle over pirates.

SANCTIONS:

The leaders of the various stakeholders are very much aware of the fact that there will be members or non- members who might want to test or go contrary to these directives.

In that respect, various sanctions and punishments have being put in place to make sure that these directives are obeyed and respected by all film makers to help bring sanity and improvement in the industry.

.Source: http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=289340

GHANA ACADEMY OF FILM AND TELEVISION ARTS (GAFTA)
Brief History on GAFTA

The Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts (GAFTA) was established in 2001 as a collective entity of professional filmmakers comprised of the various guilds within the Ghanaian motion picture industry. They are: the Director’s Guild of Ghana (DGG), The Screen Writers Guild of Ghana (SWGG), The Screen Editors Guild of Ghana (SEGG), The Producers Guild of Ghana (PPG), Cinematographers Guild of Ghana (CGG), Motion Picture Sound Guild of Ghana (MPSGG), Art Directors Guild of Ghana (ADGG), Animators Guild of Ghana (AGG), Film and Television Production Facilitators Guild of Ghana (FTPFGG) as well as other affiliate bodies.

In furtherance of its professional objective towards the advancement of excellence in the Ghanaian motion picture industry, the Academy, in partnership with other renowned local and international fine arts institutions such as the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS – United States), Pan-African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) and FESPACO, the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI), engages in the organisation of workshops and festivals, seminars, and conferences, as well as motion picture research. GAFTA also provides fellowships, scholarships and bursaries for its deserving members.

As the mother body of its constituent Guilds and Associations representing the various facets of the Ghanaian motion picture industry, it seeks to encourage a high level of discipline and professional ethics through the strengthening of its various cinematic branches. Moreover, the academy, in collaboration with the sector ministry, has been working assiduously towards the creation of a viable Ghanaian Film and Television industry as well as best practices in the world of cinema.

The main goals of GAFTA are:
  • To promote and maintain high standards in film and TV arts;
  • To maintain discipline and a code of ethics;
  • To promote research and training;
  • To maintain a library and archive;
  • To award fellowships, scholarships and others;
  • Above all, to seek to protect the interest of member
GHANA MOVIE MAKERS ASSOCIATION

Not much is known about this organization but it does have a Facebook page established in 2011: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ghana-Movie-Makers- Association-GMMA/242129915808839

FILM FESTIVALS IN GHANA

ENVIRONMENTAL FILM FESTIVAL OF ACCRA (EFFA)
About Environmental Film Festival of Accra

The Environmental Film Festival of Accra (EFFA) is a registered non-profit organisation in Ghana that was founded to raise awareness of environmental issues through film. Thanks to the partnership with Creative Storm, a leading Ghanaian digital production house and marketing firm, the festival has grown from a small event for film enthusiasts into Accra’s environmental educational event of the year. The main goal of the festival is to challenge and broaden the audience’s perception and understanding of the social and environmental problems faced in Ghana and abroad. For the past four years, EFFA has carefully screened selected international award-winning films that have the power to change the way we think about our environment.

This film festival is unique. It is the first of its kind in Africa. While there are other wonderful film festivals on the continent, none have dedicated their efforts to bringing attention to important social and environmental issues touching the lives of people around the world, not least in Africa itself. The film festival has elicited excitement from filmmakers as well as potential donors because it offers such a positive way to strengthen an understanding of environmental issues while enriching the cultural scene.

EFFA has been made possible through the active collaboration of Accra’s cultural venues including: The Goethe-Institut, the British Council, Alliance Francaise, and Busy Internet, as well as the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI). These institutes have supported the festival in lending screening facilities and technical support as well as promoting the importance of the festival.

The broad mission of EFFA is to bring films to Ghana that raise awareness about environmental problems both locally and around the world, while also pointing the way to a new paradigm for healthy and sustainable development for all. Yhey have selected films about environmental issues in developed and developing countries, globalization and social justice issues. Styles range from animation to drama and from personal essay to investigative documentary. There are programmes suitable for all ages from kindergarten age through to adult.

The organisers are Claudea D’andrea, PH.D. (Festival founder & co-director), Kwesi Owusu, Ph.D. (festival co-director), Mildred Samuel, FCCA MBA (festival coordinator), and Creative Storm (leading communicators for social development in Ghana).

www.effaccra.org

 

EFFA 2013 REPORT
REPORT – 9TH ENVIRONMENTAL FILM FESTIVAL OF ACCRA AND 3RD STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT FORUM
SUMMARY

Once again, it is our pleasure to bring you a report on the ninth edition of the annual international Environmental Film Festival of Accra held from 28 June to 5 July, 2013. EFFA received funding for various component of this Festival including – Young Film Makers’ Workshop, the Children’s Daytime Screening component of the project; the Open Air Screening at Kwame Nkrumah Circle on Saturday 29 June with the innovative Free Malaria Test for public; and the 3rd State of the Environment Forum.

The mix of funding and other support from our sponsors and donors for various aspects of the festival resulted in another successful edition of EFFA. Over 300 people including Director of the Environmental Protection Agency, Mr. Ebenezer Ampah-Sampong, representative of the EU, Mr. Herve Delsol, Programme Officer at the Delegation, Officials from the French Embassy in Ghana, the Australian High Commission to Ghana, and other members of the diplomatic community, corporates, journalists and several school children gathered at KAMA Conference Centre, Osu for the festival launch with its focus on Environment and Health.

The week-long festival of film on the environment and State of the Environment Forum are organised annually to raise awareness on the relationship between the environment and sustainable development. The 9th Edition brought to the public, films from around the world including Australia, Denmark, Japan, Germany and Ghana with screenings at the Goethe Institute, British Council, Trashy Bags, and Alliance Française for schools and the general public. Participants, including people watched the films during the Festival period were well over 10,000.

The Festival critically engaged audiences and participants through its different components including Film Festival, Young Film Makers’ Workshop, and the State of the Environment. The Film Festival presented audiences with a variety of environmental films from the international community as well as films produced from Ghana and the Young Film Makers’ Workshop. The films from Young Film Makers’ Workshop told stories of the environment with hilarious accuracy to explain the relationship between the environment and health. The audience response was keen and reflected the emotive impact of the films produced by the school children. The quality of the films and depth of stories also showed continuous progress from previous festivals. On the other hand, films from the international community brought the audience face- to-face with the dire consequences of environmental degradation and neglect through real life challenges faced by communities of people as varied as the people of the Aral Sea Basin – Kazakhstan; the threats of degradation faced by the Islands of Tuvalu; and the e-waste menace facing the Korle Lagoon communities of Accra, Ghana among others.

A new addition to the festival this year was the Free Malaria Testing for the public during the Open-air screening at the Kwame Nkrumah Circle with support from the National Malaria Control Programme. EFFA intends to make malaria screenings a permanent feature of the festival towards eradication of this environmental disease among others.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We are pleased to report on the eight edition of the annual international Environmental Film Festival of Accra held from 08 to 15 June 2012. Over 600 people including several school children gathered at British Council for the launch with its focus on water. The engaging image of two children at a water pump and other symbolic images of Ghana’s quest for safe and affordable water on the festival’s publicity materials attracted much public attention and got a lot of people talking about how we manage this critical resource and the environmental challenges facing us. The media response was keen and consistent with the steady progress of the festival over the last seven years ago. This year, we were pleased to receive the support of our longstanding partners, Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Wienco Ghana Ltd, Royal Danish Embassy, French Embassy in Ghana, Third World Network, Australian High Commission, Canadian High Commission, European Union, UNICEF, Nestle Ghana, Yara Ghana, Zoomlion, British Council, Goethe-Institut and Alliance Francaise. We also welcomed African Women’s Development Fund.

THE ENVIRONMENT CHANNEL

The second 15 part series of the Environment Channel Television series was completed in the course of the year and is now ready for broadcast on Ghana Television. A by-product of EFFA, this project, with its potential to embrace mass audiences across the country was produced with support from Wienco Ghana Ltd, Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology and Third World Network. We also produced a documentary on innovative solutions to sanitation challenges as part of our collaboration with the French Embassy in Ghana. These kinds of collaborations have broadened the scope of EFFA and expanded its role as public educator of the environment.

THE ENVIRONMENT FORUM

The second edition of the State of the Environment Forum took place on Tuesday, 12 June 2012 at British Council, bringing together 200 participants from across Ghana to deliberate and report on progress towards environmental sustainability in Ghana. The forum was supported by the European Union (through the National Authorising Officer for the EDF in Ghana, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning), Third World Network, African Women’s Development Fund (AWDF) and Royal Danish Embassy. This year, the issues that inform the role of women in the environment were also highlighted in all the plenary sessions. AWDF supported us to bring more women participants and presenters to the forum. This enriched the sessions and turned out to be a much welcomed initiative. Presentations were made in three thematic areas: Climate Change, Degraded Environment & Flooding, Water and Sanitation and Natural Resources. These were followed by small group discussions and plenaries. The Forum was opened by a speech from Ms. Sherry Ayitey, Minister of the Environment, Science and Technology, read on her behalf by Mr. Samuel Anku, Director at the Environmental Protection Agency. Presentations were also made by Ms Theo Sowa, Chief Executive Officer, AWDF and Mr Bart Missinne, First Secretary, European Commission.

In all, the discussions were spirited and engaging as civil society organizations, NGOs, and corporate representatives interacted with government officials, policy makers and leading development agencies on environmental issues. Most participants suggested that the Environment Forum be made a permanent feature of the annual festival.

THE FILM PROGRAMME

This year’s festival brought over forty films on environmental and social issues to Accra’s popular cultural venues. As in previous years, the programme included award winning films from Ghana and from around the world – films that challenge us to broaden our perceptions and understanding about the environment around us. The 2012 selection included the internationally acclaimed film about Climate Change, A Thirsty World (La Soif du Monde), The Light Bulb Conspiracy, the Spanish film questioning unlimited global consumption and Up in Smoke, about the causes of deforestation and global warming.

The programme also included The 4th Revolution: Energy Autonomy, exploring technologies that will take us away from reliance on fossil fuels towards clean, renewable energy, Llueve (It Rains), a beautifully shot drama exploring environmental choices, Turning the Tide 2, exploring new trends in Ghana’s sanitation and waste management, Pfad, Vorgaten Kollaps, the critically acclaimed German film about the crucial next steps in an eco-friendly future. There were equally fascinating films about the impact of global warming, food security, pollution, on wildlife, energy conservation, fishing and electronic waste.

An innovation this year related to the Young Film Makers Workshop component of the festival. Six school children were given mobile phones with cameras to create a video report on various environmental issues. A series of one minute films were produced by the participants on:

  • Noise pollution in markets, churches and public spaces
  • Water wastage within urban areas
  • Garbage pollution
  • Health and environment etc

The Young Film Makers Workshop component has over the years been supported by UNICEF, Environmental Protection Agency and Zoom Lion. As in prior years, these short films turned out to be the festival’s favorites.

At the festival launch and schools screenings, the young ‘film stars’ spoke candidly about the wonderful experience the festival afforded them to allow their voices to be heard. They selected films of interest to them; that affected their daily lives at home, in schools and in their communities. After the film was premiered, the participants received enthusiastic applause from the audience for their refreshing films on Ghana’s environmental challenges.

http://www.effaccra.org/index.php/component/content/ article/2-uncategorised/293-sample-content

ANIMAFRIK

ANIMAFRIK is an animation festival dedicated to African and Caribbean animation and designed to promote its Art and animation. The festival projects films by African and Caribbean Animators on the continent and in the Diaspora. The festival has screening sessions, workshops and conferences.

WORKSHOP

The objective of the workshop is to bring to the festival practicing animators or instructors in academia who will direct and share their experience to help build capacities and raise awareness of the art of animation.

www.animationafrica.org

ACCRA INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL

This new festival on the scene in Accra “aims to inspire, educate, and entertain through an annual celebration of screening motion pictures, and also community outreach.”

www.aiff-ghana.com

INTERVIEWS OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

SELECTED BASED ON THE RELEVANCE OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION TRAIN IN THE INDUSTRY

Mr. Jim Awindor is a senior Lecturer at NAFTI, a Professor, and also a well respected documentary filmmaker in Ghana. He trained at Ghana’s National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI), where he majored in film directing and then furthered his studies at Columbia College Chicago for his MFA in documentary filmmaking. Awindor makes socially critical and ethnographic films, several of which have won awards. They include: Alokodongo, Biogas, Slidding Bongo (youth sexuality and Aids), Condemned (a film about the effects of surface mining) and Bayaa (an ethnographic film on the ancient burial system of the Grun). Mr. Awindor currently has two films in progress – Rasta and the Weed and Plastic Blues.

Sitsofe Akoto is a first class degree holder in BA (Fine Art) from the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) majoring in Film Directing. She is the General Manager and Head of Productions of Eagle Productions. She has over five years experience in the Film Industry. Her 5 years of experience in the industry has seen her direct and produce some major programmes for the company such as Secrets, OO Baby, Changing Places and Entertainment Today as well as directing and producing adverts for major clients such as Zenith University College, Sanyo Ghana Limited and Speed Ghana. She is also a co-writer for the series Secrets and also writes for a new column in the Entertainment Today Magazine, “The Film Review”.

 

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN THE INDUSTRY

Filmmaking is mainly concentrated in the capital city of Ghana, Accra. The Ghallywood industry is a fast growing one and there is a thriving market for home made feature length films (DVD).

Documentary filmmaking is a craft that is more commonly found among new graduates or students working on a film project. Most established filmmakers do documentaries, but preferably the industrial type, wherein money is paid up front. Real life documentaries hardly make it to the DVD market.

A rough estimate given by filmmaker Jim Awindor is that about 800 films are produced every year and of that amount, only 6 will be documentaries.

There are no established grants for filmmakers from the Government of Ghana or from private organisations. The government does have a film school — The National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI), and they do offer documentary filmmaking as a course. There are no standard private films schools that teach documentary filmmaking in Ghana.

In terms of cinemas, there is the Silverbird Cinema and the National Theatre in Accra, Ghana.

The National Theatre was established by the National Theatre Law, PNDCL 259, 1992 and was officially inaugurated on December 30, 1992. It houses a three tier entrance hall and a three tier 1492 seater.

The Silverbird cinema has about 4 halls and each of these halls seat 50 people.

A DVD costs about 5 cedes which is equivalent to $2.50 dollars and it will cost you $10.25 to catch a movie at the cinema.

DVDs are found almost everywhere in Ghana. They are distributed by hawkers selling them on the highway and in local DVD markets.

Ghana has a government television station Ghana Television Station (GTV). As in Nigeria, the most common and effective method of audience cultivation is the television. The government station does not commission works/documentaries. Filmmakers have to pay for their work to be aired.

Documentary filmmakers have to revert to the internet to showcase their work on sites like Facebook, My Space and YouTube and film festivals as it is very expensive to buy air time on television.

A semblance of audio-visual archives can be found at the Ministry of Information, the Information Services Department.

Several advocacy groups for filmmakers were high- lighted including:

  • Producers Association of Ghana
  • Actors Guild of Ghana
  • Ghana Association of Film and Television Academy

Jim Awindor is also a member of the advocacy group GAFTA. They have been in existence for 11 years and were established in 2001 as a collective entity of professional filmmakers comprised of the various guilds within the Ghanaian motion picture industry. GAFTA is fighting for the passage of the film development and classification bill currently at Parliament.

 

INTERVIEW OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY

INTERVIEW WITH JIM FARA AWINDOR SENIOR LECTURER, NATIONAL FILM AND TELEVISION INSTITUTE (NAFTI)
FO: A brief biography of yourself that will cover name, nationality, school, what you do, your function as a filmmaker, some of your films, your function as a film lecturer and Professor. The work you have done…just a little bit about your self.

JFA: My name is Jim Fara Awindor, a Ghanaian.

Right after High School I worked briefly at the Social Security and National Insurance Trust dealing with people’s pensions before going to film school (NAFTI). Before that, I knew I would be going to film school.Working was just a transitional phase for me.

I came to NAFTI, the National Film and Television Institute in Ghana. It was a three year diploma programme and after that I did s a little TA’ing (teaching assistant), because NAFTI for what it was then didn’t have enough tutors and it was difficult recruiting from outside because there were no film teachers in Ghana.

We were mainly engaged to help out so that we could be groomed to be teachers in the school. So that’s how come most of my colleagues and I stayed to teach.

FO: When was this?

JFA: That was in 1991. There were about four or so of us that were teaching there just from my batch, because at that time the intake was so little, our batch was just eleven and then you would have foreign students as well. You could just realise that we were kind of handpicked to stay. Yes, but it was also because we had the passion to teach and to impart knowledge — that’s why we stayed. So, from there, within the process we just grew with the school and then we started doing other courses — going for workshops here and there to improve on ourselves. You know how difficult it is to do your postgraduate studies in film in our kind of environment. It took us a long time before we got the opportunity to go outside to do formal postgraduate studies.

Two of us had Fulbright Scholarships to study in the United States and then one other student at the school got a government scholarship to study in the UK.

We had our MFAs (Master of Fine Arts) and came back and that was actually when we started documentary filmmaking in NAFTI as a specialisation programme. Before then it was taught like another way of making a film. If you don’t do fiction, you can do non-fiction, but it was not a specialised course. You didn’t come out as a documentary filmmaker — it was merely fiction — narrative stories you know, and that’s it.

When I went to the states, I went to Columbia College and I specifically wanted to do documentary filmmaking, so I studied documentary filmmaking for three years and I was lucky to have people like Michael Rabiger teaching us. They were good mentors to us and we came back and decided that we could start a documentary course at NAFTI. We could make it into a specialised course because we thought that Africa actually had a lot of stories to tell and they can best be told in a documentary film. That was how I felt.

Documentary filmmaking actually started as a specialisation course at NAFTI in 2001. The first batch of documentary filmmakers came out in the 2003-2004 academic year. That’s when we started getting people specialising in documentary filmmaking.

FO: How many documentary filmmakers would you say you have graduated?

JFA: They are few, because you see there is this thing about people wanting to be fiction directors… I don’t know the reason, but when they come to film school and you ask them… introducing them to documentary filmmaking and all that is kind of fascinating the first year, but when you start going into the real issues of documentary filmmaking it kind of scares them. It sounds so difficult for them to grasp.

You start talking about representation, about the ethics, you know, the philosophy of it. It becomes too much for them, so they kind of say this thing is too difficult and so in the third year they kind of opt out. You will probably find just one or two students wanting to do documentary out of about ten directors. I cannot tell you the exact numbers that have left but, roughly there are about fourteen since 2001.

FO: What is the speculative number of filmmakers that have completed their studies in the same time? Just so I can compare to those who are doing documentary? How many students has NAFTI graduated, for instance, in the same period of time?

JFA: I If you have roughly eight directors in every year for the last 11 years, that will give you 88 directors.

Out of these 88 you will have about 14 who are documentary filmmakers, which includes even those who specialise in TV directing. What we do is train them as directors, but we have some that specialise in TV.

FO: So those too may end up doing some documentary? You also combined being a college professor with being a filmmaker, so talk to me about your career as a filmmaker.

JFA: You know you have to get your act together when you are a filmmaker, you don’t just sit down and say you are a professor or a lecturer and that’s all that you do. If you don’t practice, you will dry out. So once in awhile either you get a project from the school to do or you initiate your own, or you work for a client.

Working for a client is not what we will call a documentary. As I have said before, they are mainly corporate films, and you want to do something for Electricity Corporation because people are not paying their bills, or for some NGO. We engage ourselves in that sort of thing.

I have a company that I own with my wife. She is the Executive Producer and she runs the company but we are in partnership. She also finished NAFTI and majored in editing. Then we went into a lot of television production.

I have directed a lot of television production rather than documentary films, because we ran a programme on GhanaTV for 10 years continuously that was called Greetings from Abroad. The programme profiled many Ghanaians living abroad to find out what they were doing, whether they were doing well or not doing well. If they were doing well we encouraged them to come and invest. We did that for 10 years and then we created a sequel to it for another year called Back Home Again. It features those who have come back to settle and have started their businesses. We wanted to find out how they were coping, integrating and all that.

We got the telephone companies to sponsor the programme and we are kind of ok with that. The fiction part is so difficult because raising money is not easy to do. However, with documentaries, with the little that you have, you can do something.

We have done some documentaries on surface mining. I think I even showed it at the Real Life Festival before. I have other works in progress, actually three projects I have not completely finished and I have finished shooting two but have not edited them. One is on the Rasta movement in Ghana, the other one is about plastics, jwhich I called The Plastic Blues, and the third one it’s on traditional herbal medicine. It’s a research work that I am doing and am incorporating the documentary aspect. These are the three projects that I am working on currently. The herbal one is ongoing, the other two I have completed but I have not edited and it’s just because there are no funds and I am doing it on my own. There are other projects I’ve worked on for NAFTI for which I have won awards including The Berlin Golden Bear.

The film that won the grand prize is about renewable energy. It was on Biogas and it won the grand prix in Lausanne, Switzerland…. I’ve forgotten the name of the festival, it’s been a long time.

I also directed some TV series here in Ghana. One was a detective series called Inspector Bediako. I did that for one season. The second, a health programme dubbed, The Pepsodent Health Guide, and the last one, Panache, a fashion programme.

FO: All in all what would you say is your overall output? How many films would you say you make in a year?

JFA: Averagely…because of the television series I don’t know how to calculate that since I worked on the series close to fourteen years and since it’s every week, in a year that’s fifty-two TV episodes. However, if its average, probably it would be about ten good ones. If you add the TV it will inflate it a little, but I don’t want to add that.

FO: Generally the volume of film in the country itself, leaving out television whether it is fiction or non-fiction in the whole country, what is your sense of how many films are made, even the ones in the market in a year?

JFA: This is so difficult because we have films that are made from the Zongo, and are done in Hausa and those from Kumasi whose films are in Akan or TWI. You

also have some from other regions in various dialects. The Accra films are mainly in English. If you put them together it could be on average maybe…15-20 a week and then times that in a year.

FO: If you are making 20 films a week that’s roughly 80 films…80 films a month in 12 places. You’re saying there are close to 800 films in a year in Ghana. That’s combining all the other areas in Ghana.

JFA: Yes I am saying that there are about 80 films a month in Ghana. With most of them the consumption are localized. They make the film and it is consumed within the community because it is limited because of language or it is place specific. The stories are about themselves, so if you sell it outside of the community, people might not understand it.

FO: Of these films, of these 800 that you say that are made nationally, how many would be documentaries?

JFA: Probably three to six. If you want to add corporate films or those NGO films maybe, maybe you could get up to about fifteen in a year…yes.

FO: So we are talking about 15 documentaries out of 800 in year.

JFA: Yes. That’s dismal right?

FO: Why do you think that is? What is the problem?

JFA: It is because the genre is — I won’t say new — but it is new to most filmmakers and in a sense that NAFTI’s training was geared towards making fiction films…People ventured into documentary because it was just an alternative for them. That’s one reason, and the second reason is people just don’t understand the genre.

FO: Ghana was a British colony and the British created in almost all the colonies film offices where documentaries were made. Should what we consider the history of documentaries in Ghana include that?

JFA: Yes, but will we call them documentaries? They were newsreels and there is a difference between those newsreels and what we will call documentary today because the purpose for which those film offices were set up is quite different from how we see or what we can do with documentaries today.

They were there to raise people’s awareness, or let me put it this way, sensitize people to the efforts of their colony or of their masters or whatever. They wanted people to know what they were doing and that the things they were doing were good for them, and all that. It was to show that they were in control and it was to show that we were in need, to show that they were there to help us. It was very exploitative and they exploited us in that situation with those newsreels — to show their war efforts and all that. There’s a whole lot of long history to talk about on this.

They were just pictures with a lot of commentary and even sometimes the commentary and the picture didn’t actually gel together. There was no relationship between the commentary and the pictures.

It was to show us in a very different light. It was used derogatively. It was also used exploitatively. I wouldn’t call those documentaries, but then it had a purpose and it worked for them. Now it is quite a different story.

FO: What would you say is the importance of documentary to the politics of Africa> If you say that the British used it politically, then why if we understand this, why are we as Africans or we as Ghanaians, not using that format? Why is that format not being exploited by us?

JFA: Yes, it’s also partly ignorance or it’s just that we are not conscious about our own sensibility, that’s another thing. It’s one thing knowing that this was done to us, but if you actually look at it from a certain angle or perspective, you realise that a lot of bad was done to us and if you have this tool yourself what would you do about it?

You would try to redeem your image — the image that was spoiled and lost and denigrated. You would want to claim it back, you would want to redeem it, because our images were misappropriated, So you take it and give it a different representation… if you are wrongly represented and now you have the tool that they used to do that, why won’t you take that to also do something about yourself?

If we understand it this way, then it is for us to go into documentary filmmaking, because I think that is the best way to redeem our image, because it was not fiction that they used to destroy our image, it was these newsreels. They took actual footage of us and then gave it a different interpretation, so it is for us to say, “Hey, this is who we are and this is what we can do”, and then we use the camera to tell the people that those who came and told our story didn’t tell it right.

We are telling our own story and we are telling it right. This is who we are and there is no other person who can tell his own story than the person himself. If we really don’t sit down, and really go back and think about this and feel for ourselves, then there is no way we can go anywhere without looking back on our own sensibilities to try to see how we can bring back our own images.

FO: For Ghana would you say that this understanding is something that has not taken enough root? Looking at the industry itself, looking at government support for the industry, looking at the legislative frameworks, looking at the opportunities for funding, what would your assessment be for how much awareness there is?

JFA: Well, let me just say this government is, or should I say, the awareness is there and it is very deep and entrenched, but again that awareness is just periphery, say, in implementation. We know so much, we know what film can do, we know the importance of it, and we know the significance of what we can do with film, we know it is a cultural instrument, we know a lot of things and we can use that to promote our own culture.

However, government pays lip service. They know that when they are committing themselves, they’ve got to commit with money and they don’t want to do that.They don’t want to go there. Yes, they organise forums, bring people together, and say look, let’s think about this.

There was just a recent one that I went to called the National Media Fund that the government was putting some seed money into. We went there and there was a lot of talk, but the thing is that you don’t even know the criteria for this media fund. It is a major problem. Sustainability is something nobody is talking about. This government has instituted it and the next government comes and they are not too keen on it and that is the end of it.

You don’t set up a fund like this so that it dies once the governing party that was in power when it was set up has gone. You have to make clear your intentions, make clear your criteria, make clear your strategy and make sure that it stays and that it is part of the government’s legislation. It is something that is an act of parliament and they allocate money toward it every year, or it is part of the budget of government or something, or you get some taxes.

These things are not clear and that is what they do with media, with the creative arts, and with things that are not permanent.

Again, if I tell you that government’s responsibility to our training institute is just running courses and paying salaries, you will not believe me. Most of the equipment that we have is from donors — something from the French government, from the Germans, and that’s it. So, when you want equipment, you have to go looking for money outside. The government will pay your salary and give you money to run the courses that they give you.

I’m just saying that we need funding from government and we need a certain commitment. Film is such that you can use it to advance the government’s agenda, but they don’t see that. They only see that when it is time for campaigning. Then they are ready to commit themselves to it, but after that, that’s it!

I believe that if they are able to put their minds to these cultural institutions…I’m talking about the film industry… they will realise that the GDP will go up. It is just a strategy. They would also realise that they would be able to create a certain direction for citizens, because the more you put in to the community or into the society, and the more you put forth a certain type of image and reinforce those images, people will change. If you provide a certain direction to your citizens, you will change reality. Other countries have used it perfectly and they are able to survive it. We don’t have to invent it. We have seen it. We have examples. So why don’t we go do it?

FO: How many other training institutions are there apart from NAFTI for film?

JFA: NAFTI is the only public one.

FO: Are there any private ones?

JFA: Yes there are private ones that started in the last three or four years.

FO: How many would you say there are?

JFA: There was one that was started about six years ago but it died after three years. One, started by a Nigerian, is still running. Then there are other actor schools, but not really film, mainly acting. There is Gollywood, but he does vocational training for filmmakers. You come in for three months and you are taught the rudiments. Apart from these I don’t know of any.

FO: So, NAFTI is the principal film training institute?

JFA: Yes NAFTI is the principal film training institute in Ghana.

FO: How many film funding organisations are currently in the country?

JFA: Zero, Nil. None what so ever.

FO: So to ask the question, what is the size of funding or grants that are available to filmmakers?

JFA: Zero.

FO: Wow. No funding from government at all for filmmakers?

JFA: What you will find or you will get from the government for filmmakers to do is…when they have formulated a certain political strategy and they want to convince their citizens that they have done well, they will vote some money through the Ministry of Information. Then they’ll give it to a selected group of filmmakers to go and showcase their efforts in different sectors, such as agriculture, health, education or some developmental infrastructure, to be shown on television. That is how the government goes into this kind of funding.

FO: What kind of money? How much would that be?

JFA: It’s not much because of the kind of documentaries or the kind of films they expect. For instance, I was a recipient of one of those, they give you perhaps a thousand dollars per episode which you know cannot shoot a one minute advert.

FO: Ok, 1500 GH Cedis?

JFA: Or even less because the current dollar exchange is now 1.7 Ghana Cedis, so let’s say it’s about a thousand dollars, give or take at that time, yes.

If they’ve given you a number of these projects, it tends to be ok in a way, depending on how you organise it and plan your time. There is some little profit in it. If you are given health as a subject, for example, you would address the health across the country and you would make one film from every region, in the district, so you would have two from a region. If you have ten regions you are supposed to make about twenty of those. Twenty of those will give you about $20,000 USD. In bulk it looks ok, you can “cut corners” here and there, and maybe make it work.

FO: How do you fund your own films?

JFA: Let me give you a rundown of my activities and maybe that will help just a little. Since I own a company, I don’t have to spend physical cash for some things, such as the camera, the sound and like that. That we have. I don’t have to pay for them even though I cost it in my work. That’s one way of funding my documentary. Then, I fund it from my salary. Then with the profits I make from my company, I can put a little away for logistics and operating costs.

FO: So what happens with other filmmakers? How do other filmmakers do it? For instance, do they have the resources?

JFA: Well if they don’t have them, they don’t. That is why documentaries are so few, and that is why many people don’t go into documentary filmmaking — because of funding.

FO: Why go into the whole thing when you don’t have money? Or, why go into a project when you do not know whether you will finish?

JFA: I started this Rasta project in 2005. I started shooting five years ago but by the time I go back to the characters, they have grown older. I was shooting slowly, since I shoot when I have time, because it is something you cannot plan and shoot continuously you do not have the funding to continue. When you start shooting that way, sometimes you forget that you are even shooting a film and so you let it lie on your desk for another three months, and then something reminds you and prompts you to start again. That’s what happens, and when it stays too long you just forget about the whole thing.

FO: What about those who do fiction for instance, how are they funded?

JFA: Funding comes from the distributors.

FO: There are distributors that fund film? 

JFA: They have created a certain scheme for themselves. The guy who sells the films knows that he has a stake in the film that you make because if you don’t make the film, he does not make money. So, he gives you part of the money to make the film and when you make the film, you give it to him to sell and he can recoup his money. That is how they fund the films. Sometimes the distributors even suggest to them the kind of films they should make and they give them money to make it. If they don’t give them all of it, they give them at least a chunk of it.

FO: What is the average budget of those that do fiction?

JFA: $20,000 USD.

FO: What do you think is the average income they make?

JFA: It depends. One of them did a film that was made with $20,000 dollars, they call it Libya Akwantuo that means “The Journey to Libya”. The story was about Ghanaian illegal migrants who travel to Libya through the desert. It grossed 320 thousand Ghana Cedis and

I think it is the highest grossing one, because people were just interested in this Libyan story. It was topical at that time, because there were a lot of people moving from the middle belt towards Libya and there was a bus that left one of those towns to the desert every week. There were lots of bad stories coming back, so it was topical at that time.

FO: So, really there is no standardized funding structure?

JFA: No there is no standardized funding.

FO: What are the channels for distributing these films?

JFA: Channels for distributing are also still guerilla tactics.

FO: Explain?

JFA: You put your film under your armpit and go sell it physically. What they do is they hire vans, they put the movies inside, and then they get three, four, five people into the van. They put some sound system or megaphones in the car, and they blare music out and sell the movies. You will find these boys on the street with posters of the film and holding the DVD’s and they move between the cars, the people and they just sell the films. Now the trend has changed a little. What they do now is that they try to premiere it at Silverbird or at some other place and then after the premiere they start selling. They premiere it and show the film for another week before selling it on the street.

FO: How many cinemas are there?

JFA: There are two cinemas. I mean main cinemas — The National Theatre, where you can show a film and Silverbird. I don’t know of others.

FO: And Silverbird and the National Theatre have how many halls?

JFA: Silverbird, I think has about three or four halls, The National Theatre I think has just one for cinema.

FO: Basically, what’s the deal when a filmmaker takes a film to one of these places? I mean, what is the structure of the deal? Is it 30/40? Who gets what?

JFA: That I don’t know, I don’t know about the split. But it used to be 40/60.

FO: 40 going to whom?

JFA: The cinema.

FO: 40% is the cinema, and 60% to the filmmakers and they get to show it for about a week?

JFA: Yes a week, something like that. I don’t know about Silverbird, but with National Theatre, they don’t deal with percentages. You have to go and pay outright for the hall and then they show the movie. You are renting the place to show your movie and that’s it.

FO: Whether you fill the hall or you don’t?

JFA: That’s none of their business. That’s how it is with the National Theatre. You rent the place.

FO: In what areas of film production do you have the most challenge: pre-production, production, or post- production as a filmmaker in Ghana?

JFA: As a filmmaker in Ghana? Do you know why I am hesitating? Because each presents itself with its own challenge or challenges. For instance, if it is pre- production, funding is the main challenge. It’s easy to get a story, but how do you go about funding it? As part of your planning you are looking for the money and all that. That is one aspect of pre-production.

The production — that’s cool. Post-production for me with fiction is also cool, but with documentary, personally, that is what I find the most challenging. It is about how to make the story at the end of it. That is the challenge if it is documentary. However, if it isfiction, it is pre-production and for production you still need that kind of money because production has its own cost.

FO: What about issues on how you get information from the environment, sourcing it, in terms of research for your films?

JFA: With documentary, pre-production is also hell, because access to information is one thing, getting or looking for a kind of footage is also hell and then getting people to open up is another problem. I don’t know whether it pertains to us as Ghanaians or it’s an African thing, but people find it difficult talking about themselves and family. It’s like they think about the family in its totality. They look at the clan and think, what I am going to say? Will it affect the clan, my family? So they are always censoring themselves and it is always difficult to get people to open up, until they have developed a certain trust. With most of the documentaries we do, most times, we don’t have the time to develop that trust and loyalty. It’s a problem at a pre-production level when it comes to documentary filmmaking to build that trust to be able to get people to open up and then access the information.

A friend of mine wanted to do something about a father who investigated the killing of some people in a certain regime in Ghana and it happened around 1981-82. She was looking for the newspapers that carried the story about the father and that sort of thing. They went to the national archives, and surprisingly and mysteriously the newspapers from 1981 and 1982 didn’t exist in the archives. Where had the papers gone? Were they classified? Nobody knows. You could find 1948 papers but 81 and 82, no way. With documentary, that is the thing that cripples action.

FO: What areas of production do you think need funding the most from your experience as a filmmaker in Ghana?

JFA: In Ghana, I think production, because even if you look at fiction, you realise that production takes a chunk of the income of the whole production. In Africa, post-production doesn’t demand too much but production does, because you have to pay the actors, location and some of the things that they need for production.

With documentary, pre-production and post- production are the areas that I think we need some funding for, but again, it also depends on the type of documentary you are doing. There are some documentaries where I think production is the thing because you need to move or you need to stay in places for longer periods and that kind of thing. If it is post- production, these days technology has given us the edge over a lot of things. If you have your computer, you can edit your documentary in the cheapest way possible.

FO: What area has the most need of human resources in terms of training, whether it is production, pre- production and post-production?

JFA: The areas that we actually support for right now are in distribution, producing and production management.

Out of the rest, there is a way we can manage our way out of those problems. The problems we have now have to do with who would the producer be, who would produce the film, who would the manager be, who would manage the production?

Most of the problems that emanate from the screen are because we have not handled the producing and the production management well enough. If that is managed well, they can put a certain order to the way they do things. People actually have training and they know what to do when it comes to where they put the camera, what angle they should take and that kind of thing. They can get that. They can read and get that, but with production management and producing I don’t know. I think that we need some training.

At NAFTI we train everybody except producers and actors. Most film schools don’t even train them.

FO: Do you have documentary archives in this country? What is the state of archiving?

 JFA: On a scale of 1 to 10, I want to give you a rating…1%.

FO: In terms of archives?

JFA: Yes. Audio-visual archive are almost zero.

FO: Why is that? Is it that there is no structure for keeping materials?

JFA: It is that bad. It is not about even keeping them. It is about keeping and maintaining them.

I will give you another scenario. Once upon a time, our newsreels were all kept by the ISD — the Information Services Department — so newsreels shot by Ghana Films were all lodged at the ISD, because they were shot for them, so they were lodged there. So you can imagine all the Kwame Nkrumah speeches, projects, opening of the dams and some of the short skits that they were doing to sensitize people and all that, and even some of the early Ghanaian films that they did. The dramas that they shot were all lodged there.

The state of it now is that the silver and the nitrate chemical in the films have eaten up the positives. Almost all are gone. Kaput. Out of about six thousand films that were there, they were only able to salvage six hundred out of the six thousand. Of the six hundred, some of them have been red taped for restoration, and others, about sixty of them, they were able to be put on DVDs. That is how far they went.

We used to have negatives at the RANK laboratories in London. At a certain point, the government stopped paying, so the RANK Laboratories collected those films and dumped the negatives at the Ghana High Commission. They were there for almost three years or so and some of them just started deteriorating until Dr. Chris Hesse and some other people put pressure on the government to renew its contract with the laboratories. Most were salvaged, but some got destroyed as a result.

So, if it is about keeping them, then yes, we can keep them. However, maintaining them is another thing. When it comes to audio-visual archiving, yes we have it, but it is not something you can write home about.

FO: Should a new funding programme be introduced in your country, and what are the critical areas that you think that it should address? Please state your reason.

JFA: Yes I think that funding should be introduced. Especially with documentary filmmaking. People see it as a serious business and because of that, it is an area that people are not so much interested in, unlike entertainment or something to go and watch and laugh at.

However, I think that it is something we should pay a lot of attention to because of our history. History is not just about the past, history that can also speak of the future and also the present. We have a lot to tell, and as I said before we need funding to speak of who we are, to represent ourselves more clearly and more understandably, to be able to encourage ourselves with the films that we make, for people to be conscious about who they are. I don’t want to use the word “patriotic”, but using the documentary genre you can get people to act civilly.

The country that you are living in would probably appreciate it and you would be able to channel people’s ideas towards something positive. We are talking about positive things and we believe that with documentary, if we get some funding for it, it could change a lot of things within a particular country. It could highlight a certain direction.

FO: Which area of production, pre-production, post- production do you think funding should address?

JFA: I would say production. Yes, mainly production. People can sacrifice whatever energies they have to do research because they are passionate about the work that they are doing. They can do it, but they need help when it comes to production. I think that if it is channeled through production more films will be made than when they put it into pre-production where people could get the funding and make the pre- production but then they can’t get the funding to do the production.

Once films are made they can easily be edited, post- production can be done because the moment you finish shooting, you can always find a way to finish post-production. I just believe that when monies are channeled into production a lot more films can be made. There is sense in that.

FO: What would you imagine would be the criteria that would be acceptable, across the board, to filmmakers in Ghana if a fund was to be set up? What kind of filmmakers would be eligible for that funding? Who would manage that funding? Issues will emerge and in your opinion how should it be managed? Should it be managed through the guilds, should it be something that is given individually to each filmmaker?  Who decides who gets the funds for instance and how can this be seen to be fair in the context of culture of the country?

JFA: I think that in terms of managing the funds, it would be best if it were an independent body that would probably be constituted of trustees.

Trustees should come from the filmmaking body or from stakeholders. They should be chosen, but not necessarily all of them. In managing funds like that you will probably need some experts in finance. For instance, if you had seven people, maybe five should come from the filmmaking body or industry. That would at least give a certain direction to where the funds should be going.

These trustees could handle the funding. Then when it comes to what kind of people should receive funding, it should be somebody who is qualified to make that film, because funds are difficult to come by and sometimes it is wrong to say that somebody must have a track record, but I think that is the only way to be sure that the film can be made. A track record does not mean that the filmmaker should have made fifty films.You could make one or two films and have a good track record because the films have been successful. One film is enough to say this person is good. Due to a lack of funding people are not able to make a lot of films and get a track record.

FO: How do you define success in filmmaking? When you say track record it means that this person has been successful for what?

JFA: Viewership, audience, and audience response because they make films for the audience.

FO: So you only give a grant to those whose films have been popular?

JFA: No. That is different from being popular. If I said the audience, maybe I should define that, but, not just a popular film.

Somebody who works with Basket Mouth (a comedian) to create a funny film and makes it into a short documentary will definitely get a viewership. But you would want to find out what the relevance of the film is to the people. It’s not about being popular, but about what the audience understands. I’d judge success by that measure. It would be a film that would good far, transcend the moment.

FO: You are a teacher of film. Do you worry about how your students will come out as directors? Is there a place to create a start up fund to allow us to even find the ones that have enough talent to make film in documentary?

JFA: Yes.There are a lot of funding agencies that categorise a way of funding. You even rightly mentioned emerging filmmakers. You have things like the Talent Campus. They know that you have to get them while they are young, when their minds are still fertile. Then you can pique their interest and groom them to stay in the business. It is a good idea. If there are funds, then yes, there should be a category created for student filmmakers or emerging filmmakers who can access a certain amount of money to make some shots. That would be a wonderful idea.

FO: In terms of training, what area should such a fund target? The education of filmmakers, or the development of skills of filmmakers?

JFA: I am addressing the issue of education in film and the institutions like NAFTI that educate filmmakers.

FO: What would you imagine would be an intervention of that fund? Which area would it be most significant to in NAFTI?

JFA: Helping student films is one of them. It is becoming difficult for students to be able to make their own films considering the high cost of tuition for student filmmakers and because of the nature of the course. It is capital intensive and a lot of money goes into it. So, if that fund makes some allowance for students to be able to access it for their student films I think it will go a long way to get them to make good films and to have good portfolios when they leave school so they can have a good start. I think it is a good thing.

FO: Are there distinct databases for filmmakers in Ghana?

JFA: Yes and no. Yes, for the guilds. The guilds that are there do have a database for their members, so that is lodged with the guilds, rather than at a central point.

FO: Is that data available? Is it open to anyone that might want to use it?

JFA: Yes, but it depends on what you want to use it for and it is subject to the rules and regulations of the various guilds. GAFTA (Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts) has established itself as an umbrella body where all the guilds could belong, so in that way you can find a centralized point where GAFTA holds information about all the guilds and about filmmaking in general in Ghana.

FO: How is it going so far?

A: Unfortunately it is a work in progress. We are still building it.

FO: Are you a member or a founding member of GAFTA?

JFA: Yes, I am a strong member and a founding member. We started it in 2001.

FO: Can you tell me what the goals of GAFTA are?

JFA: The understanding here is that it is still under- going several metamorphoses. The main goals are to promote and maintain high standards in film and TV arts, maintain discipline and a code of ethics, promote research and training, maintain a library and an archive, award fellowships, scholarships and others. Above all, it seeks to protect the interest of member guilds.

When we started GAFTA, we started it as a membership academy. People would have to subscribe to it to be a member. Then, later on, we realised that if we did that we’d only create an elite group of educated filmmakers in the end and you would probably miss a lot of people that are actually in the business of filmmaking.

So we decided that we would probably incorporate everybody into it, but still work to create a certain sense of standards, order and ethics.

Right now the purpose of GAFTA is to get the guilds affiliated with it, to strengthen GAFTA, and to stand as a body that will see to their various welfares. It will be a pressure group for all the guilds.

FO: How many guilds are there and what are they made up of?

JFA: We have about nine guilds or so including all the disciplines of filmmaking: scriptwriting, directing, cinematography, editing, producers, film facilitators — those in the business of facilitating people who come for co-production. We have art directors as well.

FO: The whole of this comes under the umbrella of GAFTA? 

JFA: Yes, but the idea is to make sure we improve on the craft of filmmaking, because we want to be able to attract a lot of filmmakers into the country and film productions so we can make sure that people have access to knowledge of film. We are thinking of creating seminars, trainings and workshops. It’s not even formal, but more like short courses for people to be able to upgrade themselves and to create a certain sense of belonging, a kind of cultural relevancy, and to make sure there is a certain ideology to it.

I am not trying to say we are going to force people into believing one thing, but to say that yes we are filmmakers and we think we have certain responsibilities to create products that are good for our own country. We have a certain idea about what we are supposed to do and I think that GAFTA should be able to do that.

FO: Can you speak about leadership and membership of GAFTA and its guilds?

JFA: Leadership is by the guilds. GAFTA is a representative of all the guilds. The guilds nominate representatives that come into GAFTA and then they become the executive body of GAFTA.

FO: So, effectively, will such a fund be easily administered through GAFTA? Would the government be supportive of GAFTA self administering a fund for instance for the film industry?

JFA: We don’t want GAFTA to be tied to the strings of government. We want GAFTA to run independently from government and be an independent body that we believe can steer their affairs alone without any government interference.

GAFTA can be part of the administering of the funds by the expertise that it has because when it comes to looking at the kind of script that should be funded or which kind of filmmakers should be funded, I think they will be in the best position to do that. Administration of the fund by GAFTA is a good idea perhaps together with the experts.I think it’s a good idea. It could be  launched within a GAFTA set up if that is possible and could run comfortably there.

FO: Would it be acceptable for the foundation to try to fund Ghanaian films? Would it be accepted as something that is not political by the government of Ghana? Are there regulations in place that affect funding of filmmakers for instance by an outside source?

JFA: You see right now it is difficult to say because there is a bill that is supposed to be passed by parliament or by government to take effect which they have not yet done. We fought for it for the past 10 years. GAFTA has been in the forefront of fighting it for them to just pass the bill. It goes back and forth, from the Attorney General back to parliament and it’s never been done. Right now the bill is still lodged…I don’t know where, if it is with the Attorney General, with parliament or with the President.

FO: What is the bill supposed to say?

JFA: The bill is supposed to give a direction to the film industry and when I say the film industry, I mean generally, in the country. As to how it should run, how it should be constituted, government commitment to it, all that it is all part of the bill, including training and how training institutions should be run.

The bill is supposed to take care of all this and all the legal backing that helps make it exist are taken care of by the bill. It also takes care of co-productions, takes care of funding, such as from outside sources and like that. The bill is supposed to handle all that. It makes clear all the functions, objectives and the significance of the film industry in the country and that is what it is supposed to do.

FO: Who has a copy of this bill? Is there a public reading at all?

JFA: Not yet.

FO: Who are those promoting the bill? 

JFA: Only the stakeholders have been given copies to look at and return. What happened was that one copy was sent to GAFTA and then we made some input and then we sent it back.

FO: So GAFTA is aware of and promoting this bill?

JFA: Yes GAFTA is aware of and promoting this bill. I went to some of the meetings and we used to call it the film bill review committee. A lot of things needed to be changed and I could mention some of them.

One was that the bill had a lot of government interference which we thought was not going to be good for the film industry. Most of the committees that were to be set up within the framework of the bill had a lot of government representatives. For instance, if you had for example, seven members on your committee, you would find representatives from the President’s office, representatives from the Ministry of Culture, representatives from Information Services. They took about five, and then two or three would be coming from somewhere else. We felt that there was too much interference. Every time there is a change of government, these committees will have to be reconstituted and it won’t create any form of sustainability. It is not going to move the industry forward, so we decided that should be changed.

Another thing is that right now the film industry is under the Ministry of Information and we felt that if there is any ministry that we should belong to, it must be the Ministry of Culture.

Therefore, in the document we said that the film industry should be moved to the Ministry of Culture. That is where we can rightfully belong.

If it is done that way, then there are a whole lot of things that will change within the set up. You would not have the Ministry of Information, which is obviously the voice of the ruling  government rearing its head on the industry at all times.

FO: What platforms do you use as a strategy for distribution? Broadcasting, internet, TV, phones, mobile cinemas, film video clubs? What kind of strategy do people use here to connect to an audience?

JFA: Television, if it is to advertise the film. They do a lot of advertising on television and the mobile vans that go around. They hardly do internet because the kind of people who make the films are not interested in using the internet to sell their films. They want hard cash and they want it quick, so they do a lot of advertising on television to pique people’s interest in it and then they sell their films through the use of mobile vans.

However, for us, from the other side, I’d hate to say that we are the educated ones, but when we make our films, the festivals, film markets, and internet platforms are key to our distribution networks.

FO: How do you advertise your films? What medium do you use for audience motivation?

JFA: Internet. That is the way now, internet. FO: What do you do on the internet exactly? JFA: YouTube or video.

FO: You put your film on youtube?

JFA: You put up an excerpt or you put the whole thing on there.

FO: Which ways would you generate revenues for your film?

JFA: You only hope that somebody would want it and would want to buy it for television. It is a hope, but also a gamble. You gambled when you made the film, so you continue gambling. It is a risk, but I am not saying that is the best way to do it. You are asking about what we currently do. We make documentary out of passion. We make documentary because we think those stories have to be told, but not necessarily for commercial purposes. If it happens that somebody sees it and wants it, then you are in luck.

The films that I have made, I have not done for any commercialization of it. They were made for specific purposes.

FO: What film festivals run in Ghana? How many have run that you have you been involved in and that your films have been promoted in? And, would festivals also be a structural support system in the industry that will also require funding? Would you name the festivals and name their state?

JFA: Right now in the case of documentary — I’ll mention documentary first because that is my field — there are two festivals in Ghana that showcase documentary films and they are The Real Life Documentary Film Festival (TRLDFF) and The Environmental Film Festival. The Environmental Film Festival, given its name, is very specific. It is about the environment, so they show films about the environment and it happens once in a year. The Real Life Documentary Film Festival is another platform where documentary filmmakers can showcase their films and that also takes place once in a year.

These are the two areas and I think that if they are well funded they can expand because right now. TRLDFF runs in a limited way. It is not too wide. It is still small and we think that if it gets the needed funding it could go on to be like FESPACO, but it is the funding that is the problem and you need to put the structures together. As I am speaking now, I don’t know what structures exist for the Real Life Documentary Film Festival in Ghana.

They don’t have a recognizable office, maybe it’s virtual, but they don’t have anything here that I know of. The thing is organised in New York and is brought into Ghana and the platform is created. Ghana becomes a platform where filmmakers are brought together to watch their films and discuss and then expose their films to those that come around. I think they need funding to create real structures where every year people can submit their films.

A market could also come out of it. It is just a platform for showcasing film, but who knows? If there is funding, then a market could be created and then television producers could come and see what they can get out of it. When it comes to the other festivals, like those big festivals that show fiction, a lot of them have happened in Ghana and are what we call “the nine day wunderkind film festival”. They come in for one particular year and then the next year you don’t see them again, then another one emerges after three years and then maybe for two years it runs and then it just vanishes.

Right now one has just come. I think it started this year and it just happened two weeks ago and it is called FOFA (Festival of Film Africa). They have come into the picture with a lot of energy. I happen to be one of the members of the advisory committee and we worked on it for it to happen. The patronage for it wasn’t that good because it was the first time and I think a lot of publicity wasn’t done and again this was because of the funding. The publicity wasn’t wide enough, but at least they started something.

The idea of FOFA is mainly for the market. The festival is a part of it but they have a concentration on the market — to be able to sell African movies. I think it is a good initiative because distribution is a very big problem in Ghana and across Africa for that matter.

Many people make films and they don’t know how to distribute them. The distribution channels are just steeped in mystery or just shrouded. It’s like a cartel or mafia in that if you don’t belong to a particular group you can’t get your film distributed.

I am just saying that if these film festivals are well organised, patronized and well funded we would have natural distribution channels, because the platforms that they create are not just platforms that are limited to the festival. The festivals are linked to other larger festivals somewhere else and you would get a whole network — so when you are showing your film, it is like a collaborative work. All the other markets will also come to participate in your market and you can imagine how global that can be.

We believe that having a festival that has a market in it is the best way to go. Given the right support it can expand into something astronomical and help filmmakers in Africa to make it as well.

 

INTERVIEW WITH SITSOFE AKOTO

HEAD OF PRODUCTION AT EAGLE PRODUCTIONS
FO: Please introduce yourself, talk about what you do, about Eagle productions, its history and its activities in the industry.

SA: My name is Sitsofe Akoto. I am the head of productions with Eagle Productions, and at the same time I am the general manager here. Eagle Production ia a media house and we are into all sorts of productions including adverts, documentaries, films, series, and TV programmes.

Apart from production we are also into publishing. We have a magazine we publish, Entertainment Today Magazine, and also, we have a drama school, Eagle Drama College, which is also under Eagle Productions where we teach acting.

FO: How long has Eagle Production been in business? 

SA: Eagle Productions have been in business for 10 years now.

FO: How active are you guys in the area of documentaries and films?

A: Films are not very active. The reason why we have not been active with filmmaking is that Juliet Asante, the CEO, is basically interested in making a film that can cut across the whole. Not only in Ghana, but maybe outside too. What we are doing is developing a script with outsiders, which has not as yet been finished.

We have done documentaries before. We have done documentaries for companies including one for PPA, and we also did a documentary KAYAYO, and one for Speed Ghana. We’ve done about three or four documentaries.

FO: As a production company what would you say are the number of films, both documentaries and non- documentaries that are done in Ghana every year?

SA: Some time ago the industry was not very active and now the industry is very active. There a lot of producers who have come up now, and a lot of directors. So, if I put a number on it, I’d say that in a year, fiction and non- fiction…it could be like 500 movies made in a year.

FO: How do people get funding for these movies?

SA: The major funding comes from sponsors. We have individuals that are executive producers — individuals that are into funding of films/movies. They look at the script, see it has potential and they want to fund it and see what they can get out of it. There are also a lot of companies going into funding nowadays, so it’s mostly individuals or companies.

FO: Is there a government fund that a filmmaker could possibly tap into to get funding for a film?

SA: Not that I know of. It has been on debate for awhile that they should give us funding that we can use to fund our movies. It has been in parliament for a very long time now and is debated on. So, there is nothing like that for now, but it is in the pipeline and I hear it’s something they are looking into to see if it is possible.

FO: In terms of the type of films again, how popular are documentaries in Ghana? How many people are doing them, what numbers do you have on documentaries and what types are they?

SA: Documentaries are not very popular in Ghana. People do more fiction movies than documentaries. If I had to give a percentage, I’d say that out of 10% of the movies that are made, documentaries may be something like 4%. Yes 4%.

The kind of documentaries that have been made are mostly educative documentaries made to educate the general public on what this is, or what these people do, or what this is about, or what you need to know about this person, or this company, or this government or this political party, something like that. These are the kind of documentaries that are mostly made in Ghana.

FO: Why do you think documentary, perhaps as a way of expressing individual experiences, is not so popular here?

SA: First of all a lot of producers are not making documentaries because they don’t see them selling as much as feature films. When you make a feature film, people tend to buy or watch the feature more than the documentary. The most important thing is the money — the revenue that is gotten out of it. The revenue from feature films is more since people tend to watch features more than documentaries.

A lot of directors are not documentary directors here. There are just a few people that trained in documentary filmmaking. I was a student of NAFTI and at NAFTI if there were ten people in the class, only two would want to do documentary as their major. I think it is because it is the way it is seen in the industry. There are more features and people advertise and sponsor more features than documentaries. If you have a documentary and you go to a potential sponsor, the answer that they give you is not as encouraging as if you had a feature. With a feature, they know, no matter what, that people will watch it and people will buy it, but for a documentary it is not that way. It is not very safe to sponsor documentaries.

FO: What is the state of the broadcast industry? Does the broadcast industry commission works, whether it is fiction or non-fiction and if they do commission, how many documentaries do they commission? If I made a documentary would a TV station buy it from me for instance?

SA: No. In Ghana, it will interest you to know that the TV stations are not helping the producers. What we do, rather, is that we buy time from the station to show whatever content we have. If you have a documentary and even if it is educative, it is educating Ghanaians. If you want to show it, you have to buy the time on TV to show your documentary.

You go to the television station they tell you that they cannot buy beacuse they don’t have money to buy, but you can buy one hour on the TV and show your documentary. You realise that even for something that is supposed to help educate people, you have to buy the time to show that on TV. You can’t go to half of the private stations with your content as they’re not interested. The national television, GTV, does not buy documentaries from individuals either. You have to pay for the time to show your documentaries.

FO: Let’s talk a little about the industry itself. I understand there is an association called the Ghanaian Association of Film and Television (GAFTA). Is Eagle Productions part of, or a member of that association, and what is your assessment of a body like that and how effective is it?

SA: Eagle Productions, as far as I know, is not part of that yet. We have been approached and we told them we are thinking about whether we want to be a part of that organisation or not. I think it is not a bad idea to have an organisation like that because there has to be somebody who sees to the interest of producers and filmmakers in Ghana, because as individuals we have problems, and it is difficult to listen to each individual.

However, if there is an organisation that you can go to and make a complaint, or if you need something to be done in the industry, then it is good that they represent all the producers, that they represent all the filmmakers and they can go ahead and lay a petition or whatever we are asking for in front of whoever is supposed to listen. All in all, it is not a bad idea that there is an organisation like that.

FO: What do you know of the organisation right now? Are they effective? Is it an organisation that all the filmmakers consider effective in terms of representation of filmmakers here?

SA: I understand it is a collection of appointees from the guilds. I haven’t really seen any major influence from them yet. I don’t know, I don’t think they’ve been in existence for very long, but as for doing something major for us to see that they are really representing us…no.

FO: How long have they been in existence?

SA: I think 2 years, about or close to 2 years.

FO: The bill that you say is in parliament, GAFTA, is supposed to be championing the bill.

SA: That is how it should be, yes.

FO: In the absence of a fund, if GAFTA were to be put in charge of administering a fund for filmmakers for instance, what would be your reaction to that?

SA: That would be nice. It would be great because the main challenge of filmmakers in Ghana is funding.

Making movies is very expensive nowadays.You realise that the reason most of the movies that don’t come out well is due to lack of funding. Some films come out and the quality is not very good and the acting is below average because they are cutting costs. They want to do a low budget movie so they cut cost in every way and then they end up not getting a very good movie.

Most of the good movies that are in the industry now are here because there is funding. They are funded so they get the best actors, and the best locations. Everything is the best and so they come up with very good movies.

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Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa(Gambia)

Panels

THE GAMBIA, THE COUNTRY

The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.

The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation’s namesake, which flows through the country’s centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km2 with an estimated population of 1.7 million.

A variety of ethnic groups live in the Gambia, each preserving its own language and traditions. The Mandinka ethnicity is the largest, followed by the Fula, Wolof, Jola, Serahule, Serers and the Bianunkas. The Krio people, locally known as Akus, also constitute one of the smallest ethnic minorities in the Gambia.

Gambians are known for their excellent music, as well as their dancing. Although the Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, its culture is the product of very diverse influences.

English is the official language of the Gambia. Other languages are Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Krio and other indigenous vernaculars. Due to geographical setting French language knowledge is relatively wide spread.

HISTORY OF FILMMAKING IN THE GAMBIA

The origins of our film and cinema activity date back to the days of the Film Unit within the then government Ministry of Information, and as TV was not available, commercial viewing in open air cinema halls like Mahoney, Ritz and Odeon fuelled a lot of public interest in foreign films and provided social outing opportunities for people of all ages.

Film Unit started with Black and White 35 mm reel films containing material made by European producers for European audiences shown publicly at the McCarthy Square at night to huge Gambian crowds. After Independence, Film Unit continued to be a government body but was doing much more. It not only showed foreign material to Gambians, but also made and showed films tailored to our local needs. These productions were conceptualized, shot and edited by our own people — people like the late Ebrima Sagnia, a pioneer of production at the Film Unit.

At the time he was assisted by, among others, Alhaji Momodou Sanyang of GRTS on sound and Modou Saidy of State House and Sana Sisay of Family Planning on camera. As a small team they had a huge responsibility to document our nascent journey of independence and beyond. Apart from a few open air cinema shows at the square, the material they produced was stored for 30 years in different audio visual formats, as, unfortunately, television broadcast did not exist for the period after independence in the Gambia. Other specialised institutions with audio visual activity from the seventies include the Agriculture Communication Unit of the Department of Agriculture and the Member Education Programme of The Gambia Cooperative Union, where professional and on the job training in audio visual work was conducted. These two institutions used to produce films on agriculture, literacy and co-operation and were shown mostly to the farming community in the village at night from a mobile cinema van.

When in 1996 the new government decided to start national TV broadcasting, staff at Film Unit and some of their productions provided ready-made material to fill airtime as well as vacant positions at the first ever national TV broadcast outfit. Selected staff from Radio Gambia also got transferred to TV. Those of us with prior experience in production and a few others with TV knowledge acquired from outside the country also came on board, some voluntarily. Our immediate task following the complete installation of a brand new top quality control room and a makeshift studio, as well as the availability of professional television equipment, was to transform these into sensible images on people’s screens.

This coincided with an eventful period in the aftermath of a change of government in 1994. This represented a major challenge, as the demand for local TV production became more critical at a time when there were few that could make it happen. Thanks to a corps of young men and women who were quick to learn and ready to serve long and tedious hours, the situation soon improved. As others joined our ranks, confidence, talent and creativity soon became apparent among people who knew nothing about TV production a few weeks earlier. ‘’We never thought Gambians could do this’’ and “we are proud to be watching our own TV’’ were some of the comments from viewers as feedback came in. This motivated every one of us and led to more zeal and an increase in local production of various sorts. TV News production and reporting became one of the most urgent tasks to be developed as a regular feature. News Brief, as the first news programme was known, started by having its anchor recorded in the studio and later edited on tape along with the inserts and stories.

The material was then broadcast at 10 pm on Gambia Television and watched by everyone. Few people knew it was not live. After a few weeks of constant practice and a lot of on the job training, management decided it was time to go live with the news. This called for nonstop production to feed the demand for daily news and other cultural and magazine television programmes. The music performance industry became a readily available opportunity to put entertainment on the screen. The Gambian artist Musa Ngum became the first musician to have his music produced into a video. The video production of Banjul Banjulby, a producer at the station, opened a new possibility and led to a quick way to lift the struggling music industry out of obscurity.

Now, musicians could also be seen. Gambian artists of all music genres lined up for free video production of their music by the station, in return for repeated broadcast without paying royalties. After two years, it became obvious that the demand for new and tailor- made programmes on national TV could not be met by an overworked production staff which led to quality and deadlines being compromised. Independent production was born out of need when Jeggan Grey Johnson, a fellow producer at the TV, resigned as head of news to pursue independent production. Jeggan was soon followed by Nana Ofori Atta and Harona Drammeh who both set up independent production houses to make films and meet the audio visual production needs of clients. Mediamatic and Vinashasoon assumed the role of a private training ground for many young people.

Excerpt from: National Workshop on Copyright Develop- ment and the Economic Contribution and Performance of the Copyright Based Industries

– August 28 2012 at Dunes Resort and Hotel, KOTU.

 

THE FILM INDUSTRY IN THE GAMBIA

RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRIEF

The film industry in the Gambia is virtually non- existent. There are no film schools, government or private, and no funding for filmmakers. Filmmaking is still in its infancy and Gambian films are uncommon. Documentary filmmaking is still a relatively unexplored area in the Gambia.

Mr. Baba Ceesay, the newly appointed Director General of National Center of Arts and Culture, an organisation under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism confirmed that there were indeed no structures in place in the Gambian film industries.

Regulatory bodies for film are just coming into the picture. This researcher witnessed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) give a workshop on copyright development and the economic contribution and performance of the copyright-based industry.

This researcher also witnessed the Inauguration of the organisation of the Royalty Collecting Mechanism in the Gambia. This marked a milestone in the Gambian film industry because it activated the copyright law, which had been around since 2004 but was inactive because of the absence of the Royalty Collecting Organisation.

The film guilds were also inaugurated at the Alliance Franco, an event that was sponsored by the National Center for Arts and Culture.

Ebou Waggeh, the recently appointed president of the newly formed Film Producers association of the Gambia (FPAG) gave a speech that detailed the history of film industry in the Gambia.

Documentaries and documentary filmmaking are not popular in the Gambia. However, is a small group of documentary filmmakers in the Gambia made up of first generation filmmakers. Ebou Waggeh and Sina Sisay are some of the few.

DVDs of feature length films found in the Gambia are mainly of Senegalese, Nigerian, American and British origin. Gambian films are very hard to find. There are no cinemas in the Gambia. Those that used to exist are now burnt down and are in ruins.

Unlike other West African countries, hawkers selling DVDs on the street are not a common sight and there seems to be only one DVD distributor in the Gambia. There is only one television station the Gambia and it is owned by the government. Unfortunately, (and it is the same story in Sierra Leone and Nigeria), the broadcaster does not commission works/content and filmmakers have to pay for their content to be aired.

Mr. Sana Sisay, a first generation filmmaker and one of the few documentarists in the Gambia, is currently producing educational docu-dramas for the Gambia Family Planning Association on health issues, especially HIV/AIDS. They employ the use of mobile cinemas as a means of getting the message across to an audience. These docu-dramas are taken to villages and shown in open spaces to the villagers.

The GSM Company Africell plays an interesting role in the film industry in the Gambia. They have a production unit and young Gambians are hired to produce music videos, voice over’s, radio shows and create TV commercials for the company and for local artistes. Pa Abdul Waggeh and Mam Malen Njie are two young individuals who work in the creative department in Africell.

There are no film festivals that take place in the Gambia.

Challenges faced by filmmakers in The Gambia include:
  • Training (there are no film schools).
  • Unavailability of equipment (most filmmakers have to travel to Senegal to get cameras and other tools of their trade).
  • Funding for the production of documentary

Funding, if made available, should concentrate on training and developing skills of filmmakers, training specifically in the area of documentary filmmaking, and support for the new guilds and organisations. This will help guide the emerging film industry in the Gambia.

QUALITATIVE STUDY

REGULATORY BODIES FOR FILM IN THE GAMBIA

There are no regulatory bodies for film in the Gambia. However recent activities in the film industry in the Gambia include the organisation of advocacy groups (Film Producers Association Gambia), artist’s organisations, and the launch of the Royalties Collecting Mechanism in the Gambia.

Excerpt from transcript of the speech the Minister of Tourism and Culture Gambia, Hon. Mrs. Fatou Mas Jobe- Njie gave at the opening ceremony of the inauguration of the film guilds at the Alliance Franco Gambia 

Minister: This morning’s set up can be called a milestone in Gambian arts and culture simply because for the first time you have come together, to be a full fledged organisation as required by the copyright act as enunciated by the chairman. This morning, we stand on the realisation of the long awaited dream of the Royalties Collecting Mechanism in the Gambia, which is enunciated in the Copyright Act. The road which has lead us here has been very challenging but interesting. I have been really pushing them and I do not have to apologise for it. The various stages of this journey include the enactment of the Copyright Law by the Gambian government in 2004, and also the setting up of a copyright office under the NCAC in 2008. Of course, this was followed by the various stakeholders meetings and workshops, such as this one, and lately the various stake holder meetings between the NCAC and the various artists groups and the facilitation by the NCAC of the establishment of the six artist associations in the past 7 weeks. Well done. For that, you have done very well. Thank you chairman.

This association should have membership on the collecting society board. Throughout this laborious work, we have counted on the support of you stake holders and thank you very much — the international stakeholders organisations like WIPO and indeed the Gambian government. Now that we have come this far, we should ask ourselves what’s next? Firstly, the various executive persons here should work towards strengthening their associations and making them more financially viable because we need money, administratively responsive and transparent. For too long artists have created associations only to allow them to die. We do not want this one to die. This must not happen to us. I think we’re very serious. We are are very focused and this association is not going to die.

We should also find out the various ways and means to raise funds, to organise programmes and to sensitise your memberships because it’s very important. We should also recruit more members and set up offices to make your associations accessible. If people want to see you, you have to be reachable. Above all, seek to build international contacts. The international contacts are what can make or break us and I am very glad that WIPO can see that we are really ready, we are organised and henceforth, I don’t want to be travelling on your behalf, you have to do the travelling yourself. In such, you can count on our support. You have the Ministry’s full support.

Secondly, the association should endeavor to educate their membership on copyright issues and I am very glad that I have seen this information pack from WIPO. It is very good. You should educate your membership on copyright issues and other matters relevant to the sector, such as contracts, which are key for artists, if artists are to harvest from their sweat and talent.

The other milestone you must reach is to schedule a date for the general congress of the associations soon. You will elect your president, and then you will have the Terms of Reference (TORs) and the qualifications of the executive secretary of the society and other necessary staff in complement.

If you look at these documents there is a guideline as to how to go about it. You have your WIPO team here, the consultants, they can guide us. We can make it September so that by November we know that we have a collective society. You can be invited to attend this programme and you can start making your networking and your contacts.

This board of course will now work with the NCAC and the secretariat of the society to formulate an outline or a blueprint that I can now use as a ministry to go to the government and say this is the type of support that is needed by the collecting society. We are looking at a situation whereby we will make sure that we will have a budget for you, because the startup is a problem. We can tell the government that we are ready and we are serious, and ask them for this amount of money for the collecting society for the period of two years. Just to give you time to settle, we are ready to do that but like I said two days ago, the ball is in your court. You have our support. If you want us to attend any meeting we will be ready to attend because the collecting society is not just good for you, but it is also good for the government of the Gambia and the people of this country, so you have our support on that.

With determination, these steps can be reached by the end of this year. By the end of this year we will set up the board. We have the guidelines, we will have the TOR, we know exactly what needs to be done, and we will know how to prepare the contracts between us and the radio stations, the Television stations etc. It is achievable. Once we are set, if you need office space, we can create office space at the ministry because we have some offices that are empty right now. We can create the space, we can get people to support us, furnish the office and you will have your office and you will be independent. You have that assurance and that support.

Now of course, you know your responsibility. You will be collecting royalties for Gambian creators and I think it’s high time we make some money. Anybody who uses our music or uses our products has to make sure that they pay us for it. The Collecting Society is key and that is why this meeting and the formation of the board is very timely.

To conclude, I wish to take this opportunity to once again thank the delegation from WIPO for coming to attend this great moment and to assure them of my ministry’s fervent desire to work with the associations, to realise the society, and to have the society set up. We can have it done and with the dedication and commitment of all of you it can be done for sure. I know all of you here are committed and dedicated people in whatever you do.

THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR ARTS AND CULTURE (NCAC) THE GAMBIA

http://ncac.gm/welcome.htm

The National Centre for Arts and Culture (NCAC) is a semi-autonomous institution established by an Act of Parliament in December 1989 to promote and develop Gambian Culture. The 1989 Act is now superseded by the NCAC Act of December 2003. The eight member Board appointed by the Secretary of State for Tourism and Culture is the highest official decision making body on all matters relating to Arts and Culture in the country.

The functions of the Centre are;
  1. To advise the Secretary of State on matters of policy relating to Arts and Culture and in particular on matters relating to national languages, the creative and performing arts, monuments and relics, research and documentation, science and indigenous technology, and sports and recreation;
  2. Promote and develop Gambian arts and culture;
  3. implement, monitor, co-ordinate and evaluate artistic and cultural programmes in the Gambia;
  4. Promote artistic and cultural co-operation at regional and international levels;
  5. Encourage, at the local level, the emergence of groups and institutions interested in the promotion of arts and culture;
  6. Supervise the functioning of the committees that may be established under this Act;
  7. Investigate and report on artistic and cultural matters relating to research, information processing, storage, documentation, retrieval, and dissemination;
  8. Equip, maintain and manage the National Museums;
  9. Establish, equip, maintain and manage such other museums as it thinks fit;
  10. Preserve, repair or restore any ethnographical article which it considers to be of national importance;
  11. When required by the Secretary of State, investigate and report on any matter relating to any ethnographic article;
  12. Keep a register of all ethnographic articles which it acquires or which are brought to its notice;
  13. List all monuments whose proclamation as National Monuments it considers desirable; ascertain their owners, before recommending to the Secretary of State to proclaim them as National Monuments;
  14. Perform such functions as may be conferred on it under any law on copyright;
  15. Perform such duties as are related to the research and development of arts and culture in the

The Institution is the professional arm of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and executes its mandate through three technical Directorates, namely, The Directorate of Cultural Heritage, The Directorate of Literature, Performing and Fine Arts and The Directorate of Copyright.

1. The Office of the Director General

The Director General’s Office is the administrative and financial secretariat. Its functions are:

  • To co-ordinate and monitor the day-to-day activities of the NCAC;
  • To provide the necessary backstopping to the Technical Divisions in execution of their activities;
  • To serve as the public relations arm of the NCAC;
  • To evaluate policies relating to the activities of the Centre in particular, and matters relating to arts and culture in general;
  • To monitor, evaluate the projects and activities of the Technical Departments;
  • To provide information to the Board and to serve as the Secretariat for the
  • To formulate budgets and project proposals for the Centre.
2. Directorate of Cultural Heritage (DCH)

The Directorate has two divisions namely:

2a. Museum and Monuments Division-MMD.

This unit is responsible for the material culture heritage, both movable and immovable. Its tasks are:

  • Management of museums;
  • Proclamation, inventorization, interpretation, protection, conservation and promotion of national monuments and sites of historical and cultural significance;
  • Research into new archaeological sites;
  • Organisation of exhibitions;
  • Organisation of outreach programmes in relation to material and non-material heritage;
  • Collection of historical
2b. Research and Documentation Division – RDD.

The Division is responsible for all research and documentation activities.

3. Directorate of Literature, Performing and Fine Arts – DLPFA

This Division is mandated to protect, preserve, develop, promote and celebrate Gambian arts and culture nationally and internationally.

Its Role Includes:
  • Registration of artists and cultural troupes;
  • Production of a national catalogue/directory of all registered artists and cultural troupes;
  • Encourage and support  village, district, community and divisional cultural festivals;
  • Creation and management of national dance, drama and musical troupes;
TECHNICAL, MORAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO GRAND MANIFESTATIONS ORGANISED BY ARTISTS AND CULTURAL TROUPES
Functions Include:
  • Contributing to the biennial International Roots Festivals;
  • Organising drama competitions and story-telling sessions;
  • Organising modern,musical concerts;
  • Organising literary competitions;
  • Organising workshops for artists;
  • Participating in international cultural events;
  • Co-operation with international troupes and organisations;
  • Organising national festivals of arts and culture;
  • Establishment of national associations of dance, drama and music;
  • Fundraising
GAMBIA RADIO AND TELEVISION SERVICE
About the GRTS

In December 1995 the Government commissioned the Gambia Radio and Television Service (GRTS) TV station. GRTS is the Gambia’s only public service broadcaster.

Under the umbrella of The Gambia Telecom- munications Company (Gamtel) it was to perform test transmissions from a 5KW transmitter situated at Abuko covering the Greater Banjul Area.

Later, a couple of transmitting stations were erected at the villages of Bansang and Soma inland to achieve national broadcasting coverage. Despite these earlier efforts, some areas of the Gambia, in particular the up- river regions, still remain outside the airing range.

Since the moment of its commissioning, GRTS has operated as a public service station in the tradition of the older, established Radio Gambia. The majority of the programmes are dedicated to news, public service announcements, education, entertainment and religious programmes. Broadcasts are made in all the 4 main languages as well as English and French. Some programmes from foreign sources like the BBC News of the UK, CNN of the USA, Deutsche Welle of Germany and CFI of France are also regularly shown within the GRTS station’s programme schedule.

As more and more television units become financially accessible to local families, GRTS has become an ever more vital and effective means of communication.

In 2002 the Government completed building the station’s headquarters to accommodate the GRTS’s administrative, technical, and operational needs.

ADVOCACY GROUP FOR FILMMAKERS IN THE GAMBIA

THE GAMBIA FILM PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION HOLDS FIRST CONGRESS

The Gambia Film Producers Association, on Saturday, held its first congress at the Alliance Francaise-Gambienne along the Kairaba Avenue in Kanifing. The forum afforded the opportunity to take stock of the achievements of the Association, and the challenges that continue to be grappled with.

Speaking at the occasion, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Council for Arts and Culture, Tijan Kamara, told the film producers that according to the Copyright Act of the Gambia, it is the professional artistic associations that have to come together to constitute the collecting society.

He underscored the important role of the Association in developing the country’s artistic and cultural endowment, saying: “Your role must be such that it will generate interest in artistic creativity and film production as relevant to our developmental aspirations rather than heavily depending on foreign movies that will not help our society, especially the youth, to achieve their self-realisation”.

“Given the adverse effects of Western acculturation in our society”, according to Kamara, “the Association is naturally faced with the challenge of exploiting the creativity of our hidden or underutilized artistic potential, but at the same time choosing subject matter that is compatible with our cultural norms and values for general acceptance”.

The NCAC Board chair encouraged the Gambia Film Producers Association not to focus on film production for entertainment sake, stressing that their focus should rather be of an educator with the emphasis on “how do we do it” and not “how others do it, or have done it”. However, he noted that one of the canons of judging a nation is its artistic heritage that serves as the mirror through which its past and cotemporary lives are reflected.

Kamara further urged the Association to engage and share ideas with the Gambia Radio and Television Services (GRTS), the national television station in the country. In his view, collaborating with GRTS should be geared towards developing a movie repertoire and showcasing the Gambia’s very own stories that will promote its image and heritage.

Speaking earlier, the Director General of the National Council for Arts and Culture, Baba Ceesay, said the gathering is an offshoot of the consultative forums the new council’s management has been having with artistic groups, with a view to creating understanding on how best to work with the creative artistic community.

Ceesay reminded the film producers that the NCAC is the institution charged with the preservation, promotion and development of art and cultural affairs in the country, and as such, needs to encourage the actors in this industry to come together so that their concerns can be addressed collectively.

Source: http://allafrica.com/stories/201208060439.html

 

PERSONAL  INTERVIEWS  OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY

Selected based on the relevance of their activities in the industry

Ebou Waggeh is a media and branding consultant with wide ranging local experience and proven expertise in the management of public information and matters of brand imaging. The name Ebou Waggeh is a media brand in itself renowned in all sectors of Gambian society. The company he manages, WAX Media, was founded in 2003 and provides branding, media production, public relations and product development services to corporate clients. He is the current president of Film Producers Association of the Gambia, (FPAG).

Mam Malen Njie is a Gambian TV presenter with her own show, called Its Hereand a music promoter. She also works for the GSM Company AFRICELL in the media relations department, handling some of their radio and TV shows.

Sana Sisay is a first generation filmmaker in the Gambia. He was one of the few filmmakers that worked in the Government Television station when it was first established. He currently works as a producer at the Gambian Family Planning Association producing docu-dramas on health issues.

Pa ABDOU Waggeh is a video director and editor who studied editing at MEDIAMATIC media house. He currently works at AFRICELL, a GSM company in the Gambia, as a creative director and is in charge of TV commercials. He is also the manager of WAX MEDIA, headed by Ebou Waggeh.

Baba Ceesay is the newly appointed Director General of the National Council for Arts and Culture in the Gambia.

FOCUS GROUP

The event was organised by World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), and it provided an opportunity for a gathering of all cultural sector practitioners in the Gambia. Stakeholders from different segments of the cultural sector, including producers, directors, actors, writers, and musicians were in attendance, and it was a platform for all of them to share ideas about their works and the creative industry.

At that time, there were no guilds, structures, nor laws in place for the creative industry. The industry was practically dominated by creative outputs from Senegal and Nigeria.

The event served as a great opportunity for a focus group meeting with all relevant stakeholders in the creative sector in attendance. The meeting lasted for over two hours and everyone in attendance had a chance to talk about their thoughts and frustrations with the creative sector. A lot of them also have actually been working abroad because there has been no opportunity, no structure, equipment, or resources to support the creative industry.

There has really not been a lot of originality in what they have been doing and they bemoan that too, as a lot of them made their names with old Gambian folklore stories. They are now under pressure from a new generation of practitioners who are looking for some kind of structural context for their own creativity.

The event was a prelude to the actual formal launch of the guilds, especially for the film sector.

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS OF KEY PLAYERS IN THE FILM INDUSTRY IN THE GAMBIA

INTERVIEW WITH EBOU WAGGEH

EW: My name is Ebou Wage. I am a journalist and a filmmaker in the Gambia and my career in journalism started when I became the editor of the newsletter that was run by the Gambian cooperative movement where I worked in the 80s. I used to work for a section of the cooperative movement called the Member Education Programme. This programme, which received assistance from the Norwegians, was meant to provide numerous literacy functional skills to the farming community in the Gambia who formed probably 75% of the population. If you look at literacy in the farming community, you will find out that it is less than 2%, so we have to make 98% of the farming community literate through this programme.

In the days we were doing this, there was no television in this country. I used to work in the material production of this Member Education Programme and my job was to design and use educational materials for numeracy and literacy. I received my professional training in Italy in 1988 on the adaptation of illustrations to local myths whether they were stills or whether they were video.

From this project I was able to use the technical equipment needed to design and print these usually paper-based educational materials like flash cards and items like that. Two years later, after my training in Italy, the Norwegians decided to buy us a video camera as well as a projector, so the idea was to move from using only flash cards to using audio-visual in our educational training programme. I had a camera which was a VHS and VHS was à la mode at time, so I would go upcountry, and go to a certain village and film because we used to also do education on farming techniques. In the past, it had been based on drawings and posters.

When we got the camera and the projector I went to village ‘A’ and then when we wanted to transfer knowledge on how to use a certain farming technique in village ‘A’ to village ‘B’, we filmed it and then went to village ‘B’ which was very far from village ‘A’. We used to have a van that we hired from the Agriculture and Communication sector, and when we’d go to the village, we’d announce during the day that there was going to be a film shown at night. We ended up having everyone in the village, from ages 1-99, come out to the see the film. What surprised me was that one technique that we had unsuccessfully spent a lot of time trying to transfer to a particular village all of sudden succeeded with the audio-visual because the next day when we went to assess and evaluate how much they knew about what they had seen, we saw that they could remember every detail of the film, from the beginning to the end.

The Norwegians saw that this was working, so we moved to audio visual. That’s how I ended up using audio visual on a film van until 1996 when television came. When the government body that was responsible for TV wanted to get staff for TV, they brought in a unit that government had called the film unit. The film unit was part of the ministry of information at the time. It was a leftover from colonialism because what the Europeans used to do was to bring a film meant for European audiences to us, and at night, because there was no television, they would invite everyone from the capital into a big square and then show the films. When the film unit took over, they had a lot of these films.

After independence, the film unit started filming things that were Gambian made and based on our own livelihood and then showed it later at the square. When television came, government decided to roll up this film unit and transfer the entire staff because that was the only place where government had a producer and a few cameramen and some editors. They moved them to the TV — whole stock and barrel and then they also moved some radio announcers from Radio Gambia to television.

There were a few of us who had prior knowledge and we had to prove that we could do the job. For myself, I had to prove I could do the job by showing a documentary I had already produced in 1990. That was how I got the job. I went in and I became a producer. I was probably the only one with experience on how to use that Betacam camera because Gambians didn’t know anything. They were in radio for about 18-20 years and didn’t know about television, cameras and things like that. They were just waiting for us to get them a script to read. So I and a colleague of mine decided that we could start a news programme, and the way we started the news was I would go out and interview people and come back and do a story and edit it. Then we would get the anchor in the studio and she would read the script. Later on we would edit the script on to the story and at ten o clock we would play the tape. We were actually recording the news. It wasn’t live, but people didn’t care because it was the first time they’d see in Gambian television with news on it.

It was big and we became very busy and I eventually lost my wife after four years because I didn’t have time for anything else. I would spend 18-19 hours at the station doing everything. I pioneered TV production for news, music videos, magazine programmes, documentaries, and religious programmes. There were few people who knew how to do it but everyone was willing to learn, so eventually they all learned. I realised after a couple of years that TV couldn’t do all the productions that were needed because there was a lot of demand. For me, the demand in news was about how to cope with the new change of government. All of a sudden there was a coup and there were some military boys at the state house instead of the traditional old jawara that we used to know. People wanted to know how things were panning out, so it was our duty to show people.

The new government introduced a TV station and they wanted to be seen and they used it to their advantage. We went there every day and got the opportunity to practice and got a lot of on the job training. I trained a lot of young boys and girls who came and they were quick to learn, but the fact is we also started experiencing changes. People started to move out because once you are on, especially the women — because TV as a lady and start doing well, somebody will offer you a job and pay you more and take you to their enterprise. That was how every one of the ladies moved and took their skills along with them.

I decided to leave after nine years because there was a need for independent production. I had been in TV and I had produced films while I was in TV. I had produced documentaries, features, and music videos and I’d write my own scripts, do script to screen, and edit my own work. I took care of the entire cycle. I depended on myself. When I started setting up my own media works, the first offer was a contract I won in a bid where the national TV also bid. I It was a World Bank project. They decided that they were building schools, and hospitals and roads and things like that and they wanted to have a visual image of how it was being done. I won the contract, and I did so well, that 2-3 contracts later, the agency decided that I was going to be the single source whenever they needed a video. I have stayed with them for more than 8 years and I am still with them now. I do documentaries for them for whatever they are doing. I have other clients with government projects that come in that need to have media presence and video as well. Mostly it’s video because that’s what people look at. They want people to see the things that are being done and so I am always involved.

Some of my works appear on TV outside the country, and some appear on TV here. There are some institutions where I am retained as a media consultant, not only for audio-visual works but for print media as well because I have been in print and I have also been in radio and I take care of all the media that the agency requires.

Recently, because of the fact that I have a specialization in documentary making, I get to take on most of the documentary contracts that are given out in this country by an institution because one institution will say, “you go to him, we were with him”. Most of my work appears on TV. I have a name in this country in terms of delivery and in terms of the area I am serving but recently, with new developments, things will probably become much bigger. It will involve other people apart from me, which is what I have always wanted. That is the formation of our association of filmmakers of which I am the president.

The reason we are forming this association presently is because of the copyright law that came into existence in 2004. It hasn’t been enforced until now because there hasn’t been a society which collects the royalties, so in the absence of all that, it hasn’t been possible to implement it. Now, The National Centre for Arts and Culture has been really put on the grill by their minister who was put on the grill by their president who was put on the grill by ECOWAS who said it was only the Gambia and Guinea Bissau that had not started having their copyright laws enhanced and functional.

Everybody is pushing and our audio-visual sector, will now start to work on its programme. Mostly our programme is going to be based on training.

The way I work with the TV as a media consultant, as a producer, and as an independent producer, is that I get commissioned work. I charge for production and also for air time, so when they pay me, I do the production and then go to the TV and I pay them to air it. That’s the arrangement I have with the TV. Just this morning I went and paid for some work I had for some clients. That’s where we are now but we would like to be a functional training ground for young people with the knowledge, or perhaps interest, or perhaps gift from God, in this creative art because we all know, as filmmakers, that creativity cannot be taught anywhere, in any school. You either have it or you don’t have it. So those who have it and don’t know that they have it need to be identified and brought to the field and those that don’t have it will be told what to do. There are so many functions in filmmaking that if you are not good in one aspect, you can be good in something else.

We want to identify all those areas where different skills can be harnessed so that we can train people and get Gambians to be more interested. Right now, 80% of the video consumers consume Nigerian films in this country, like most countries in Africa and around the world, because the industry in Nigeria is so versatile and resourceful. There are so many productions that come out of there and find their way to the Gambia that people are watching them every day. That is what we want. We want that kind of interest in Gambian films. One other area that has not been helpful to us in the film industry is the death of cinema halls. We used to have cinema halls but now I think only one cinema hall is left in the whole area and most of the time, what they show is premier league matches and not films. For us, the industry needs to really look at what we can do to survive the changing times — piracy and all that.

People also don’t invest in films. We don’t have executive producers here. You go to somebody and you tell him you have an idea for a film and it costs you a particular amount…it is not easy. I am working on a film and I am in the pre-production stage of the film and it is going to be based on a book written by the former president of this country. I have had discussions with him and he has given me the license and all that but I haven’t got the amount of money I need to make the film, so I have had to look for some partners. I am also looking at what to do — whether to do a docu-drama, or to do a documentary or whether to make a fiction film. We are looking at all those possibilities.

FO: Let’s try to be more specific about general overview. Give me the low down on the Gambia itself. How big is the Gambia and how many people are in the Gambia.

EW: The Gambia is the smallest country in terms of area in mainland Africa and the population is about. But I can tell you, .8 of that figure are non-Gambians. We are probably one of the most cosmopolitan nations in West Africa, and probably have half a million Senegalese living here. We have maybe two hundred to three hundred thousand Nigerians living here and I am not even including Sierra Leoneans. In fact, we have more Guineans than anything else in the Gambia. It could even be that there are one million people that are non-Gambians because when we had independence in 1965, we were 315,000 as a country. Between 1965 and 2012 we reached 1.8 million. Our density is very critical. We have only 11,000 square km of land and we have got one 1.8 million people living on it. Perhaps this is an opportunity to do films about family planning, about space planning and all those things to educate the public.

FO: And in terms of the public, the love of the creative industry… ?

EW: The creative industry in the Gambia is highly misunderstood, undervalued, and under harnessed. We have a problem of Gambians not appreciating painting or good books — most of the time it is the appreciation of a beautiful dress you are wearing. You hardly see a painting and say that is a nice painting, Gambians don’t look at things that way.

FO: Why is that?

EW: It’s a good question. I think it is because there is very little talk or even coverage about the arts anywhere, whether it is at home, on TV, or on radio, it doesn’t exist. We need to really talk about what art can contribute to the socio-economic development of the nation. That is lacking and that is why this WIPO study will examine the socio-economic benefit. We are also looking at other things — including tourism, which this country depends on for its foreign exchange. Over 16-18% of our GDP is from tourism. The other thing is that even though we have an 18% contribution to the GDP through tourism, the tourism attractions of this country are very limited and have not changed for forty years. The attractions are the beach, the night life, and the birds — the niche market for the sun, sea and sand, what they call SSS. We know there are people who are interested in theatre, in the arts, but we have never promoted this country as a place where you find the arts.

FO: Are you saying these indigenous African communities are losing their storytelling culture?

EW: Exactly, I used to work for the Sheraton when it opened in the Gambia here. I was the PR director at the Sheraton and I introduced things that were not being done in other hotels. I introduced a group that would come and talk, give oral tradition presentations like we used to have here and this would be translated into English for the audience to understand. There were some activities that were based on understanding what the Gambia is all about in terms of culture and arts. We, in the media, are responsible for a large part of the un-awareness of the population about certain issues, and art is one of them. Art is the one that has suffered most, but it’s true with music too because now nobody even spends a dime on music. You either get it through the internet or you listen to the radio. That is one area we need to work on.

FO: If you had to put a number on the media/creative community…how big is it? What is the number of people in the creative community who currently make a living?

EW: The creative community falls into categories. We have traditional entertainers who are people who entertain people at social events, and they are mostly drummers and dancers. We have the contemporary artists — those musicians using Western style music and changing and adapting it. That is the area that is getting bigger, the other area is actually dwindling. As someone was saying, when was the last time you saw somebody learn how to play a kora? We don’t have people learning to take over from traditional musicians but we have people coming into the contemporary music of the Gambia everyday and this is the mixture of African, Western, hip hop, and rap that is dominating everything now.

FO: In terms of television and film, how many producers, directors and all that? 

EW: That is what we are trying to really get to. We have formed our association and we are even finding it difficult to go by the definition of a producer to become eligible because if we go by what we call a producer, we make it more harmful to the whole country. What we say is anybody who ‘produces’. As I said, tourism is one of our main attractions,  and when tourists come, they do tours of the Gambia, go to villages and things like. A staff member of the tour company, who has a video camera, will video their movements and afterwards provide each of them a copy, so these are people who are taking images of the Gambia and giving it to others. We have a whole lot of them. This includes social events as well. If you go to a hundred social events, you will find a video cameraman shooting. Mostly these people are just filming, editing — cutting out the rough parts and giving it back to us.

FO: So, the association of filmmakers that you are beginning will be concentrating first and foremost on training?

EW: Exactly. Training people is what we need help in, because the true producers, like myself, are trained.

FO: How many people are there like you?

EW: Three to four, to be honest.

FO: And these three or four, do they all have production companies?

EW: Yes, I have my production company, I have my equipment, and I have somebody else. You are going to meet the three or four and find out where you can go to find equipment. They are producing and others are individual producers who will do something once in a while. They will come and hire your camera to shoot. Some have HD cameras but they are not very good using it.

FO: In terms of training, which area do you suspect is needed? Is it technical, artistic or production management?

EW: All! I am talking about the entire production cycle — how to manage it, what to look for, what to plan for, and also how to implement it.

FO: Are there people ready to take this kind of training?

EW: Oh yes! Yes, very young people. Since people started seeing others they know doing things on TV, they say, “Oh!, If you can do it I can do it”, and that is a very good thing. That is what generated a lot of interest.

FO: How come there are no training institutions at all?

EW: I think it is because if you are trained as a filmmaker or producer, you will have to go and look for the job yourself, and the space at GRTS, the only television station in the country, is limited. If you don’t have a job in the GRTS, you don’t have the chance to work anywhere because you have not been trained to work in radio, you haven’t been trained to work in the newspaper, you have been trained to work in the audio visual unit and it doesn’t exist. I have a lot of people asking to come and join me in my outfit but what I say is that I don’t have permanent employees. I call them, work with them for one week on a documentary perhaps, pay them and that’s it. I have a plan to open my own TV stations if I can get the license. For about four and half years now I’ve been trying but there is no decision yet to award any license to any individual private person in this country for television. Not yet.

FO: Let’s talk about the film industry. You are saying government is not going to be giving out any licenses soon?

EW: I don’t know, they have not said anything, because when I applied to open a TV station, they wrote back to me that they wanted to see how I was going to do it — my programmes, my financials and all that. I paid somebody to work out how I am going to make a profit, set up a business plan and I gave it to them.That was the last time I heard

from them, and that was three years ago. I do check every once in a while and what they are saying is there is this government agency called Public Utility Regulatory Authority (PURA), that has been given the mandate to work out the modalities to open up the market for television. The last time I checked they said there is no act to regulate that sector. We have to get the bill into parliament and pass the law. I followed through with this and I attached that act to my application. I said this is what government has done now, but that was the last time. They keep telling me that the Ministry of Information are the ones to give out the license. PURA is the technical body that has to work out the modalities, so it hasn’t yet left PURA to go to the Ministry of Information.

FO: For now, the only source for documentary, for the producers that are here, the only exposure point, access point to the audience is the government television?

EW: Yes, it is the government TV.

FO: Let’s talk about the film industry. How busy is the industry in terms of the Gambian indigenous films — the indigenous story of the Gambia, how busy is that? 

EW: Not so busy. I can tell you no more than ten films get made here every year.

FO: How are these films funded?

EW: Part of the funding comes from, for example, the national AIDS secretariat. They want a film that has a message on AIDS and then someone does films about that. There are one or two independently funded films that I know of in the Gambia. I have done a couple of films but they were funded by the National Assembly for Arts and Culture and the TV station. For independently funded films, nothing more than five or so in a year are funded.

FO: How are they distributed?

EW: Good question. Until recently, people used to do their own independent distribution. You give it to someone who can get it played — I know, I had some contract with BEN TV in UK in order to show a film. Recently, we had somebody come from MNET, a Nigerian lady who came to the Gambia to look for programmes for MNET from the Gambia and she invited producers to come and see whether they could use it. We went there and met her, and she looked at some of the films. Some could not even come with a copy of their films, but I did and she looked at mine, which were mainly documentary and she said that was alright. So, hopefully we will be working with that agency in terms of the airing of the films because the films you air on MNET will probably be seen by more Gambians than if you are on GRTS. That is the irony. The viewership is very low.

FO: MNET is the African cable giant and so basically…

EW: That’s the irony, exactly, and even in Senegal you get your film played on one of the channels, you get seen by more Gambians than even our own TV channel.

FO: So basically, the Senegalese broadcast television into the Gambia?

EW: Oh yes!

FO: How many stations come in?

EW: They’ve got twelve of them. We speak the same local language and most of their programmes are in the local language Wolof. We speak the same language in Senegal and the Gambia. Most of their programmes are in the local languages.

FO: So, they filter in here. Do they do drama?

IBU: Oh yes. They do many more films in Senegal, maybe a hundred times more in Senegal than in the Gambia. In fact the industry in Senegal is so developed that they have got some major filmmakers like Sembene Ousmane, Moussa Sene Absa and people like that.

FO: So, a lot of their films are what people consume here?

EW: Absolutely. All of their films are watched here. In fact before the TV arrived, their films used to be shown at the cinemas, and they used to be crowded with people in the days when TV was not here.

FO: In terms of people being able to afford to watch a film in cinema…

EW: Where? In cinemas it doesn’t exist. They are closed down and even those that are operating only show football.

FO: Do the people have to pay to watch football? 

EW: Yes, I am telling you football is the biggest way to pass time in this country.

FO: So basically, if the film industry were to get back into the cinemas, people would be interested?

EW: I think so.

FO: What parts of the filmmaking chain are most critical to succeed in commercially?

EW: Production! Pre-production — you need to plan. Even if you don’t plan, if somebody plans for you, but during the production period, you need to do things right. You need to have a good story line, a relevant storyline. We have a couple of films that were made in the Gambia here. The one that was made into a series on MNET and has been running is called BANJUL COPS which was done with quite a relatively good technical back up, but the story line was one they got from Hollywood and just brought here. Ithas nothing to do with our life style  or our culture. It was entertaining, but it wasn’t very useful. We need something that is useful and entertaining.

FO: What would you consider to be, for a filmmaker, the most important asset of the Gambia as a filmmaking country?

EW: The Gambia has some unique features. We have got a river that runs 400km right through the country and life on that river is completely unique. We have also got probably 8 or 9 major ethnic groups with among them, more than probably 25 different ethnic practices. I have done a documentary that looked at 16 different ethnic practices across 5 different ethnic groups. This is a docu-drama that is still in the rough cut stage. This is what I am trying to say — our culture is full of things we can use in films — our costumes, our location…. Look at our beach. It is one of the cleanest beaches in Africa and it goes for 40km on the coast line. If you look at the nature of Gambians you’ll see that we are practically a minority in our own country, so that alone can be a good thing in a film. There are so many things that we can show.

FO: In terms of support for the industry, I know that you are putting the structures together now. Let me just quickly ask you to talk about what the structures are in terms of the guilds that you are putting in place and is there a government regulation to put a statutory backing to this effort? 

EW: Yes, in fact this outfit we are working on now is going to be launched tomorrow and has been pushed mainly by the government. They are the ones giving out the funds so that many organisations can organise themselves. Once we have a collecting society, they will give total independence to the collecting society and they will say “you run the affair of artists in this country and their royalties, their interests, their advantages and all that”. We hope that once that has been done, the different sectors within the board — the film, the drama, the music, the producers, fine arts, painters, writers — that we are all going to try to make sure our sector develops and reaches Gambians in every corner. Right now we are talking about the urban area.  As you know, the Gambia is mainly an urbanized country. Apart from what you can see here, if you go up country, you can see places and houses, but you see less people. Everybody has moved to this side and maybe 70% of the Gambians live within the first hundred kilometers of Banjul, so all the activity is here — the cinema, the TV. At one time the TV station could not even be seen up country. There were only radio stations and most of the time most of them didn’t reach up country. So, what we want to do is to really take it further because we have people who are locally based, who probably have a creative mind and are doing creative things that we can expose.

FO: Do you think documentary has a place here?

EW: Oh yes! My gauging of Gambians’ perception of film is they hardly realise that this is fiction. They take it too seriously. Even if you act as a character in a film as a bad person and then you go on the street, people attack you and ask you all sort of questions. Even my wife does it. She watches a film and she gets so angry and I tell her that it’s only acting. That’s why documentaries, which are non-fiction, is good. In documentaries you cannot do anything that is not true. It has to be true. You have to interview people and see their opinion about things which is very important.

FO: What are the issues that you think documentaries will address that will be critical to development?

EW: For documentaries, most of the development areas are health, education, society and how we relate to each other and things like that. Right now I am working on the pre-production of a documentary which is going to look at Banjul which will be 200 years old in four years time. What has happened is that the port authority in Banjul has expanded in its third phase to buy out a lot of houses that are close to the port so that the port can open up and become bigger for containers. All the ships now bring big containers, so we have to have big areas for containers. The problem is that now they have been acquiring homes but these homes that they have been acquiring have been there for more than 150 years, so they are demolishing a lot of history. Before they started demolishing, I started filming and interviewing people about what was here and when their houses were built. What happens now is that I am working with the port authority. I have convinced them to spend money on the production of a documentary which will document the things they are demolishing, so it will be good for posterity and for the museum. They agreed with me and I am working with them on that.

FO: What is the name of the association you just formed. What other association is being formed and what is your role in it? What are the ambitions and objectives?

EW: Our association is called Film Producers Association of the Gambia with the acronym, FPAG. Our association is going to be the mouth piece for all audio visual workers in this country, and we will be the training ground for audio-visual work. We will also look at issues that are of interest to the audio visual sector and also help to develop the film industry because what we have now are only a few individuals doing our film work. You can’t call that an industry yet, so we are looking to form an industry whereby we will get people. I know that there are people who are non- traditional filmmakers, and because they think they have creative mind, they think they can come up with the idea for a film. We want to encourage these people and they can work with us. There are few of us who have been lucky enough to have invested in equipment. As you know in filmmaking, before you can show something, unlike the writers or the musicians where you can just go with your voice you need to have used a camera and edited and all that. What we want to do is to connect people with ideas with what we have so far as equipment so that we can help them to see that they can do it. Once we get them to see that they can do it, perhaps they will be interested in buying their own equipment and start doing it on their own.

FO: Now you are forming an association for filmmakers?

EW: There is also another one for music producers and a third one for drama actors and there is another one for fine prints, painters and there is another one for writers.

FO: And, there is going to be another inaugurated tomorrow? How old are they now?

EW: They were all formed within the past four months. Most of them didn’t exist before.

FO: How are you funding the structure of this association?

EW: We have come up with application forms which we are going to sell to people, and we are going to start with the registration of the association with the justice ministry and the GRA (The Gambia Revenue Authority). After we have done all that, we will look for space for small office somewhere and then we will start to do our linkages and see how best we can take it from there.

FO: So, you are the one starting this whole thing, you are the pro interim president?

EW: I am the president. The last time we had our first congress, we elected our executive board and we have a president, a vice president, a treasurer, a programmes coordinator, plus the executive secretary. These are the five in the executive board.

FO: Assuming a foundation was to come in here in terms of support for this industry, in your own opinion, what would be the key need areas and what would be the priority areas of support?

EW: The key need area would be training — training in the area of documentary making. You are looking at real documentary making which is going to be a whole new area for some people. Even those who are working in the TV station are not doing it right because in documentary you need to do a lot of filming of locations and places so that you can have evidence of what you are talking about, but most of the documentaries they do are just talking heads. It is nothing different from what you can hear on the radio.

What we need to look at is how to produce a documentary that it is a complete picture so that it doesn’t become a documentary where people just keep talking. That’s one area, and the other area is how to get people interested in it. The question is what to do to attract the interest of people, especially young people, and once that is done then we can have an initial training. For example, I was a judge in a talent competition which was funded by one of the major communication companies here called Africell.They called it, “Face of Africell”, so they called me and said they wanted to do a television talent show in which we would look for a lady’s face that they could put on a SIM card. They spent some money on it and they brought in a TV crew from Senegal. I was one of the judges and what we had to do was to come up with a subject close to their heart. I guided them in doing a 5 minute television piece on it. I did for each of them a crash course on how to go about your topic, what you should shoot, what to ask about and what to look for. Then I would be the cameraman and in 3-4 days they would all come back with all their pieces edited. Most people didn’t believe that these people didn’t know anything about how to do it. It was simply because I told them. They were so quick to learn and they remembered everything they had to ask when they went on location and when they met the person. You can say that my interest is in patriotism — people loving their country — it is just an example, but they all came with different things. So for me, with help from a foundation, to identify young people who we can turn into good documentary filmmakers is not a problem. Now that we have this association, it becomes much easier.

FO: How do you expect such support to be administered? Wll it be through this emerging association?

EW: Through the association because we already have a programmes coordinator and we have an executive board. If we have a programme there is somebody to coordinate the programme.Then we will all plan, and we will need to identify the people that will participate in it and we bring them in. Documentary is easier than film simply because in films you need to use a cast. In documentary perhaps you don’t need to use a cast, except if it is a docu-drama. Most of the time, it is easier to train someone on how to make a documentary than train him on how to do a ten minute film, because they need to go and get the actors, the cast, shoot several times and edit, so it is easier for us to start our training with documentary making.

FO: Where will the outlets be? We have the same problem in Nigeria. If you make a documentary, you have to pay the TV station to play it, which is upside down because the TV stations are actually supposed to commission these things or take them because they need content. What is likely to happen?

EW: I have an idea and I know because I have been in the business for a while. There are people out there who have the money to get something audio visually done for them but they don’t have people to do it. When it comes to training, if we have a training programme and we have ten guys to train, I can go to ten different institutions and say, “Look, we are having a training programme for documentary makers in this country. Do you have anything that you want us to do as a documentary? You can pay for and then air it at the end of the day”. If you write to 15 or 20, at least 10 will say yes.

FO: Is it a possibility that if there were many more documentaries being made through the support structure there would be a possibility that the government broadcast station would be convinced to give an hour on air?

EW: I am coming to that. It can happen, because we are trying to get the NCAC to put it in their act. They have to put it in their act for the music sector that 70% of music played on radio in the Gambia every day should be Gambian. They haven’t got the same thing for television, but now they are promising us that they will do the same thing with television. Once that happens we have an agreement with the television that we will give them a playlist. We will provide a play list to play 2 to 3 films for Gambians every week. We can make this agreement with the NCAC because the NCAC has airtime there which I am trying to convince them to use to play films that are made by Gambians. So, there is a possibility of things changing, but even before things change, I want us to have a small group — not so many but at least the first ten — well trained documentary filmmakers who will open up the market and make people stop and say, “Are these Gambians doing this?” That is what I want. We have the people and we have the creative minds here. The problem is that opportunities don’t exist. I didn’t have the opportunity when I was doing my audio visuals, and if a television neighbor hadn’t come, I never would have become the person I am today.

FO: How much work is done by NGOs?

EW: The actors in the Gambia are government, NGOs, and civil society, but the civil society is usually association. 80% of NGOs are financed by people abroad, 20% are local NGOs and the government is the biggest, so what we are looking at is tapping all the sectors. We tap the government, we tap the NGOs and we tap the private sectors as well. The private sector is actually the biggest funder right now for music development. For example, they are the ones giving the musicians money. The president also. He personally gives out a lot of money to musicians. The telephone companies help a lot of musicians pay for their recordings as well. Once we are settled in the audio visual sector, we will have the same support.

 

INTERVIEW WITH PA ABDUL WAGGEH

FO: Can you please introduce yourself?

PAW: My name is Pa Abdul Waggeh and I live in the Gambia, working as a video producer.

FO: Give me a sense of what you do, the different things you do and the process by which you do them? I also need you to tell me your age because it’s also about the generation of filmmakers in the Gambia.

PAW: I just turned 30 this month.

 

FO: Congratulations.

PAW: Thank you. We specialise in video production. Actually, I was introduced to film by my dad, Ebou Waggeh, who encouraged me and taught me everything that I know today. I studied video editing and I specialise in video editing. The software that I am familiar with is Adobe. We use this software to do music videos, documentaries, TV adverts, and mostly all video productions. This software also has versions that have a lot of elements inside such as Photoshop, Adobe After Effects and now we use all of these software packages. We use Photoshop to design and we use Adobe After Effects to do interesting things to add to our jobs.

FO: What do you see as a primary challenge as a young filmmaker in the Gambia and what do you see in terms of your opportunities and your challenges?

PAW: In terms of challenges I would start with equipment. I know I have the heart, the courage, the will to do anything I see on TV if I have the right equipment. Actually, if you see the machines we are using they are Windows PC’s, who uses Windows nowadays? Everybody has upgraded to Macintosh. You don’t have to worry about viruses, slow machines, slow work, rendering, and all of that, but we are still there. We are still using PC’s with less than 200G of hard drive. Can you imagine 2G of RAM? That is slow, so equipment is our main problem.

Secondly, I would say cameras — good cameras. Our cameras are ok, but common. They are 3CCD

Panasonic. You have to do your filming and come back to do the editing and then enhance your pictures. Now people are using HD and you don’t need to enhance anything. You just shoot, edit and you’re done, but

our cameras are weak. We are able to produce quality pictures because we believe in quality and so we work on our pictures to the best of our abilities.

FO: In terms of the industry itself, the performance of the young generation of the creative industry in the Gambia, what’s the scenario?

PAW: Right now, we have a lot of young people involved in the media and just recently for the first time in the Gambia, a school has been opened to teach young people about editing and about 3D software. I just heard about it a week ago. Can you imagine? For the first time in the Gambia a foreign body just comes to invest in production in the Gambia. I think that is something because young people here in the Gambia are really interested in media. Some are into music, others into acting, but I’m into directing and producing. That is what we are interested in.

Things are really changing in the Gambia. 10 years ago we didn’t have what we have here today. We have at more than 12 to 15 radio stations. Compared to other countries where they have up to 100 radio stations, we have at least 15. That was just in the last 2 or 3 years. Even though we still have one national TV through which we broadcast our videos and products, that’s the only TV we have in the Gambia, so that also is a challenge to us in broadcasting. Sometimes, or most of the time, if the TV can’t play our videos we just upload it to Facebook or YouTube and people can watch it there because the TV can’t play all the videos all the time. That is one of our challenges — that we only have one TV station.

 

FO: How active is this generation of young creatives in the Gambia in social media? How connected are they to the internet or social media?

 

PAW: Very, because right now that’s the only means we have. It’s the only way of showing our work without a problem or without having to go through difficulty. If you have your video clip ready and you need it to be played on GRTS, instead of them begging you to play it, you would be the one begging them to play it and once they play it one time you have to be calling them “when is my video going to be played again, is it going to be played on your next show or are you going to play it on the next interlude?” With social media like the internet you can just upload it within a day or two and thousands of people can see it because nowadays young people in the Gambia are very familiar with the internet, especially Facebook. Almost every kid has an account on Facebook, so if you upload your video, you are likely to be popular within a month.

 

FO: In terms of other forms of audio visual works do you think young people in the Gambia are interested at all in documentaries? And, are there people who would possibly want to work in that?

 

PAW: I would say yes. Young people are getting involved in a lot of things and I am surprised to see young graduates talking about documentaries. In my own personal experience, my dad encouraged us to do documentary and that’s where we started. That’s

where I started because he is a documentary guy and he does documentary all the time, so when I was learning editing, that’s where I learned it. It’s something I know very well and am really interested in — not just me, but a lot of young people nowadays are doing mini documentaries, like 5 to 10 minute documentaries, but most of them want to do videos. It’s more of a teenage thing, but as you grow older you tend to grow wiser and you can’t compare a documentary to a music video. I am glad I found that out early.

 

FO: In your opinion, how important are young people’s understanding of documentaries in relationship to their ability to begin to tell their own stories — to begin to integrate the history — to begin to define their experience as Gambians?

PAW: Personally, as I said earlier, we need more schools; and we need more lecturers to let the young people know the importance of documentary. I don’t think young people really know the importance of documentaries in the Gambia. Out of 10 young people who are involved in the media, 7 are more interested in music videos, so not many young people know the importance of documentaries.

 

FO: What do you see in terms of your evolution as a filmmaker in the industry in the future? What are your own dreams and your ambitions as you express yourself more?

 

PAW: I want to make movies. I mean, deep down in my heart I know I can do it. Just get me the equipment. I can express myself so deeply about how I am capable of doing production. I taught 4 people and took them from knowing nothing, to working at the national TV as editors. Now I have 3 that I am teaching because

I just can’t hold it all to myself and I just have to give out. As I told you before, we need equipment to be able to express ourselves. I shot a movie in 2 days with 1 camera. It was a short movie, a 20 minute movie, with good sound with just with 1 camera just to prove a point. Then I took my salary and paid those actors. I paid them a little money, but mostly to prove to somebody that I could do it.

 

FO: You work at Africell as well during the day and make movies and videos at night. I understand that Africell is also making content. Africell is a Telecoms operator. How did they get there and how are you involved in what they are doing?

 

PAW: Actually, I was working with my dad when they gave me a call, “Hello Mr. Waggeh. This is Africell. We would like to have an interview with you because we are really interested in what you do”. Africell is a mobile company, but Africell is a company that wants to be self-sufficient — self-sufficient in that they want to do everything for themselves. They want to do their carpentry, they want to have their own welding, they want to produce their own billboards, their own design, and use their own video editors. I can call it selfish, but it’s good. They don’t need to go out to get anything.

They have everything in-house.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

While other companies will have to hire other people to do adverts for them or to do billboards for them, Africell has it all. When they called me to say that they had an interest in what I did, I said, “Ok, cool”, and they gave me a job and an office and that was how I started about four years ago. I am there from 8 am until 5 or 6 pm and then come back home and continue working in the house office.

 

FO: They invest in equipment?

 

PAW: Yes, they do.

 

FO: What kind of equipment do you have to work with?

 

PAW: At Africell, they gave us PC computers with a huge capacity hard drive because they do a lot of

videos and everything has to be stored. They bought cameras including a Sony HD camera. Recently,

I told my boss to get a 7D Canon, which is ok for

filming, he’s right now in Lebanon and I asked him to buy the camera on his way back. I don’t know, but they are doing well. They buy equipment, especially when I am in need of it.

 

FO: What are the things you do there exactly?

 

PAW: I do TV commercials there. I do editing. When we have coverage or shows I get camera men to help me film and I come back and edit them and keep them. We have a library of everything that we do.

 

FO: How much has this helped you?

 

PAW: Definitely it has helped me a lot because it’s a company that doesn’t play with quality. They know that they have competitors. The Gambia is a country with four GSM operators and everybody wants to be the best, so Africell doesn’t take chances. They always

work with the best, so whenever I do a TV advert it has to be checked by four people before it goes out on TV and all of those people are not all in the Gambia. Two are in our office, one is in Sierra Leone and the other, in Lebanon. We have to email jobs to them so they can confirm that they are ok before they go out on TV.

 

Sometimes I’d do some TV adverts and have to make changes 25 times or so and I’d get terrible because

I was tired, but then it taught me to be patient and showed me that these people really know quality. They trust quality and they don’t take chances with their work. So, they’d just call me a million times a day and say, “Ok, just change the colors. Change the blue. No, make it green. I think the blue was better”. The first year I got frustrated. I really got frustrated, but my boss told me to get used to it. Finally, it taught me to be patient and to love quality. I just can’t stand non-quality products.

 

FO: What do you think, apart from yourself, is your assessment of the work being done by the emerging generation of filmmakers here?

 

PAW: Gambians are very ambitious people. I am the type of guy that appreciates other people’s good work. I can’t just hold it back and I can’t just hold it in. When I see somebody’s work and I appreciate, I will tell you. I pick the phone and call you and say, “Yo bro! That was a nice job”. We have some pretty cool editors here. I’m pretty sure in about two to three years time… oh my God! You will see marvelous jobs in the Gambia because I know in about three or four years people will see our interest in media and they will come to invest. They will come to open schools or bring cameras because our main problem here is finding a good camera. You can’t go out today or tomorrow or even next week because there are no shops that sell good cameras. We don’t have any in the whole country. Even

if you have the money, you can’t get it here. You have to travel to Senegal, England or Nigeria just to get a camera because you can’t just go to any shop in the Gambia to get a camera. There are none. That’s our problem, but we are ambitious people and we use what we have to do great things.

 

FO: Looking at Gambians, what are the things you would say for instance to a foreign filmmaker that wanted to collaborate with you? What are the strengths of the Gambia and what are the issues that you think filmmaking might make a difference with here?

 

PAW: Recently we had 10 people — outsiders from Nigeria and other countries — doing movies here and thought, “Why do those people just come here, make movies and go?” Something must be done.

That’s when our actors and producers came together and decided that we have been holding back for too

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

long. Let’s get something done. That’s how the whole association started and we have formed the association and everything has to be in order now. Before, foreign filmmakers just came and made their films and left to sell their movies. That was it.

 

The Gambia was just their location and it was a good one. They would take 1 or 2 of our actors or actresses, involve them as extras, and do their movies and leave. There was these time I had a chat with an actor and he told me, “They told me they would pay me when they got back”. I thought, “Yeah, they will pay you when they get back”. I think it’s changing now though. Since the association started we have had lots of meetings.

I think there is absolute change now, but before they would just come and do their movies and wave goodbye to us.

 

FO: You think training is a big issue, you think equipment is a big issue, what about funding? Where do people get money to make these things? A camera is not the only thing that makes a film, so is there funding? IHow do you find money to make the film in the first place? I want to talk about the little film you did, how do you distribute and do you make your money back?

 

PAW: Even now there are no big budget films in the Gambia. There are none.

 

FO: What is your average budget in the Gambia?

 

PAW: It’s like 100,000 Dalasi or 4,000 dollars for a whole movie. There is no big budget movie yet in the Gambia compared to Nigeria. Big investors have not realised the importance of movies yet here in the

Gambia. I can say because in Nigeria businessmen put a lot of their money into movies. They sponsor movies because they know the importance of the movie. They know what it can bring them. I think in the Gambia they have yet to find that out, so it’s not as if there is

a company waiting to sponsor movies. You have to be

knocking on their doors and pleading with them to convince them. In other countries you don’t need to convince them, you just show them your script and they give you the funding. It’s not like we have it here in the Gambia. We don’t have it, so producers like myself have to gather our salaries for 3 months in order to be able to buy tapes, pay some of the cast with a

few dollars and at the end of the day, no one buys the movie. We have to keep it in our company and watch it.

 

The movie that I did was a short movie. My intention was not to sell it. As I told you, I was proving a point because somebody wanted to see if I could do it. The movie had four characters and it was just a day’s movie from morning to night. It was just to prove that I could do it and the guy was impressed.

 

FO: Did you write the script?

 

PAW: Yes, I wrote the script. I shot the movie and I directed the movie. My brother did the lightning so we were like 2 crew and we had 4 characters. I was the camera man, director and the location manager and my little brother was the light man. We did it in a day and it was good and at least I proved a point. That was what I wanted.

 

FO: Distribution wise, I noticed there are no cinemas?

 

PAW: No, there is no cinema. There are no centers to sell DVD’s or movies. It’s just beginning, and the

Gambia is just beginning. I promise you that in about 5 years, when you come back, you will see something different because we are really ambitious people. We love what we do. I tell people that I could do this job for free because that’s how much I love it. As you can see,  just came from work and in my free time I am working and I don’t realise that I am working because it’s like a hobby to me. I don’t even realise it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERVIEW WITH MAM MALEN NJIE

 

 

 

FO: I am in Africell, Banjul, Gambia interviewing Miss Njie. Talk to me about who you are and what you do?

 

MMJ: My name is Mam Malen Njie. I am Gambian, and I work in the media. I’m a media presenter and at the same time, a musical promoter. I also work at a GSM company in the media relations department, so I handle some of their radio shows and also shows on TV.

 

FO: How long have you been here?

 

MMJ: I have been working for Africell for 3 years now.

 

FO: How long have you been doing on-air work?

 

MMJ: I have been doing on-air work for about 5 years as a presenter and as a radio presenter.

 

FO: What is your ambition in the realm of audio-visual productions?

 

MMJ: I feel it’s my zone and so I have ambitions to further my education in Media Relations, Mass Communications, and then come back and build a media empire of my own — basically filmmaking,

shows — probably if I’m lucky enough, get my own TV station.

 

FO: Do you see a space for women in the media in the Gambia?

 

MMJ: Oh yes I do! There are a lot of women in the media here in the Gambia and some of them are doing pretty well. They have their own media companies and they have their talk shows that have been airing out for a couple of years. They are prominent people and very influential people in society. There is a lot of space for it. I think that it is even more welcoming for females in media than males.

 

FO: What kind of challenges do you think females face in the media here?

 

MMJ: I think the challenge is basically internal, such

as how bold, or how brave, or how far the woman in media wants to take herself. It is just a matter of

courage, a matter of how much challenge you would want to take up, but apart from that, if you really want to do it, it is pretty simple really. You just have to get into it.

 

FO: You look at the landscape for media now for young people — and by media I mean television, radio and social medias, the internet — what is the scenario from your point of view? How do you see it, how interested are young people in this landscape and what is the possibility of their being able to express themselves?

 

MMJ: Well as you know, here in the Gambia, media is still very young and our people are not very accustomed to being out there, being on TV, being in the media, or being heard, so some of them are pretty reserved.That is why it is so hard for a lot of people to be in media.

It takes a lot to be working in the media here in the Gambia, but that is changing right now. There are a lot of young people who are coming up and who feel like that they can do a thing or two in the media. It can be on the radio, it can be on TV, it could be on the internet or whatever, but they are coming up and they are growing, so I see a bright feature for media.

 

FO: What is your most important achievement to date as a female in the media?

 

MMJ: My talk show. I have a TV show called Fela*, which means “IT’S HERE” and it’s basically about the Gambia, the entertainment side of the Gambia and also the working side of the Gambia, entrepreneurship and just everything that shows everything happening in the Gambia and why we should be proud of who we are and the things that we have achieved. That is what

the show is about. The show has been on for three years now and it has been very consistent and very popular, so it is pretty much a success and it has been my greatest achievement.

 

FO: What is the impact of the show on young people, how is it changing anything? What is it changing?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MMJ: It has changed a lot actually. It has changed the way a lot of young people look at the country,

because there was a time when they were more focused on what was happening in other countries and on what was happening in the West. They could tell you everything, word for word, about what was happening in Hollywood, what was happening in New York, what was happening in London, but they couldn’t tell you what was happening in Banjul, Serrekunda or who was the latest artist, what was the hottest song — all that is changing. Now there is standardized video on TV and people grow to love their own music and grow to love and respect the young artists that are coming up. They also see another side of the Gambia that was never portrayed on TV.

 

FO: What’s that side of the Gambia?

 

MMJ: Well, the side that shows there are people out there who can actually do well on TV, who can actually talk properly during interviews and who have a lot to show, those who are busy and active in their lives and are doing something very progressive. They were not featured much, so we created a show that allows people to speak their mind, and that really opens up people to media.

 

FO: What do you think you would look for to take you to your next level?

 

MMJ: More flexibility. I think if we had more stations and that if our media field was wider, it could help a lot of people expand. We are in a country with just one TV station and a whole lot of radio stations, and so expansions of the media and also more schools that

focus on mass communication would help. If you had a media school it would help a lot to broaden the media field of the Gambia and it would help a lot of people achieve what they want to achieve in media. Right now you can go really far, but you get to a point where you feel like you are getting to a dead end.

 

FO: How is your show funded, where is it broadcast?

 

MMJ: Right now it is broadcast on GRTS and is funded through sponsorship. We have companies who sponsor the show and they sponsor it on an annual basis or a bi-annual basis. We have two companies —

two very solid and strong companies right now who are sponsoring us — that is Banjul Breweries and Africell, and they have been with us for three years now.

 

FO: Your day job is in Africell?

 

MMJ: Yes, but my work at Africell and the fact that they sponsor my TV show are two totally different things.

 

FO: Let’s talk about filmmaking in the Gambia. When I go out there all I see are Indian films, Nigerian films, Senegalese films, but no Gambian films. We went to the guy in the market and he spent 30minutes, but couldn’t find one copy of one Gambian film. Why is that?

 

MMJ: When it comes to the Gambian film

industry it’s pretty slow still. We have a couple of filmmakers, and we have a lot of good actors, but filmmaking is really slow and it’s not something paid attention to that much in the country. That is why there is not much motivation for it. What

people usually do is they try to connect with other countries, they go to Ghana for example, or go to Nigeria and act in some of their movies.I think that is a good thing if you want expand yourself, but you also need to think in terms of home and start your own film industry here as well. I mean, they started

off somewhere so I think we can start somewhere as well. I just think they need more support and more motivation in order to achieve that and I think that is something that they are lacking.

 

FO: Support? What does that mean?

 

MMJ: Support means they need to be motivated more and they need to build organisations like an actor’s guild, like a director’s guild, the kinds of things that could help empower them into filmmaking and also help them come up with some movies. They come up with drama skits and things that they show on TV, but that is where it stops. When it comes to selling there is a problem because a lot of people will not buy it. They would rather buy a Nigerian movie or a Ghanaian movie or an Indian movie over a Gambian movie because they are not used to seeing it. There is not enough promotion for it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FO: Let’s talk about the audience. The audience is not very large. What is the audience like? We are talking about 1.8 million the most, but how ready is the audience for what people of your generation are trying to do? I mean that culturally, politically…the space. How ready is the audience for what you are talking about?

 

MMJ: Personally I don’t think they are ready. We still have a lot of preparation to deal with. We still have to spoon feed a lot of it to them before they can actually get used to it. We were born into a generation where we grew up watching different things and nothing that belonged to us. We grew up with other people’s music, we grew up with other people’s movies, and we grew up with other people’s shows. There was a time we didn’t even have a TV of our own, so we were always

dependent on other people such as the Senegalese, the Americans, the British, the Nigerians, etc., so we lived their culture, their musical industry, their movie industry, etc. All of this is really young at this moment for us and we are still trying to grow, and so while we are growing, we need to spoon feed it to them so that they can prepare themselves for what we have in store for them. We need to give them a reason to believe in us.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERVIEW WITH BABA CEESAY

 

 

 

BC: I am Baba Ceesay, the Director General of the National Center of Arts and Culture (NCAC). The NCAC has a basic mandate to preserve, promote and develop arts and culture in the Gambia and to do this, we are structured in such a way that we have three main departments: the department of Museums and Monuments takes care of the material heritage, the department of Literature, Performing and Fine Arts under whose purview the area of film falls, and our third department is that of Copyright.

 

With regard to film, actually for a long time there has not being any type of focal point or government institutions that are responsible for film affairs, so by virtue of a mandate to promote and develop the arts,

our ministry, the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, felt that we could take some initiatives by virtue of some of the provisions within our reach.

 

The situation was such that there was no focal point for gaining permission for filming and the like, and we have been recently inundated with requests for permission to shoot films. We realised there was a vacuum as to which institution was responsible for it and so our Ministry set up what they call a “standing committee” to advise on the next steps, the procedures to be adopted and things like that. The standing committee is basically responsible film and beauty pageants. It was headed by one of our doyens of the film industry, but unfortunately he passed on.

 

We started our work by conducting a survey on the film industry in the Gambia. The survey is yet to be

completed, but more recently, in our efforts to establish a copyright regime, we found it necessary to facilitate the establishment of an association of film producers which hitherto was absent, but is very vital for full representation in the board of the collecting society for copyright in the Gambia. This association has effectively been formed and you met with the duly elected president, Ebou Waggeh, who is also a renowned producer with vast experience, so he is a valuable resource person. He is joining the standing committee to replace Mr. Salia who passed.

As of now, our chairman is not specialised in film, so for the formation of the association of film producers, we felt he certainly has a place in the standing committee.

 

What we are going to do is to write a report to government, spelling out what needs to be done to move the industry forward. Ultimately we will

recommend the establishment of a one-stop shop where all matters dealing with film can be dealt with. As of now, this is the situation.

 

FO: In terms of statutory regulations and law, there are really no laws or anything specifically debarring

filmmakers or particularly prescribing anyway in which film can be done, distributed or funded?

 

BC: Certainly there is not, at this stage. I think this is the vacuum that has been exploited by Gambians who are really flocking here in droves, because they see the country as a kind of location, and there are so many incentives in terms of the cheapness of the destination and like that. However, we are very concerned about the industry that is not representative of what the Gambia is all about and that is why we are guarding ourselves so much against this invasion. We know it has its positive sides because definitely talent or expertise is lacking, and we have a lot to learn from the success of industries in their countries and the like, but certainly, we want at the end of the day, to have films that are representative of Gambian novels and traditions.

 

FO: Just one more question…is there, in your estimation, anything that would right now be a problem for an outside organization that wishes to invest in the Gambian film industry? Then, what areas do you think would be critical in that funding or that intervention?

 

BC: I think one of our most acute needs is in the area of training. We do not have any institute or educational facilities for film, so really investment in training is a priority for this industry to grow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FO: In facilitating that kind of support, would you, in your position, be able to be a point of contact as someone who could support that?

 

BC: Yes, as of now, the ball has been kind of trusted to us by virtue of our very broad mandate. Even

when people go to the Ministry of Communications and the like, they are ultimately referred back to

  1. Certainly we are in the position to facilitate

this kind of thing. I would advise anybody who is coming in to give us sufficient time so that things can be built up within our plan of activities. My main problem is that people just keep coming

in impromptu and want us to work together, when actually, we are under the umbrella of a

whole ministry who always wants to be informed beforehand and in sufficient time.

FO: Are there any other thoughts you would like to express with regards to your hopes and aspirations for the Gambian film industry, especially in the area of documentaries?

 

BC: I think Ebou Waggeh is in a better position to speak about this because he has been living it and he is one of the few people who has actually produced documentary. I see a big gap, whether it is production skills or creativity, in the production of documentaries. That really needs to be filled because I have not seen any interesting things apart from his works. In other words, he is in a better position to tell you. My area of

specialisation is in material culture, even though I have a coordinating role for all these affairs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERVIEW WITH ISANA SISAY

 

Producer at The Gambian Family Planning Association

 

 

 

FO: TI am at the Planned Parenthood Association Offices in Banjul, Gambia. I am going to be speaking to the TV producer here. Please introduce yourself and give me a back story of your work as a film producer and television person, what you do, how long you have been doing it and basically, the history of your work up until now in film.

 

SS: Ok, my name is Sana Sisay and we started the film industry in this country which was called the film production unit. Being an arm of the then information department, we were charged with producing films, mainly educational films in agriculture and health, using the 16 millimeter film reel. Then came the low

band pneumatic camera. After a change of government in 1994, we had a television station and we were the first to operate that TV station. I was fortunate to

be among the first batch to go to Ghana for training for 6 weeks before we started operating this modern equipment. I worked at the GRTS as a camera man for a while and then in 2001 I decided to move out of GRTS to work with the The Gambia Family Planning Association’s media unit. Here I double as a camera man and a director, and right now I am doing almost everything: I do camera, direct and write scripts. I have been in this business for over 20 years.

 

FO: How many films do you make here in a year, both fiction and non-fiction?

 

SS: Basically our work is mainly on mini dramas dealing with health issues. The advent of HIV/AIDS has increased our work in sensitising people on prevention, care and support. Working for family planning we

really do a lot of advocacy, especially for youth on modern contraceptives, so we have made films on family planning, about spacing. When we say family planning we are not saying don’t give birth, but we want space.

 

We have also produced films on entertainment such as film opera in Creole, which was aired on GRTS, and we have also produced documentaries for government

as well. We made a documentary for GRA on how they operate since they came into existence and we partner with other organisations who need our services as well. The only way to show our work is through GRTS, but since we are health oriented, we decided to get a Road Show van which we imported from the UK. It is a van built-in with everything, so we can send our driver

and operator up country where they cannot access the GRTS television station to show films on health.

 

FO: So you basically put a projector in a van and you take it to open village areas and you show these films which are basically about health awareness or health oriented?

 

SS: Yes.

 

FO: How much money do you spend in making the films that you make at the Planned Parenthood Foundation?

 

SS: As of the advent of HIV, we have funds from Global Funds. They have supported almost all our productions and we are not only into film, but we do audio as well.

We use radio stations and we have contracts with radio stations, through which our field officers up country are in collaboration with the health department officials

around the area and speak on health issues. It is interactive, because the telephone line is open for questions and answers.

 

FO: What’s the average budget of your films, these films that you make on health?

 

SS: Actually I don’t know because our finance department submits our proposals to the donors. I am informed about the availability of funds.

 

FO: So what is the average amount that you get to use?

 

SS: Well, it is at times very huge because we need to pay our drama groups and we need to buy all the

necessary things we need for production. So, it is huge. I just can’t tell you how much exactly to be honest.

 

 

 

 

 

FO: We are trying to understand what the average cost of making a film in the Gambia is. For instance, even if it is not from your own experience, based on your

understanding of the industry, what is the average cost of making a film here?

 

SS: It is very expensive at times. I have already written a drama script and my budget is almost a million Dalasi.

 

FO: How much is a million dalasi in dollars? It is about three hundred thousand dollars,.

 

SS: It is around that or less than that.

 

FO: About three hundred thousand dollars?

 

SS: Yes, but still I can’t get a sponsor because it’s difficult to get sponsors around here. The script is here. I did my auditioning, but I am still waiting for funds.

 

FO: You have been here twenty years. In terms of the film industry, what’s the state of the industry in your opinion? How many films are being made and what are the difficulties or challenges of a filmmaker in the Gambia?

 

SS: The numbers of films being made are many and basically the film industry has advanced very quickly. When we started the film production, there was only one unit, then came the Agricultural unit, and then the cooperative. Now there is a vast improvement insofar as the film industry is concerned in this country.

 

We have problems at times. We have restrictions when doing some outside shots.

 

FO: What do you mean by restrictions?

 

SS: For instance, if you want to go to the airport to shoot a plane landing, they will have so many

“bureaucratic procedures” that you will have to write to get permission. There are so many things.

 

FO: You have to get a film permit in every country.

 

SS: Yes.

 

FO: If you have to get a film permit in every country, it is the same, so it is not unique here. Is there any particular

 

thing that makes production a challenge apart from funding, in terms of equipment or in terms of training? Do you think the industry is in a good place?

 

SS: Well in terms of training, we really need to be trained. Equipment is also a problem because it is very expensive. It’s not easy for an individual to get his own equipment. It costs a lot. You can work through

organisations because the equipment is very expensive. There might be some tax levies so a tax holiday should be considered for those who want to import such materials.

 

FO: What kind of equipment, what type of cameras do you use here and what type of software do you use in your post-production?

 

SS: I have an Apple Macintosh editing system and also I have this machine which uses CS4 for editing purposes. I have two Sony playback machines and at the moment I am using a Sony DV camera as well, but quality cassettes are also a problem in this country. We used to order quality DVCAM cassettes from the UK but now it’s too expensive so we resort to using these mini DV tapes, which are plentful here but are of a lesser quality.

 

FO: So do you basically use HDV cameras?

 

SS: No. I don’t use HDV cameras.

 

FO: What kind of cameras do you use?

 

SS: I use a DV cam camera because using HDV, you end up using it as a camera and play back machine which easily damages the recording head of your camera. Having these machines where I can easily play back my tapes from the camera saves my camera. I like working with HDV but the problem is we do not have the playback machines.

 

FO: Talk to me about the new generation of filmmakers. What kind of opportunities do you think can be created for them to tell their stories?

 

SS: In this modern age of technology people can produce films without physically going to some places. They have a brighter opportunity than when we started

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and the only thing they need is to exploit it to the fullest. With that, I think the industry will reach the heights we desire.

 

FO: In terms of government support in the industry, if there was an intervention, what areas do you think would be most important to help the industry grow?

 

SS: As I was just saying, if there were no import taxes levied at all on these machines. In the Gambia, productions by an independent producer are taken to GRTS for airing and instead of them paying you a

royalty, you pay for the air time. These are some of the things government should consider changing so as to encourage us to produce more films.

 

FO: Again, if there was a foreign foundation wanting to support filmmaking in the Gambia, in what areas do you think they should consider investing that support?

 

SS: Equipment and training. If they can help us with equipment and training and all those things necessary to make a film production easy, we would be very grateful.

 

FO: Training in what specific area?

 

SS: In different areas. Some would like to do editing; some would like to do graphics or camera work — all the disciplines in the production.

 

FO: Based on your exposure to international work through the Planned Parenthood Foundation, how do you assess the quality of work being done now?

 

SS: Well as far as it is within the Gambia it is good. We are learning a lot from watching the international TV stations. We are learning a lot from the style of productions,

editing and all those things. We are really trying and we are doing fine, but there is still room for improvement. In production, the producer is only as good as his last production. That is the saying; you can always gauge a producer by his last production.

 

FO: I wonder is there any training institution here that trains people for film and television?

 

SS: Well there is one that is just trying to set up. It’s just around here. The guy is from Senegal, he has an office in Senegal, but he is trying to set up a new training institute here just by my place.

 

FO: So it’s just beginning?

 

SS: Yes, it is just beginning. In fact they have not started yet. They are just trying to set up their office and they have brought in equipment. I went to visit them once, but it has not started in earnest yet. They might be sending out application forms.

 

FO: How many films have you done through here, how many films does Planned Parenthood do, say in a year?

 

SS: As I said, because we are working with so many agencies it is difficult to tell. It depends on the proposal we send and if it is approved by the agencies.

 

FO: Based on the last 5 years, how many have you done per year?

 

SS: Per year? It is more than 20 per year. FO: You make more than 20 films, dramas? SS: Dramas, yes.

FO: What about documentaries?

 

SS: Documentaries might be one or two.

 

FO: Are those dramas docu-dramas really, because they demonstrate health issues?

 

SS: Yes, they do. Of course if you go to our archives there is a mini drama about almost all the ailments that people do suffer from here.

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

The Gambia is a very small country. It is actually the smallest country on mainland Africa. It is not surprising, therefore, that it has absolutely no history

of any kind of filmmaking that I consider remarkable. However, the Gambia has a small core of documentary filmmakers who I find very interesting and believe can be extremely encouraged on two levels.

 

The first level of encouragement that can bring any meaningful impact is training. It is very important to immediately design training programmes that can

effectively take filmmakers in the Gambia through the fundamental rudiments of filmmaking as an art form and a narrative art, and it should be structured across the board to accommodate filmmakers of all genres.

Currently, the Gambia has no training school of any kind that can provide aspiring and practicing filmmakers with any valuable knowledge of the film art, so the kind of media school that I have suggested for Sierra Leone will be the kind of media school that I think can do

very well in the Gambia. I think that any such training institution established in the Gambia must seamlessly incorporate both the performative or creative arts and technical skills development that can groom students on essential camera work, post-production, and other relevant technical areas involved in filmmaking.

 

Film production and consumption in the Gambia is practically influenced and dominated by films from Nigeria, Senegal, and Britain. Sadly, filmmaking in the Gambia is nowhere near becoming an industry as most of the filmmaking activities in the country are largely below average standards in other parts of the world, and this is repeatedly attributed to the poor level of film literacy in the country. Everyone who is of note that I interviewed on this subject unanimously agreed that there is an urgent need for a formal training institution which can serve as a beacon for film development in the country. Filmmakers in the Gambia are now trying to organise themselves

into professional association(s) or guilds that can help to consciously foster the development of filmmaking in the country. One such association is the Film Producers Association of the Gambia (FPAG). The emergence

of more of these kinds of professional associations for filmmaking in the Gambia will ultimately bring about a concentrated and speedy effort towards film development

 

 

 

in the country and I believe that this is another area where filmmaking in the Gambia needs support.

 

Support for the guilds and associations that are emerging would be a critical and well appreciated intervention in the Gambia. Provision of filmmaking equipment is an intervention that can effectively support the new guilds that are emerging, especially in broadening their scope and imagination of the possibilities of their own creativity. However, I think that the more pressing intervention will be to create a proper media school that can provide the right kind of training for those who want to be in the media, and it

seems like all the young people in the Gambia want to be in the media.

 

I think the country is going through a cultural transformation now because the older generation of Gambians do not tend towards the performance arts or to speak out politically, but the upcoming generation of young people are beginning to make a different kind of music, dress in a different kind of way, and they are beginning to question common assumptions in ways that the older generation would never have. In this kind of environment, giving voice to the upcoming generation would be less about providing them access to the audience, but more about empowering the youth to be able to create their own works. Right now there seem to be a lot of activities of Gambian youths on the internet and I think access to the international market will also be important for them in some form.

 

The Gambia does not currently have any form of funding for filmmaking, as such, creating opportunities for filmmakers in the Gambia to get funding for

their stories through the Guilds will be a remarkable intervention. In doing so, however, it would be of utmost importance to coordinate with the government. The country runs a very closed political environment and it is one that would need to be carefully treaded in terms of making sure that the proposed interventions are done with reassurances that they have no political or religious intention of any kind.

 

— Femi Odugbemi

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

I think Ghana is, in all respects, second only to Nigeria in terms of the volume of activity, structure and potentials, among the Anglophone countries of West Africa. Almost everything going on in Nigeria seems to be replicated or mirrored in Ghana. The video film industry was born out of their broadcast industry, and there is a very large mass of creatives both in Accra and

up north, and a distribution channel that connects them to a local audience willing to consume Ghanaian movies.

 

The documentary genre is also something that they are very familiar with because the British who

colonized Ghana left a legacy whereby documentary was essentially used as a mass platform for government propaganda. An altogether new documentary genre which serves a much different purpose is now emerging.

 

There is training for filmmakers, even though it is via only one major film school that is called the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI). The numbers are not impressive and I think that is due to the cost of the training, but they have a very solid curriculum that has done well in producing filmmakers within our African context who can do works that are interesting. However, the commitment of the school to documentary production is weak at best. New York

University started a documentary film festival in Ghana called the Real Life Documentary Festival, that did

a lot to begin to build the awareness of documentary as a multi-dimensional form of filmmaking that is connected to culture, human empowerment and that can give filmmakers a voice in a challenging socio- economic environment like Ghana. What is clear

is that the training institution for filmmakers for documentary is not affordable to most of the students.

 

  1. What I think might be a good intervention is to provide support for the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) with a specific focus on their documentary I would imagine also that a scholarship package for students who might wish to specialise in documentary production may be a good idea for a limited period, if just to encourage enrolment in the curriculum. Collaboration with the school to expand that documentary curriculum would be a very positive

 

 

 

contribution in terms of documentary filmmaking.

 

  1. I also think that perhaps some collaboration with some of the locally-based Film Festivals is also a good channel to promote the awareness and encourage careers in issue-based cinema especially for emergent filmmakers who form the core of Ghana’s film practitioners today. I think it will do a lot to create the right kind of awareness and to bring into Ghana international quality documentary filmmakers and to show a variety of documentary films which have the kind of quality to inspire younger

 

  1. The other area of opportunity is perhaps the broadcast Currently, as in many other African Television broadcast environments, the Government is a dominant player in the control and access to

air-time. Unlike other environments where the TV stations commission programming from Independent producers, the stations here monetize the air-time and demand that content producers pay for air-time. It is a really critical area of intervention that filmmakers and documentarists from all over this region desire a change of policy and or approach. Even if they have managed to taise enough to produce their works,

the prospect of finding the huge cash necessary to secure access to an audience kills any initiative and/or enterprise for documentary-making. Could engaging the broadcast industries and authorities in the region be the way forward so that at least a guaranteed percentage of air-time is invested in documentary work on local development issues, even if only by emergent filmmakers? Definitely there needs to

be a documentary channel that connects African audiences without impoverishing African storytellers and filmmakers. The idea of a Regional or Africa wide documentary channel devoted to the issues of Africa was well discussed most recently at the 2011 Conference of the Documentary Network Africa (DNA) in Johannesburg. It may be a solution worthy of support and exploration; and in that, wise Ghana would provide perhaps the most ideal environment, politically and socially, to situate such an enterprise.

 

— Femi Odugbemi

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ADEPt – West Africa(Introduction)

Panels

INTRODUCTION

In confronting research on the state of documentary in Anglophone West Africa I had a clear consciousness that the countries that make up this community of nations share conflicts of political, social and historical realities that have long needed definition and resolution.

The post-colonial issues of tribal identity and inequitable sharing of national resources have created constant tensions and armed conflicts in many of these communities with devastating impact on politics, governance and development. The landscape in countries such as Liberia and Sierra-Leone where bitter civil war and armed struggle raged for over a decade is littered with experiences needing articulation especially as regards its impact on people, particularly the youth population. In Nigeria, Ghana and the Gambia the absence of armed conflict has not always meant peace given the violence of their politics and the adverse effects on their development agenda.

The legacy of the colonial governments was to put documentary-making in the hands of political institutions. The State kept a firm hand on the broadcasting landscape, dominating its content and controlling its messaging. For them, documentary was a key political tool for managing governance. Post- colonial administrations, military and civilian, have found it convenient to perpetuate this approach, using documentary principally as a propaganda tool for consolidating political power. Each of these countries has the same model — government-owned TV stations that answer directly to authority and submitt themselves to censorship restrictions.

Yet, the dimensions of documentary as a tool for deepening experiences by bringing perspectives to history, is a vital and urgent need to foster development and grow the nascent democratic experiments in these countries. It is precisely for this reason that documentary is a genre fostering reflections on culture, politics, ethics, philosophy society, science, spirituality and addressing questions of day-to-day life.

The proliferation of digital equipment and the ease of use of modern camera equipment has created immense activity in the fiction-film genre among the youth population of Nigeria and Ghana and to some extent the Gambia. Nollywood in Nigeria and Ghannywood in Ghana are globally acknowledged video film industries that have engaged the attention of audiences, scholars and filmmakers across the world with their guerilla filmmaking styles and street theatre content. To an extent, because it is also an attempt at articulating the cultural, political and historical experiences of the peoples of these countries, they can be argued to be pseudo- documentary films. In reality however, a fiction film has a different contract with the viewer than a documentary. Fiction promises entertainment first and reflection second. In fiction you invite the viewer to suspend disbelief. It is an invitation to go into an imaginative world. Documentaries offer reflections first and foremost. Reality is far more complex. It invites debate.

Perhaps, therefore, the foundational value of the process of engaging the professionals of these countries in this research report is to project into consciousness the question: which cinema for Africa? Nigeria and Ghana and the Gambia needs a cinema that entertains, but more immediate in value, it needs a cinema that deepens democracy, strengthens governance structures, advocates responsibility, elevates accountability, and fights diseases, poverty and illiteracy.

The critiques of corruption, poor governance, ethnic divisions, economic paralysis, etc., in Sierra Leone and Liberia can find a stronger footing if filmmakers turn their cameras on the issues of realities.

There are also urgent issues about forging a future as engaged members of the international community. We need to integrate the evolution of cultural identities fostered by globalization. What are the influences of new technologies? We need to reflect on issues of civil societies and the emerging economies of Africa. What is our development ideology? Development is a conscious agenda that requires mass mobilisation. Documentary is, and should be, at the centre of that conversation.

The complication of documentary of course is the intersection between art and activism. The perspectives of the filmmaker are formed by his/her background, heritage and experiences. Objectivity is remote. The answers offered are a function of the questions asked. It is possible to distort the answer by the framing of the question. The narrative of reality and “truth” does not allow for simple answers, but because its content is about our shared experiences, its capacity for emotional connections cannot be contrived. That is why the populations of these communities have, for so long, found the existing models of state-managed propaganda documentary structures so offensive.

Taking documentary filmmaking out of the hands of institutions and moving it into the hands of individuals is the key intervention tool. It is about engineering open, more vibrant societies. It is about the education of the viewers — a firewall against the regression to a past riddled with misunderstandings and manipulations.

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ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Togo

Masterclasses

INTERVIEWS

GENTILLE M. ASSIH
AUTEURE  REALISATRICE
Interview réalisée par Caroline Pochon
 
CLAP NOIR
cinémas et audiovisuels africains
CP: Comment s’est passée l’écriture documentaire avec Africadoc? Quel parcours vous à conduit à ce film?

MGA: Je suis togolaise, je vis à Lomé. J’ai toujours rêvé de faire du cinéma. J’avais envie d’utiliser ce canal pour aller vers les autres. Je me suis retrouvée d’abord plutôt en communication. J’ai fait des documentaires institu- tionnels. J’ai entendu parler d’AfricaDoc et j’ai présenté mon projet. Un producteur togolais s’y est intéressé.

Le documentaire est plus fort que la fiction, qui essaie d’imiter le réel, ce qui est plus compliqué. Dans le doc- umentaire, on montre ce qu’il y a, les gens se sentent plus touchés par le documentaire. Il faut avoir envie d’aller vers les autres, on ne peut pas montrer ce qu’on n’aime pas. Il faut aussi avoir une culture riche (pas forcément des diplômes !), mais pour sentir ce qui va plaire ou non. Et puis, ce qui est très important, avoir une raison de faire un documentaire. C’est une prise de position, qu’on l’affiche ou qu’on ne l’affiche pas. Cet engagement, il faut qu’on l’ait en soi pour réussir.

CP: Quelles sont les rapports entre l’écriture, le tournage, le montage?

MGA: Au tournage, j’ai pu vérifier des choses que je connaissais théoriquement. Avec AfricaDoc, nous avons appris à écrire des films documentaires. Cela va surprendre certaines personnes. Cela permet à l’auteur de mûrir ce qu’il veut vraiment dire. Il ne suffit pas d’aller chercher des images et de les aligner. Il faut aller tourner en étant sûr de ce qu’on va chercher. C’est là l’importance de l’écriture. Donc, lorsqu’on est devant le papier ou l’ordinateur, on fait déjà une sorte de pré-montage, on fait des choix, on a une idée du film. Mais il y a une ré-écriture qui se fait au montage. A l’écriture, on était dans l’imaginaire. L’idéal étant de bien connaître le terrain. Mais au montage, ce sont les situations du réel, on a que ce qu’on a, ce que le réel a donné. C’est cela, la magie du documentaire. On peut être heureux quand on obtient ce qu’on a écrit, mais parfois, le hasard peut venir imposer une autre écriture. Mais l’essentiel, c’est qu’à la fin, cela marche.

CP: Quelles sont les étapes de la formation à l’écriture d’AfricaDoc?

MGA: AfricaDoc, c’est un dispositif. On part sur une idée de film. Je propose mon idée. On voit si le sujet peut intéresser. Un collège de formateurs suit l’auteur pas à pas, on lui explique comment se passe l’écriture, le coache pour qu’il puisse dire ce qu’il a envie de dire. Il fait ses choix, il écrit, fait des propositions. Puis, chacun retourne dans son pays, faire des repérages, avant de se retrouver en résidence d’écriture. A ce moment, les formateurs nous aident à écrire un dossier. Car il y a l’écriture, mais il y a aussi la notion de dossier qu’il faut composer pour intéresser des producteurs et accéder à des financements. Cette étape finit par un “tenk”, c’est à dire une rencontre où AfricaDoc invite des pro- ducteurs, des diffuseurs qui viennent écouter et choisir des projets.

CP: Combien de temps a duré l’écriture d’Itchombi?

MGA: Pour écrire Itchombi, j’ai écrit 15 jours, je suis retournée deux mois en repérage au Togo, j’ai écrit à nouveau 15 jours en résidence, et trois jours de présen- tation. Je connaissais déjà mon producteur togolais, on était arrivés ensemble à AfricaDoc, qui encourage les couples auteur-producteur. La place du producteur est très importante pendant l’écriture parce qu’il est là pour voir l’enjeu. Je ne peux pas parler d’économie en tant que telle mais il peut dire “tu ne peux pas faire cela”…

Il s’occupe du côté financier, il cherche des partenaires. Après, on coordonne tout. Le partenaire peut avoir ses exigences, et l’auteur doit comprendre cela. Le pro- ducteur trouve une conciliation.

CP: L’écriture d’un documentaire est-elle rémunérée?

MGA: L’écriture est rémunérée dans ce sens que lorsque le dossier est fini, on peut dire que c’est une oeuvre.

Et une oeuvre, cela se paie. Donc, si le film se fait, pour chaque auteur, il y a un contrat d’auteur qui est rémunéré. Le montant dépend de la capacité de la production. Quand il y a des relations de confiance, il peut y avoir des avances, pour permettre à l’auteur de faire le travail.

CP: Une fois la phase d’écriture terminée et le projet financé, c’est le moment de partir en tournage?

MGA: Oui, théoriquement. Mais il arrive qu’il y ait des situations où l’on ne peut pas attendre qu’il y ait l’argent. Etant donné que c’est du réel, cela peut être quelque chose qui doit se faire dans l’immédiat. Les producteurs trouvent des arrangements pour faire en sorte que le tournage se fasse. Par exemple, pour filmer la circoncision, je venais de présenter le projet et le village m’a annoncé qu’ils venaient de changer les dates. Il fallait que je reparte le lendemain matin! Mon producteur a dû tout mobiliser en une nuit: le bus pour y aller, une journée de voyage, le matériel… cela m’a obligée d’être à la caméra parce que nous n’avions pas eu le temps de constituer une équipe, nous sommes partis comme ça! Cela aussi, cela fait partie de la magie du réel.

CP: Ce n’était pas intimidant, de cadrer soi-même?

MGA: J’ai fait des films institutionnels, donc je mani- ais déjà la caméra. La difficulté, cela a été d’aller vers l’inconnu, de me retrouver seule femme parmi les hom- mes. Mais cela s’est bien passé.

CP: En quoi peut-on parler d’écriture dans la salle de montage?

MGA: C’est différent selon les films, les moyens utili- sés. En termes de rushes, il n’y a rien de défini. Pour Itchombi, je me suis retrouvée avec 18 heures de rushes, disons 18 cassettes. C’était un désordre! On n’avait pas de chronologie. Comment réécrire le film? Nous avions ce qu’on attendait, mais on n’avait pas le début du film car l’idée était de partir avec un personnage, voyager avec lui et faire tout le chemin avec lui. Mais la situation était différente. On était en pleine céré- monie quand il est arrivé. On a joué au puzzle. Nous avons fait, au montage, un travail de reconstruction, sans dénaturer le déroulement du rituel. On s’est rendu compte que dans cet espace, à un moment, l’individu n’existait plus. C’était le groupe des initiés qui primait.

CP: Vous êtes repassée par le papier lors de cette étape du montage?

MGA: Oui. Pendant que la monteuse constituait des séquences, sur papier, je faisais des carreaux, des de- scriptions, en imaginant telle situation avant telle autre. Donc, c’était une écriture aussi sur papier. Il a fallu même aller au tableau, faire des dessins, avec des papiers punaisés. Il n’y a pas que le montage sur l’ordinateur, il y a aussi le côté physique de la chose. La monteuse, Joëlle Janssen, a l’habitude du documentaire: il faut trouver une logique dans ce qui se dit, raconter quelque chose qui a un début, un milieu et une fin, dire quelque chose dans une dramaturgie bien définie. Ce n’était pas évident au début mais on a sorti quelque chose dont nous sommes contentes.

— Propos recueillis par Caroline Pochon

 

INTERVIEW DE ME YACOUBOU K. HAMADOU
MINISTRE DES ARTS ET DE LA CULTURE DU TOGO
Interview réalisée par Charles Ayetan 
CA: “L’avant projet de code du cinéma est en phase d’être adopté très prochainement”

YKH: Le Ministre des Arts et de la Culture, Me Yacou- bou K. Hamadou, vient de boucler une année à la tête du département ministériel dont il a la charge depuis sa nomination le 28 mai 2010. A l’occasion de cette première année à la tête dudit département, Me Ya- coubou K. Hamadou, juriste et défenseur des Droits de l’Homme, a bien voulu livrer à nos lecteurs, son bilan annuel en abordant notamment les chantiers entamés pour la promotion des Arts et de la Culture au Togo.

CA: Excellence, Monsieur le Ministre, il y a un an que vous avez en charge le Ministère des Arts et de la Culture du Togo. Quel bilan faites-vous de vos activités?

YKH: Comme actions phares, nous pouvons citer: l’adoption en conseil des Ministres le mercredi 30 mars 2011 du document de la politique culturelle du Togo, de la validation du projet de statut de l’artiste et de l’organisation du mois du patrimoine en novembre dernier; l’extension du réseau des Centres de lecture d’animation culturelle, CLAC, par l’ouverture du CLAC d’Agou le 30 octobre 2010; la validation et la transmission de l’avant projet du code du cinéma au secrétariat général du gouvernement pour examen en conseil des ministres. Le département a aussi pris ac- tivement part au programme de stratégie nationale du projet “Route de l’esclave Togo” organisé par la Com- mission nationale pour l’UNESCO (Ndlr, Organisa- tion des Nations Unies pour l’Education, la Science et la Culture). Le personnel d’appui à l’inventaire général du patrimoine culturel a vu ses capacités renforcées par trois séminaires, grâce au soutien concerté de l’UNESCO et de l’ISESCO (Organisation Islamique pour l’Education, les Sciences et la Culture). Les bonnes relations entre les institutions internationales et notre pays en matière des Arts et de la Culture ont été renforcées. D’ailleurs, la signature avec le Japon d’un accord pour la reprise du programme Batammariba sur le site de Koutammakou suspendu entre temps en est une illustration. A noter aussi le lancement le 14 avril dernier, des opérations de l’inventaire général du Patri- moine culturel de notre pays.

CA: Quels sont les secteurs les plus dynamiques de votre département en matière d’activités et de professionnalisme?

YKH: Tous les secteurs sont en re-dynamisation. Chaque secteur du département a ses spécificités et son cahier de charge. Chaque directeur ou chaque chef de service travaille dans son domaine de compétence sous la coordination du cabinet pour le rayonnement des Arts et de la Culture au Togo. Je ne saurais donc dire qu’un secteur est plus dynamique ou plus professionnel qu’un autre. C’est l’ensemble des actions conjuguées des uns et des autres qui font avancer les choses au niveau national. Bien entendu tout n’est pas parfait. Nous travaillons tous à l’amélioration de la conception et de la mise en œuvre des projets de reforme dans le domaine qui est le nôtre.

CA: Qu’en est-il des grandes lignes de votre programme?

YKH: Un Ministère est un département qui met en œuvre – dans le domaine spécifique de ses compétences – le programme d’action du chef du gouvernement approuvé par l’Assemblée nationale. Dans ce sens, la lettre de mission que Monsieur le Premier Ministre assigne au département des Arts et de la Culture a pour soubassement le DSRP-complet (Document de Stra- tégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté). Nous savons tous par ailleurs qu’un certain nombre de départements ont été ciblés prioritairement compte tenu des urgences sociales et de rénovations des infrastructures routières. En tout état de cause, le programme du département ne pouvant pas être décliné en quelques lignes seule- ment dans vos colonnes, je cite pêle-mêle quelques actions prioritaires découlant des onze actions con- tenues dans la lettre de mission 2011: faire adopter la politique culturelle du Togo, ce qui est déjà fait; faire adopter le statut de l’artiste et la loi sur le cinéma par le Gouvernement et par le Parlement, ce qui va être fait très prochainement; construire un musée à Lomé et à Kara; créer un musée régional dans la région des Plateaux (Kpalimé/Atakpamé); encourager la création des centres de lecture et d’animation culturelle dans les préfectures et commune; encourager la participation régulière et qualitative du Togo aux différentes com- pétitions culturelles internationales; re-dynamiser les semaines culturelles dans les établissements scolaires et universitaires; équiper la direction nationale de la cinématographie; réaliser des films; renforcer le fonds des bibliothèques du réseau de lecture publique et des CLAC du Togo; renforcer les relations du Togo avec les institutions culturelles internationales et poursuivre les activités de l’inventaire général du patrimoine culturel du Togo, inventaire lancé le 14 avril dernier.

CA: La part du budget global du Gouvernement pour 2011 allouée au secteur culturel est-elle suffisante pour la mise en œuvre de votre programme?

YKH: Le budget global 2011 du Gouvernement a été adopté par le parlement en séance plénière. Pour ce qui est de la part allouée au département des Arts et de la Culture, il est difficile de dire s’il sera suffisant ou non. Aucun département d’ailleurs n’a aujourd’hui le budget qu’il lui faut. Mais nous savons tous d’où nous venons et ce que nous voulons. L’argent n’est pas le premier moyen de l’action. Le premier moyen dont nous avons besoin c’est la volonté; le deuxième, c’est le courage; le troisième, l’humilité; le quatrième, la sincérité et le cinquième, la foi. Avec ces moyens, nous aurons l’argent pour réaliser nos projets.

CA: Peut-on dire que le 7ème art est le parent pauvre ou le secteur le moins dynamique des arts au Togo, en termes de professionnalisme et de production ? Où se situent les responsabilités?

YKH: Je ne le pense pas. Le secteur cinématographique, tout comme les autres secteurs des arts et de la culture, connaît des difficultés. Les écoles de cinéma qui nais- sent grâce aux initiatives privées se comptent encore sur les doigts d’une main et sont très jeunes. Je voudrais au passage rendre hommage aux promoteurs de ces struc- tures qui pour l’instant ne couvrent pas encore tout le territoire national. Les acteurs et comédiens sont bien là et ne demandent qu’à être sollicités pour prouver ce dont ils sont capables. Mademoiselle Ingrid Agbo a reçu le meilleur prix de l’interprétation féminine au Clap Ivoire 2010 dans Ma mère est mon enfant. Le Togo a connu également d’excellents comédiens. Tirant les leçons du potentiel de nos cinéastes et pour ac- compagner les jeunes talents, le département a envoyé à la XXIIème édition du FESPACO, une vingtaine de jeunes élèves en formation dans des écoles de cinéma aux côtés de leurs aînés et des cadres des départements en charge de la Culture et de la Communication pour y aller échanger avec des sommités du cinéma africain et du monde. Nous gardons espoir qu’à la prochaine édition, des films togolais seront sélectionnés pour la compétition et remporteront des prix pour le Togo.

Le Ministère des Arts et de la Culture, en ce qui le concerne, travaille sur les textes devant réorganiser et régir le secteur pour une meilleure pratique de l’activité cinématographique.

CA: Comment relever le défi de l’industrie culturelle dans notre pays?

YKH: Le développement de l’industrie culturelle dans notre pays passe à la fois par une bonne organisation et une grande mobilisation de tous les acteurs culturels. Une bonne organisation suppose l’existence d’une vision partagée, de cadres législatifs et règlementaires, la mo- bilisation des ressources et la mise en place des infra- structures adéquates. Le Gouvernement vient de don- ner le ton avec l’adoption de la politique culturelle. La mobilisation de tous les acteurs exige que chacun adhère aux objectifs prédéfinis et joue sa partition. Quand nous parlons des acteurs, il n’y a pas que l’administration et les artistes; il y a aussi le public, donc les consommateurs sans oublier, bien entendu, les médias.

CA: Pourquoi le projet de code du cinéma tarde-t-il quand l’on sait le rôle important que peut jouer la législation dans une industrie culturelle, cinématographique notamment?

YKH: Il n’y a pas que le projet de code de cinéma qui attend d’être adopté. Le statut de l’artiste est aussi sur la table du secrétariat général du gouvernement. Nous sommes tous, vous les professionnels des médias, les ar- tistes et l’ensemble des techniciens du département des Arts et de la Culture, pressés de voir adopter ces textes pour le décollage de l’industrie culturelle dans notre pays. Mais nous sommes dans une phase de réforme de tous les secteurs de la vie socio-économique et poli- tique. C’est le prix à payer pour sortir de la situation difficile que nous traversons. J’ai quand même espoir que ce n’est plus qu’une question de temps. Ces textes importants vont être adoptés dans les tous prochains jours ou mois.

CA: Vos attentes de la part des artistes, des profession- nels du cinéma?

YKH: Je voudrais d’abord féliciter tous les artistes pour leur engagement à porter haut la culture et les arts togolais. Les artistes ont beaucoup contribué à la politique d’apaisement prônée par le Chef de l’Etat. Nous sommes aussi conscients qu’ils n’ont pas tou- jours les conditions idéales pour vivre leur art et de leur art. Je puis cependant les rassurer que le départe- ment en charge de la culture met tout en œuvre pour améliorer les choses grâce au soutien du Chef de l’Etat, du Premier Ministre et de l’ensemble du Gou- vernement. Ensuite, je suis persuadé que si les artistes eux-mêmes s’organisaient mieux selon leur secteur d’activité, ils pourraient apporter beaucoup à ces efforts d’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie et de travail. La piraterie des œuvres de l’esprit qui constitue un flé- au que nous combattons énergiquement, parce qu’elle appauvrit les auteurs de ces œuvres piratées, ne peut être minimisée dans notre pays que si tous les acteurs jouent franc jeu. Enfin, chaque artiste doit perpétuel- lement s’inscrire dans la logique de la qualité dans cet univers mondialisé où la concurrence est impitoyable.

CA: Votre mot de fin?

YKH: La politique culturelle nationale étant adoptée, il nous appartient maintenant, vous les médias, les acteurs culturels et le gouvernement de mettre en application cette politique culturelle dans un élan de solidarité, voire de complicité.

CA: Je vous remercie Excellence, Monsieur le Ministre!

YKH: C’est moi qui vous remercie.

Article paru dans Caméra n°22, Bulletin ciné- matographique de l’Association des Journalistes Critiques Cinématographiques du Togo (AJCC-Togo), année 2, du 15 mai au 15 juin 2011, pp. 1-2.

 

MARCELIN BOSSOU FILME UN DOCUMENTAIRE AU TOGO
Interview réalisée par Charles Ayetan pour Togozine
T: Bonjour Mr. Bossou, Comment-allez vous?

MB: Bonjour Togozine et merci pour cet intérêt que vous me portez. Je vais bien.

T: Parlez nous un peu de Marbos TV.

MB: Marbos TV est une chaîne de télévision qui dif- fuse exclusivement sur le web et a pour objectif de valoriser l’Afrique en Général et le Togo en particulier à travers des émissions à l’attention de la diaspora mais aussi du continent.

T: Pourquoi avez-vous choisi cette filière et d’où vous vient l’inspiration?

MB: Depuis très jeune, ma passion pour l’audiovisuel était sans borne et j’aimais toujours raconter des histoires par l’image et le son. J’ai donc été proche du domaine de l’audiovisuel et c’est ainsi que j’ai intégré en 2008 l’Ecole Supérieure des Arts Visuels de Marrakech au Maroc. C’est à la sortie de cette école que j’ai lancé sur le web Marbos TV. Je suis quelqu’un qui s’intéresse au social et qui a à cœur le développement de son pays. Nous avons toujours été en marge du développement du monde et à l’heure de la guerre de l’information, il est important que le Togo se fasse connaître. Nous avons une diaspora importante qui fait beaucoup pour le Togo, ou qui veut ou peut faire beaucoup. Il faut donc lui donner l’occasion de se faire connaître et de montrer de quoi elle est capable. Au même moment on a beaucoup de talents au Togo qui peinent à se faire voir et entendre. Toutes ces raisons m’ont poussé, m’ont donné l’inspiration et la motivation de développer cette plateforme afin de contribuer de mon mieux à l’évolution de notre pays.

T: Nous avons appris que vous êtes à Lomé en train de filmer un documentaire. De quoi s’agit-il?

MB: En fait nous ne sommes pas encore à la phase de tournage mais de préparation. Ce documentaire parle de l’artiste togolais KING MENSAH, dans son œuvre sociale avec son orphelinat ALODO. Intitulé « KING MENSAH, LE MUSICIEN PERE D’ORPHELINS», ce documentaire a pour but d’apporter une lumière sur l’enfance difficile au Togo mais aussi de montrer les efforts que beaucoup font pour que ces démunis ne sombrent pas.

T: Pourquoi avoir choisi ce sujet?

MB: Il y a un proverbe malien qui dit « On n’est pas orphelin quand on perd son père ou sa mère, mais quand on perd l’espoir ». J’ai toujours été tourné vers le social et la condition humaine surtout dans mon pays le Togo. Quand souvent je vois un enfant qui mendie dans la rue parce qu’il est orphelin, ça me touche beau- coup. Mon père avant de mourir me parlait toujours de King Mensah. Il voulait mettre sa maison au service de l’œuvre sociale de King Mensah pour les orphelins. Etant très jeune à l’époque, je ne comprenais pas ses intentions. Devenu orphelin de père, j’ai continué à réfléchir aux enfants qui n’ont pas eu la chance d’avoir du soutien, comme moi, après la mort de leurs parents. Et c’est là que j’ai décidé de partir à la rencontre de cet artiste qui offre une seconde chance aux orphelins, afin de comprendre les intentions de mon père et de l’artiste qui, rappelons le, a perdu son père quand il avait 13 ans.

T: Quand le documentaire sera-t-il prêt?

MB: Le tournage est prévu entre fin 2012 et 2013. La sortie officielle serait donc pour l’hiver 2013 après la post-production.

T: Comment peut-on soutenir les efforts de Marbos TV?

MB: Comme tout enfant qui naît et qui doit grandir, Mar- bos TV a besoin de beaucoup d’aide et de soutien. Actuel- lement nous sommes à la recherche de sponsors financiers et techniques pour soutenir la production de nos émis- sions et le développement de la chaîne sur le web.

T: Merci Mr. Bossou, un dernier mot pour nos lecteurs?

MB: C’est moi qui remercie Togozine pour son action tournée vers le développement du Togo et pour m’avoir donné la parole. Aux lecteurs je dirai tout simplement que le Togo a besoin de nous tous et que nous devons tous nous mettre ensemble pour bâtir notre pays. Comme le dit une chanson de King Mensah, « doumé- gnon mou sou ahoé oo » (On n’est mieux que chez soi). Je demanderai aussi aux lecteurs de visiter le site www.marbostv.com et voir ce que nous essayons de faire, de nous soutenir de n’importe quelle manière (morale, technique ou financière) et qu’ensemble nous oeuvrions à la construction de notre pays. J’adresse mes meilleurs vœux pour l’année nouvelle à tout le monde. Que 2013 soit pour nous tous une révélation. Je vous exhorte aussi chers lecteurs à soutenir toutes les initiatives axées vers le développement du Togo (Togozine et les autres).

 

ECOLES ET STRUCTURES DE FORMATION

 

STRUCTURES NOM & PRE- NOMS TITRES TELEPHONES E-MAILS & SITES WEBS
Directeur de l’ESEC (Ecole Supérieure des Etudes Ciné- matographiques) AMAGLI Foli Directeur +228 90 04 69 44

 

+228 23 36 45 76

[email protected]
Ecole de Cinéma, de Réalisation Audiovi- suelle et des Nou- velles Technologies (ECRAN) AQUEREBURU

 

Christelle

Directrice +228 99 57 57 57 [email protected]
Institut des Sciences de l’Information, de la Communication et des Arts (ISICA), Université de Lomé Mme Kpakpo Pépévi Directrice +228 22 25 27 87

 

+228 22 25 50 93

[email protected] http://www.univ-lome.tg [email protected]
Institut Numérique d’Afrique Franco- phone (INAF) AGBOTSE Parfait Directeur +228 99 47 12 04

 

+228 22 50 87 69

[email protected]
Institut Profes- sionnel des Mé- tiers du Cinéma de l’Audiovisuel (IPMCA) M. EKOUE-DJEN- OU Kouégan Directeur +228 91 55 81 83

 

+228 99 44 38 58

 

 

ESEC TOGO
“Nous voulons former des professionnels du cinéma capables d’être représentatifs sur le plan international”
 
Entretien avec M. Foli Alodé Amagli, Directeur Général de l’ESEC au Togo
Interview réalisée par Charles Ayetan pour Africine

Enseignant de formation, Monsieur Foli Alodé Amagli est également un artiste communément connu sous le surnom de “Lekponvi”, hérité de son rôle d’acteur dans les séries de sketches populaires diffusées sur la chaîne de télévision nationale (TVT). Membre d’une ONG dénommée “Carré Jeunes” qui œuvre pour le développement de la société et particulièrement de la jeunesse, il est aujourd’hui Directeur Général de l’École Supérieure des Études Cinématographiques (ESEC) à Lomé, école qui a pour vocation de contribuer au développement du cinéma par la formation profession- nelle des cinéastes du Togo et de la sous région.

Africine: Monsieur Foli Alodé Amagli, vous êtes Di- recteur Général de l’Ecole Supérieure des Etudes Ciné- matographiques (ESEC) à Lomé au Togo. Pouvez-vous nous dire quels sont les mobiles et les objectifs de cette institution créée le 03 novembre 2006?

MA: Les mobiles de la création de cette école dé- coulent d’un certain nombre de constats. Il s’agit d’abord du constat suivant lequel le cinéma n’est pas développé au Togo tout comme dans certains pays de la sous région. Je suis un mordu du cinéma depuis mon enfance. À l’époque, les salles de cinéma étaient opérationnelles et je fréquentais les salles comme le Cinéma Rex et Le Togo. C’était souvent la bousculade devant ces salles. Mais aujourd’hui il n’y a plus cet engouement. Nous avons ensuite constaté que nombre d’institutions dans notre pays apprennent aux gens à tenir la caméra, à prendre des images et du son au cours des manifestations de réjouissance ou de deuil. Mais ces personnes manquent souvent pour la plupart de professionnalisme. Quant aux objectifs de l’École Supérieure des Études Cinématographiques (ESEC), ils se résument dans le souci de former les profession- nels du cinéma tout comme on forme les maçons, les menuisiers…afin qu’ils puissent être représentatifs sur le plan international.

Africine: Quelles sont les filières abordées au cours de cette première année académique?

MA: Nous avons ouvert deux niveaux de formation à savoir le Brevet de Techniciens (BT) pour ceux qui ont un niveau BEPC et qui ont fait au moins la classe de seconde (au bout des trois ans de formation ils recevront le diplôme de Technicien de Cinéma) et le Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS) pour ceux qui ont le niveau Bac et qui au bout de deux ans recevront leur BTS Cinéma. Pour ces deux niveaux nous avons les filières: image, son, script, montage, réalisation et production. Mais en première année cette formation est dispensée en tronc commun. Ce n’est qu’au cours de la deuxième année académique que vont se dessiner les filières dont nous venons de boucler les orientations comme suit: Opérateur de prise de vues (OPV), Opérateur de prise de son (OPS) et Réalisation. Il faut préciser qu’il y a une seule candidate pour cette dernière filière pour le compte de l’année prochaine.

Africine: L’effectif et les matières dispensées en cette première année.

MA: Comme vous le savez, nous sommes à nos débuts et avons ainsi commencé avec 15 étudiants. Mais pour certaines raisons, notamment financières certains n’ont pu terminer l’année. Raison pour laquelle, cet effectif s’est réduit à 10. Mais seuls 8 de ces 10 étudiants ont pu terminer effectivement l’année, les deux autres ayant eu des ennuis de santé. Entre autres matières, il y a: communication et expression française, communica- tion et expression anglaise, communication du cinéma, histoire des arts et des métiers du cinéma, histoire des civilisations (notamment la partie qui a trait au ciné- ma), photographie et laboratoire, prise de son, prise de vue, droit civil, droit commercial…

Africine: Avez vous les matériels nécessaires?

MA: L’ESEC est l’initiative de trois entités: l’Association pour la promotion du cinéma au Togo (APROCIT), l’ONG “Carré Jeunes” et le Complexe scolaire Kouvahey qui abrite l’ESEC. Ces partenaires ont essayé de réunir un minimum de matériel pour cette première année (une caméra, des magasins, mais aussi des caméras anciennes gammes auxquelles nous avons accès dans les locaux du Centre National de Production Audiovisuel (CNPA), grâce au partenariat que nous avons noué avec le gouvernement. Nous avons donc une caméra numérique et une caméra analogique, quelques ordinateurs, magnétoscopes et écrans télévi- seurs… Mais nous attendons plus de matériels l’année prochaine. Raison pour laquelle nous lançons un appel à d’autres partenaires pour nous venir en aide pour que nous puissions relever ce défi.

Africine: Disposez-vous des compétences requises pour une telle formation?

MA: Nous avons travaillé cette année avec les com- pétences nationales. L’Etat togolais avait formé des professionnels de l’audiovisuel, très qualifiés, qui ont travaillé dans la fonction publique (à la TVT et au CNPA) et qui sont aujourd’hui à la retraite. Ce sont eux que nous avons sollicités pour la formation de nos étudiants. Il y a encore d’autres compétences nation- ales que nous allons exploitées l’année prochaine. Par ailleurs, nous sommes actuellement en tractation pour nouer des relations avec des nationaux expatriés et aussi des institutions étrangères.

Africine: Quels sont les résultats de cette première année académique.

MA: Nous sommes agréablement surpris par le résultat de nos étudiants qui ont bien travaillé. En effet, les moyennes varient de 13 à 14,95 sur 20 pour le BT et de 13 à 15,72 sur 20 pour le BTS.

Africine: Quelles sont vos perspectives?

MA: Nous voulons relever un défi: contribuer à l’émergence de notre cinéma. Un seul film togolais a été primé au FESPACO, c’est Kawilasi de Abalo Kilizou qui est enseignant dans cette école. Notre défi est donc que dans trois ou quatre ans, d’autres films togolais soient présentés, voire primés au FESPACO et dans d’autres festivals internationaux. Notre souhait est aussi que l’ESEC ne soit pas seulement une école du Togo mais de toute la sous-régio

— par Charles Ayetan

 

FESTIVALS

FESTIVALS ET RENCONTRES CINEMATOGRAPHIQUES
  • Le Festival International du Film Vidéo de Lomé (FIFIVIL) créé par Kouégan Ekoué-Djenou, ancien directeur national de la cinématographie (suspendu).
  • Les Rencontres du Cinéma et de la Télévision (RECITEL) initiées et dirigées à partir de 2006 par le cinéaste Jacques Do Kokou
  • Le Festival International du Film des Droits de l’Homme (FIFDH), 1ère édition en 2007
  • Le Festival de Film Documentaire Togolais (FESDOCTO) (périodique)
  • Festival International du Film Court d’Atakpamé (Togo), 1ère édition en 2010;
Les RECITEL (Rencontres du Cinéma et de la Télévision)

http://www.cinetogo.com

Les RECITEL (Rencontres du Cinéma et de la Té- lévision) est un projet proposé par l’Association pour la Promotion de la Culture des Arts et des Loisirs (AP- CAL), une initiative de M. Jacques DO KOKOU qui est cinéaste et photographe.

L’Association culturelle APCAL a une longue expéri- ence de cinéma de proximité au Togo. En 2002 elle a créé le « Cinéma Itinérant du Togo ». Depuis elle a an- imé des milliers de séances de cinéma, le plus souvent en plein air avec l’appui de l’Organisation Intergouver- nementale de la Francophonie (OIF), l’Ambassade de France et bien d’autres partenaires.

2006 était la première édition des RECITEL (Rencon- tres du Cinéma et de la Télévision). Après 4 éditions le bilan est positif malgré les difficultés que nous ren- controns chaque année sur le plan financier. Plus de 160 personnes ont participé aux ateliers organisés, une association togolaise de critiques de films est née suite à l’atelier de la première édition. Des collèges, des lycées de Lomé comme de l’intérieur du pays ont bénéficié des séances de leçon de cinémas.

A partir de 2012 les RECITEL sont ouvertes à l’internationale. La 6 ème ÉDITION de 2012 est prévue en deux volets. Le volet OFF en juillet à Atak- pamé et le IN en octobre à Lomé.

 

SOCIÉTIÉS DE PRODUCTION
  MAISONS DE PRODUCTION NOM & PRENOMS TITRES TELEPHONES E-MAILS & SITES WEBS
01 ALDUS PRO- DUCTION ABOFLAN Joël Directeur, Producteur   groupealduspress@ yahoo.fr
02 PRODUCTION LACOM.TG BALOUKI Gildas Producteur   [email protected] www.lacomtg.net
03 UNIVERSAL PRODUCTION AYITE Sitou Productrice, Scénariste +228 91 72 62 92 [email protected] [email protected]
04 MATENG DIGI- TAL MATENG Producteur, Réalisateur +228 22 33 45 15 [email protected]
05 PERFECOM GROUP AGBOTSE Parfait Producteur +228 99 47 12 04

 

+228 22 50 87 69

[email protected]
06 NANA CLASSIC PRODUCTION OPOKOU David Producteur +228 90 05 28 27 [email protected]
07 LIDAAU Films KILIZOU Abalo Blaise Producteur +228 90 06 47 10 [email protected]
08 Centre Audiovisuel St Augustin Odile HOMAWOO Directrice +228 90 04 69 47 [email protected]

 

KALAMBANI

Le groupe Kalambani est une structure de conseil en communication, de production et de réalisation audio- visuelle et de prestation de service.

Nous sommes spécialisés en production et réalisation de film documentaire de création.

Nous intervenons aussi dans la réalisation des courts métrages et spots de sensibilisation.

Nous prévoyons aussi de réaliser des spots publicitaires et de longs métrages.

Nous étendons notre champ d’activité dans la vente du matériel de communication.

Objectifs

  • Mettre le facteur humain culturel et social dans la manière de faire de la communication
  • Atteindre le plus grand nombre de téléspectateurs, auditeurs, spectateurs par nos productions
  • Donner le goût des documentaires télévisés et radiophoniques aux potentiels auditeurs et téléspectateurs
  • Intégrer nos réalités culturelles dans les stratégies de communication
  • Faire la promotion de différents produits sur le marché de la consommation

Buts

Contribuer à l’épanouissement de l’Homme à travers la Communication sociale avec tous les supports néces- saires.

Promoteur

NOM: AMAH

Prénoms: Egome Essoyo Komlavi

Adresse: [email protected]

 

LES CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS AU TOGO TÉLÉVISIONS

TOGOLAISES TELEVISION TOGOLAISE (TVT)

Adresse: Lomé Tél. 221 53 56

/Fax 221 53 57

Rue des Médias

BP: 3286 Lomé – Togo

Email: [email protected]

Statut: public

Directeur: Kouessan Yovodevi

Création: 1973

Site: www.tvt.tg

 

TV 2 (Télévision deuxième)

Adresse: Agoe

BP 13.100 Tél. 251 49 93/081 66 87

Statut: indépendant

Directeur: OURO BANG’NA Youwessodjo

Création: Juin 2001

Radio télévision Delta Santé (RTDS )

Adresse: Immeuble BTCI Lomé Assan Condji à Aného

Tél. 331-05-73 / 949-35-23 Lomé Tél. 222-28-18

Statut: indépendant

Directeur: Ampah Togbé JOHNSON

Création: Juin 1998

 

TV7

Adresse: Tokoin Hôpital Lomé Place de la Santé CHU-Tokoin B.P. 81104 Lomé

Tél. 221-97-59 / 919-39-39 / 221-06-07

Statut: indépendant Directeur: Joël SODJI

 

TV ZION

Adresse: Adoboukomé Lomé 10, rue de France

B.P. 13853

Tél. 222-08-84 /904-13-11

Création: Novembre 2000

directeur: Me Adanlété ADJAHO

 

TV JABAL’NOUR AL ISLAMIA

adresse: Tokoin SOTED BP 8070 – Lomé

Tél. 221-12-01 / 221-33-31

Directeur: MALADI Giali Dan-Mérogo Salé

Création: Avril 2000

 

DOSMANT TV

adresse: Vogan Pédakondji

B.P. 61525 – Lomé

Tél. 221-70-75 / 905-64-30

Création: Mai 2003

Directeur: Missihoun DOSSEH

 

TV SOLUTION TV E 47 Tsévié-Ville

B.P. 60481 Lomé Tél. 226-60-13

Création: Septembre 2003

Directeur: Pasteur Kouami MIDEKOR

 

TV HORIZON Atakpamé

Tél. 222-96-31

Création: Février 2004

Directeur: RAMANOU D.

 

TELE SPORT

Adresse: Espace Télécom. Agoè-Nyivé

Création: Avril 2007

Directeur: Jules ASSIMA

 

TV SPES

Tél: 221-82-00 Fax 222 48 08 Lomé

Création: Mai 2007

Directeur: RP Gustave SANVEE

 

La Chaîne du Futur (LCF)

Adresse: Tokoin Forever

Tél: 261 07 04/05

Directeur: Ebenezer Latevi Lawson

Création: 2008

 

RESEAU MMD MEDIA PLUS

Adresse: Lomé Tél./Fax 21-06-07

Statut: indépendant

Directeur: Richard Aquereburu

Création: septembre 1995

Programme: Diffuse TV5, Canal Horizon, KTV/Su- persport et le bouquet numérique francophone

 

DIFFUSEURS

LES CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS

D’après mes recherches qui se sont déroulées locale- ment, les personnes concernées, réalisateurs pro- ducteurs, m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai menées que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont le potentiel de diffuser des films documentaires mais qu’elles ne le font quasiment jamais, au même titre que les télévisions nationales. Cela est compensé par les accords faits avec les chaînes Francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la ges- tion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AFRIQUE, CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE). Les contrats de coproduction passés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTER- NATIONAL propose des “packages” aux chaînes af- ricaines dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documen- taires, produits soit en coproduction, soit en pré-achat.

DIFFUSION DES FILMS
  • Cinéma Itinérant du Togo – Cinéma Numérique Ambulant (CIT-CNA)
  • Caravane du Cinéma, un projet du Cinéma Itinérant du Togo (CIT) et de l’Association pour la Promotion de la Culture des Arts et des Loisirs (APCAL).
  • Les Week-end de cinéma initiés et organisés périodiquement par la Commission Nationale Catholique pour les Communications Sociales – CNCCS – encore désignée par SIGNIS-Togo.
ASSOCIATION POUR LA PROMOTION DE LA CULTURE, DES ARTS ET DES LOISIRS

L’Association pour la Promotion de la Culture, des Arts et des Loisirs (APCAL), Loi 1901, a été créée le 24 novembre 1996. Elle est bien connue et dispose d’une longue expérience au Togo.

L’APCAL est administrée et animée par Jacques DO KOKOU, cinéaste et photographe souhaitant faire partager sa passion pour la photographie, le cinéma et les arts en général au plus grand nombre.

OBJECTIFS
L’APCAL s’est fixé comme objectif:
  • de promouvoir les arts, les sciences, le développement durable par le truchement des moyens faisant appel à la technique cinématographique et audiovisuelle,
  • de lutter contre la marginalité rurale, d’aider à l’épanouissement intégral de notre société, de re- dynamiser l’esprit créateur au
DOMAINES

Production et diffusion de films (films de fiction, de documentaires, de séries télévisées, de films d’animation…), Photographie, Arts plastiques, Bande dessinée, Arts multimédias, Patrimoine, Développe- ment durable, Multi domaines….

RESSOURCES HUMAINES

Le staff permanent de l’APCAL est constitué de quatre personnes: M. Jacques M. DO KOKOU, Adminis- trateur – Nicolas LIBEAU, Co-coordinateur – Mme Claire QUENUM, Responsable du Secrétariat – Mme N’SOUGAN Yawa Enyonam, Responsable de la Gestion – M. Pierre AFAHOUBO, Responsable de programmation. Pour ses actions l’APCAL fait appel à des contractuels professionnels togolais ou étrangers, et s’appuie aussi sur des bénévoles.

MOYENS LOGISTIQUES

L’APCAL dispose d’un bureau à Lomé et de relais à l’intérieur du pays.

PRODUCTION AUDIOVISUELLE

Une Caméra mini DV. Un Banc de montage numérique.

PHOTOGRAPHIE

Un matériel de prise de vues photo numérique et ar- gentique. Un labo noir et blanc pour l’argentique.

CINEMA ITINERANT

Un véhicule Land Cruiser 4×4 Deux lecteurs DVD multizone

Deux amplis de puissance Un jeu de 6 enceintes

Un vidéo projecteur data 1 700 lumens avec zoom Un écran pliable (3 x 2,5 m) – Un groupe électrogène (2,5 kwa).

FILMOTHÈQUE

Les films (fiction ou documentaire) longs métrages sont offerts à l’association par l’Organisation Intergou- vernementale de la Francophonie et le Service de coo- pération d’action culturelle de l’Ambassade de France au Togo. Les courts métrages de sensibilisation sont fournis par les services spécialisés, les ONG….

PARTENAIRES AU TOGO
  • Ministère de la Communication et de la Culture, Ministère des Enseignements Primaires et Secondaires, Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme et de la Protection de l’Enfant et des Personnes âgées.
  • Service de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle (SCAC) , Centre Culturel Français de Lomé, Goethe Institut de Lomé
  • Collectivités
  • Médias
  • Opérateurs économiques au Togo…
Cinéma Itinérant du Togo (CIT)

Créé en 2002 avec l’appui de l’Organisation Intergou- vernementale de la Francophonie (OIF), le Cinéma Itinérant du Togo (CIT), cinéma de proximité, apporte le cinéma à la population dans les villes, les villages et les régions enclavées pour divertir, éduquer et informer.

Il propose des séances de projection dans les établisse- ments scolaires, les centres sociaux, les prisons ou simplement sur la place publique, en plein air. A ce jour, plus 3 000 séances de projection ont été organ- isées via les caravanes du cinéma à travers le pays et ont permis à plus de 1 500 000 spectateurs fidélisés de voir des films dans leur localité.

Les séances de projection de films sont organisées en trois parties: La première un court métrage éducatif ou de sensibilisation, la deuxième un long métrage de divertissement et la troisième un débat pour la compréhension des films projetés. Le CIT apporte son soutien au développement, aux ONG, associa- tions…, qui souhaitent pouvoir soutenir leurs actions de sensibilisation et d’éducation sur le terrain avec des moyens audiovisuels.

CONTACTS DE L’ASSOCIATION

APCAL :

Contact Togo Jacques Do Kokou

BP 300

Lomé (Togo)

+228 924 99 77

[email protected]

Contact France Nicolas Libeau

www.regiepirate.org

 

DOCUMENTATION

BULLETIN CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE DE L’ASSOCIATION DES JOURNALISTES CRITIQUES CINEMATOGRAPHIQUES DU TOGO (AJCC-Togo)

du 15 janvier au 15 février 2012

Editorial: Le Cinéma Numérique Ambulant démarre bientôt au Togo

Dans quelques jours, le Cinéma Numérique Ambulant va démarrer au Togo. La cérémonie de lancement est prévue pour le vendredi 24 janvier prochain à Lomé. Ce projet sera exécuté en partenariat avec le Cinéma Itinérant du Togo du réalisateur Jacques Do Kokou.

Cette aubaine est une chance pour le Togo dont le cinéma peine encore à exister, du moins à se dévelop- per malgré l’engouement des jeunes réalisateurs et les efforts faits ici et là par les promoteurs culturels.

Encore des obstacles à franchir, des mesures à prendre. Par exemple, le code du cinéma dont l’accouchement reste difficile bien que le ministère de la culture nous ait assuré l’an dernier de l’avancement du dossier déjà parvenu à la table du gouvernement.

Toutefois, il faut signaler que dans cet univers nuageux du cinéma au Togo certaines institutions continuent d’accorder un intérêt non négligeable. En effet, outre la Direction Nationale de la Cinématographie (DNC), on peut citer le Service de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle (SCAC) de l’Ambassade de France au Togo qui intervient dans différents secteurs parmi lesquels, le secteur culturel: arts plastiques, cinéma, livre, musique, le théâtre, etc.

En effet en 2011, quelques projets de documentaires avait reçu le concours du SCAC parmi lesquels deux films portés par Ardèche Images Production à savoir: A sa place (100mn), de Penda Houzangbé et Le Rite, mon père et moi (80mn) de Gentille Assih.

PROJET DE CENTRE CULTUREL D’ATAKPAMÉ

Forme Juridique: Association loi 1901. L’Association APCAL (Association Pour la Culture des Arts et des Loisirs).

Le projet de l’Association APCAL (Association Pour la Culture des Arts et des Loisirs) est d’exploiter le CENTRE CULTUREL D’ATAKPAMÉ pour:

  1. Les activités de formation artistique, de loisirs et d’organisation de manifestations socioculturelles sur le plan national, régional comme international
  2. La création d’emploi pour les jeunes de la ville d’Atakpamé et des préfectures environnantes Durée de mise en place du projet: 5 ans
Cette période sera consacrée:
  • dans un premier temps à l’aménagement tout autour du bâtiment, – à la rénovation progressive du bâtiment (badigeonnage extérieur, intérieur, électricité, sonorisation de la salle, l’arrangement de la scène, des chaises, restauration des autres locaux ….)
  • pour la recherche de fonds, et la mise en place des différentes activités. Cependant, l’utilisation du lieu se fera graduellement dès la première année (à partir d’avril 2011).
Voici les différentes actions à mettre en place entre autres:
  1. Activités génératrices de revenues:
    • Un bar avec petite restauration
    • Une salle de cinéma
    • Un lieu de spectacles
    • Un lieu de résidence pour des artistes locaux et internationaux
    • Un lieu de formation, d’exposition permanente et de production artistique
    • Un lieu accueillant des festivals, séminaires, mariages et autres cérémonies
  2. Activités socio-culturelles:
    • Une vidéothèque et une bibliothèque spécialisée
    • Un centre d’information, de formation pour le développement
    • Un centre d’information et de prévention sur les MST (SIDA…)
Le bar avec petite restauration

Un bar avec une petite restauration en exploitant les terrasses du bâtiment sera rapidement mis en place. Ce choix s’explique par un besoin de générer des fonds propres, mais aussi de créer un espace convivial, de dis- cutions et de rencontre autour des activités du centre.

La salle de cinéma

Au Togo comme en Afrique, les salles de cinémas dis- paraissent par arrivée sur le marché de DVD pirates, la présence des vidéos clubs, la télévision, les difficultés de déplacement pour aller au cinéma. Cependant, il nous semble important de relancer des projections sur grand écran afin de permettre au public de regarder des films dans de meilleures conditions (meilleure image, meilleur son …) et de pouvoir promouvoir les productions locales, africaines, puis internationales. Cela permet aussi aux gens de sortir de chez eux et de venir partager et échanger au- tour d’un film. C’est une occasion offerte aux scolaires de pouvoir assister régulièrement à des projections de films réalisés par des écoles, des documentaires, des fictions pour développer leur sens critique et d’éducation à l’image.

Le lieu de spectacles

La salle pourra accueillir différents types de spectacles, concerts, pièces de théâtre, danse, cirque … Elle fa- vorisera l’expression artistique des artistes locaux et de la sous région mais nous ambitionnons aussi d’accueillir des artistes de renommée nationale et internationale.

Remettre au goût du jour, les « bals », afin de renouer avec cette tradition populaire, facteur de socialisation et de lien social sera une activité du centre.

Un lieu de résidence pour des artistes locaux et internationaux (théâtre, musique)

Permettre à des artistes de mettre en place leur spectacle avant de se produire sur scène au Togo et ailleurs dans le monde.

Un lieu de formation, d’exposition permanente et de production artistique

Différents ateliers seront mis en place soit sous forme de formation continue, soit sous forme de stages à des périodes déterminées.

Le centre offrira des formations de qualité dans tous les domaines artistiques par l’intervention de forma- teurs de renom. Certaines formations seront ouvertes à l’international pour permettre l’échange et la rencontre entre les stagiaires.

Des formations sont donc envisagées dans le domaine du cinéma, du théâtre, de la musique, de la danse, de la photographie…

Une formation aux arts du cirque -un Art méconnu au Togo- sera particulièrement mis en place. Pour cela, nous sommes en relation avec la troupe « TINAFAN » de Guinée. Ils travaillent particulièrement avec des enfants des rues qu’ils initient aux arts du cirque. Cette troupe tourne régulièrement en Europe. Elle est reconnue inter- nationalement (UNESCO).

Le centre prévoit dans ses installations un espace qui sera mis à la disposition des artistes Togolais pour ex- poser en permanence leurs œuvres (peintres, plasticiens, sculpteurs, photographes … )

Location de salle

Une fois la rénovation achevée, le lieu pourra accueillir des séminaires, des mariages et autres cérémonies.

Une vidéothèque et une bibliothèque spécialisée:

Les écoles, les ONG, les associations, la population d’Atakpamé peuvent venir pour louer des films pour des séances éducatives, emprunter des ouvrages. La lecture est source d’apprentissage, d’évasion et d’imagination.

Un lieu d’information et de prévention sur les MST (SIDA…)

Nous souhaitons mettre à la disposition de tout à cha-

cun, des brochures de prévention sur les MST et autres matériels.

SERVICES OFFICIELS DU CINEMA ET DE L’AUDIOVISUEL
TOGO
  • Ministère des Arts et de la Culture (M.A.C.) Tél.: 22 22 41 97
  • Centre National de Production Audiovisuelle (CNPA), département du A.C.
  • Direction Nationale de la Cinématographie (DNC), département du A.C.

KODJO Adoukpoh, directeur Tél. Bureau: +228 22 22 86 41 Tél. Portable: +228 90 24 60 80 [email protected]

SALLES DE CINEMA

A partir de 1930, les salles de cinéma surgissent dans les grandes villes du pays à partir de la capi- tale. Aujourd’hui, il ne reste plus que trois (03) salles de cinéma à Lomé: Opéra (en état de dégradation), Elysées et Le Club. Ces deux dernières salles récemment rénovées et dénommées Cinéma Palace ont cessé les projections de films depuis environ fin 2011. Il est probable que ces trois dernières salles seront ré-ou- vertes dans les mois à venir.

Mais, il faut signaler que les agglomérations urbaines comme rurales voient pousser comme des champi- gnons, un nombre considérable de « vidéoclubs », sortes de salles de cinéma informelles et à petites dimensions qui font des projections de films sur petit écran, des écrans de télévision parfois plus ou moins grands.

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ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Sénégal

Masterclasses

SYNTHESE SENEGAL

CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE SENEGALAIS
  1. Pas de coproduction avec les télévisions

Il n’y a pas de système véritablement de coproduction au niveau des télévisions locales. Il faut donc demander aux chaînes de prendre leurs responsabilités et aux autorités d’appliquer les législations qui existent.

La deuxième phase implique que les opérateurs eux même se positionnent non seulement en terme de force de proposition mais aussi d’exigence. Trouver un cadre où leur métier puisse s’exercer valablement

  1. Centres Culturels Régionaux

Au Sénégal il y a quatorze centres culturels régionaux et à Dakar dix neuf centres socio-culturels, un poten- tiel important pour la distribution. Il y a aussi un lien à faire avec les scolaires. Encourager les petites initia- tives, les formaliser et trouver la jonction afin d’élargir à tous publics.

  1. Circuits de diffusion par et avec des femmes.

Commandes d’associations de femmes juristes, d’association de femmes de la Médina, des ONG étrangères reprennent le film pour faire un circuit avec des Présenter des films sur les difficultés des femmes à se faire leur place dans les contingences sociales actuelles.

Nous sommes à un carrefour où effectivement des moyens de diffusion alternative se croisent dans un système traditionnel. Il faut penser et réfléchir à un concept réel qui soit adapté aux quartiers africains, aux quartiers populaires et aux quartiers des gens nantis.

  1. Manquement de l’Etat en terme de distribution

L’Etat est aujourd’hui absent en terme de distribu- En terme de diffusion, c’est l’absence des télévi- sions qui ne s’engagent pas vis à vis des producteurs réalisateurs, qui ne s’engagent pas dans la diffusion des documentaires. Il y a beaucoup d’espoir, en terme de distribution, dans la diffusion de films documentaires, à condition de passer à l’étape supérieure avec une mas- sive participation de l’Etat.

  1. Les différents courants de documentaires

En termes de documentaire, il y a plusieurs courants, différentes écoles, et les gens ne sont pas toujours d’accord. Et pourtant, l’énergie qui a été mise dans la production d’un catalogue de films pourrait aider à développer des concepts nous faisons de la formation, nous essayons aussi localement de faire des coproduc- tions Sud-Sud, de trouver des partenariats à l’intérieur du continent, alors peut-être un système de produc- tion différente. Nous ne sommes pas en Europe, où effectivement, il existe des guichets et où il est plus aisé d’obtenir de l’argent quasi gratuitement, en tout cas non remboursable. Aujourd’hui pourtant, sur le continent africain, des moyens financiers commencent à exister. Il y a des entreprises qui vivent sur le conti- nent, et il y a des possibilités de trouver des systèmes de mécénat et de partenariat, et aussi de faire du busi- ness avec des sociétés qui existent sur le continent, et trouver des solutions en vue de réaliser des coproductions Sud-Sud.

  1. Actions de mécénat

Le mécénat local, ne peut être mis en route que si il y a une dynamique locale. Toutes les formations qui gravitent autour du Sénégal et qui reviennent régulière- ment, sont étrangères. Qu’est ce que fait le local? C’est une question de souveraineté nationale, on n’y peut rien. C’est un gouvernement, à travers un ministère, qui structure et invite les protagonistes.

Il manque des personnes ressources – pour un genre de management culturel – capables de mettre en liaison les gens du cinéma d’auteur avec la télévision, les grandes sociétés et des grandes entreprises qui pourraient parti- ciper.

Ce qui en même temps permettrait une collaboration, par exemple, entre le ministère de la communication et le ministère de la culture, car cette scission entre le monde cinématographique qui appartient au monde de la culture et le monde de la télévision qui appartient au ministère de la communication, provoque des situations ou peu de coproductions entre la télévision nationale et le cinéma d’auteur peuvent se faire.

  1. De plus en plus de réalisateurs et de jeunes réalisatrices

Préconiser une politique pour qu’effectivement il y ait un lien entre la production des documentaires et leur diffusion. Ces documentaires concernent nos sociétés, – avec un vrai point de vue de nos réalisateurs -, mais il y a de plus en plus de réalisateurs, avec des télévisions qui ne bougent pas tellement. L’Etat n’a pas mis de fonds pour soutenir le cinéma.

Beaucoup de jeunes ont été formés et sont devenus des documentaristes, et notamment avec l’appui des femmes. C’est cela la grande innovation. La forma- tion était donnée en certaine priorité aux jeunes filles qui ont pu bénéficier de cette formation. Cela permet aujourd’hui d’avoir un quota de réalisatrices impressi- onnant. Ces jeunes là ont créé des collectifs.

  1. Les télévisions ne jouent pas le jeu.

L’un des lieux de diffusion est la télévision. Si les télévi- sions ne jouent pas le jeu, ces jeunes réalisateurs n’ont que le cadre des festivals pour montrer leurs films. C’est paradoxal puisqu’on dit que si le cinéma ne fonctionne pas au Sénégal, c’est à cause de la fermeture des salles de cinéma. Nous avons une bonne base maintenant de valorisation du documentaire, de sa visibilité. Cela a permis aujourd’hui à des pays comme le Niger à avoir quand même des jeunes qui maintenant commencent internationalement à avoir des noms parce qu’ils ont été formés à Saint-Louis. Le cinéma nigérien est en train effectivement de repartir grâce à ces jeunes.

  1. Youssou N’dour

Aujourd’hui c’est un culturel à la tête du Ministère de la Culture et du Tourisme qui lui même a produit des films et a été comédien. Il est propriétaire d’une salle de cinéma à Saint-Louis qui va être rénovée. Saint-Louis devient un vrai pôle de développement culturel, une vitrine et un foyer d’attraction et un pôle de développe- ment du documentaire en Afrique.

  1. Inventer un système de distribution pour aller vers le public?

Qui connait la spécificité du Sénégal sait que la période du “prime time” pour toutes les chaînes de télévision est le moment choisi pour diffuser les “blocks busters” américains, les grands shows. Mais paradoxalement on s’est rendu compte que dans chaque quartier où est installé un dispositif pour projeter des films, plus personne ne regarde la télé. Et il peut y avoir presque un millier de spectateurs, avec des gens sur les toits des immeubles pour suivre les films. A la fin des projec- tions, lors des échanges avec les réalisateurs, la question du public qui revenait tout le temps était « Mais com- ment ça se fait que des films de ce genre soient produits au Sénégal et que la télé ne les diffuse pas?

C’est une société médiatique où la télévision est très présente. Dans une maison sénégalaise il y a au moins une cinquantaine ou une centaine de chaînes de télévi- sion connectées à un système plus ou moins légal. Il n’y a aucune différence entre les chaînes de télévisions sénégalaises et les autres, parce que ces chaînes se con- tentent tout simplement de reprendre les programmes des autres chaînes de télévisions. Les réalisateurs finis- sent par se dire «Mais, et nous dans tout cet espace là, où sommes nous? »

Que cela soit la salle de cinéma ou la télévision, que cela soit les vidéogrammes ou internet, c’est un pro- gramme beaucoup plus global que tout simplement le système de vidéo. Il faut prendre en charge cette chaîne de valeur, en tenir compte pour que l’industrie ciné- matographique africaine évolue véritablement.

  1. Diffusion pour tous

Quand un film est terminé, il faut le diffuser immédi- atement. Ne pas oublier les publics qui comprennent, peut être à un niveau moindre que ceux qui sont à l’école ou bien à l’université. Il faut commencer d’abord au niveau des écoles. Cette jeunesse là est parfois en contact avec d’autres horizons, d’autres cultures et a be- soin véritablement de s’informer, de pénétrer sa propre culture avant d’aller ailleurs. Cela passe par les images.

Il faut se lancer maintenant, faire ces images, essayer d’attirer les partenaires qui pourraient véritablement s’investir dans les projets. Cela ne doit pas empêcher d’envoyer les réalisateurs dans les structures de forma- tions et dans les résidences d’écriture.

  1. Indépendance technologique

Une micro structure peut se créer, avec du matériel de base, deux bancs de montages, deux caméras, matériel- lement on peut devenir indépendant. Mais c’est finan- cièrement qu’il y a des problèmes. L’organisation con- tenue dans AfricaDoc, a énormément aidé pour arriver à quelque chose. Tout de suite, il a été trouvé des alliés décidés à collaborer afin que les films puissent exister.

Organiser un mini festival est possible au niveau de l’Institut Français qui met en place toute la technique et l’infrastructure pour que les diffusions aient lieu.

Le week-end on essaye de diffuser. Notre public cible c’est la population locale, quand un film est terminé et qu’il est diffusé deux ans plus tard dans l’endroit où le film a été fait, nous, ça nous fait mal.

  1. Aucune nostalgie des salles de cinéma

Aucune nostalgie des salles de cinéma! Que les salles de cinéma soient rouvertes ce n’est pas ce qui fera renaître le cinéma. Les salles de cinéma c’est bien pour l’expérience, en tout cas ici au Sénégal, elles n’ont jamais été un lieu Si on veut réinventer le cinéma, il y a des types de distribution alternatives existantes, des ciné écoles – c’est une hypothèse – si ça doit renaître, ça renaîtra peut être dans des écoles équipées d’écrans.

Un travail des producteurs est de créer des alliances. La conscience germe de plus en plus parce si nous voulons survivre, il faut que les œuvres soient vues. Il faut que chacun sorte de son coin et retrouve pour une solide association, aller voir les décideurs pour leur dire voilà des films, diffusez les! C’est comme ça que naissent des dynamiques porteuses. Mais pour le moment il n’y a rien, il y a, après des diffusions, des stratégies de diffu- sions alternatives à inventer. Stimuler des festivals dans les quartiers, dans les villages. Et ça aussi c’est une très bonne chose parce que même la cérémonie cinéma est en train d’être réinventée, de manière très communau- taire pour que le cinéma documentaire soit porteur du relai d’une société civile revendicative. Avec pourtant une nostalgie des origines vraiment destinée à être partagée avec toutes les communautés.

  1. Télévision satellitaires

D’après mes recherches qui se se sont déroulées localement, les personnes concernées réalisateurs pro- ducteurs, m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai données que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont peut-être le potentiel pour diffuser les films docu- mentaires, mais elles ne le font quasiment jamais, de même que les télévisions nationales. Cela est compen- sé par les accords faits avec les chaînes Francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la gestion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AF- RIQUE, CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE). Les contrats de coproductions pas- sés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL propose des programmes aux chaînes africaines. Celles-ci sélectionnent parmi ces “packages” des programmes dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documentaires soit réalisés en coproduc- tion, soit pré-achetés.

  1. Plateformes VOD

En ce qui concerne la diffusion des documentaires sur internet le concept de Africa Film TV basé à Dakar est un bon exemple de la façon dont on peut distribuer et diffuser des films sur le continent africain, en une mixité alliant la technologie par internet (VOD) et la distribution physique de films dans les quartiers des villes et les écoles. Voir le PDF de présentation de Af- rica Film TV en pièce jointe ( synthèse correspondante à ce qui est inclus dans le rapport sur le Sénégal).

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE KHADY SYLLA
ECRIVAINE ET CINEASTE SENEGALAISE
KDO: Nous sommes à Thiès et je vais faire un entretien avec Khady Sylla, réalisatrice et productrice de films documentaires. Assez brièvement elle va nous dire un peu son parcours. Je vais au fur et à mesure poser des questions sur la problématique de la production et de la distribution des documentaires ici, au Sénégal. Khady Sylla, est-ce que vous pouvez me parler de vos dernières œuvres, vos films documentaires?

KS: Bonjour je m’appelle Khady Sylla je suis écrivain et cinéaste. Mes trois derniers films sont des docu- mentaires « Une fenêtre Ouverte », « Le Monologue de la Muette » et « Ousseynou don’t Worry ». « Une Fenêtre Ouverte » je l’ai fait avec ARTE et France 2 « Le Monologue de la Muette » également. « Oussey- nou don’t Worry » est un film que j’ai produit avec mes propres moyens et ceux d’un ami qui m’a aidée. Sinon en dehors de ces trois films là, j’ai fait deux autres films, un petit court métrage de 26 min sur les jeunes filles de Dakar qui aurait pu en fait être un documentaire. Mais qui n’a pas pu être un documentaire car cela pose beaucoup de problèmes, surtout ici en Afrique. Les gens ne veulent pas forcément se mettre à nu devant une caméra. Ils n’ont pas l’habitude, ils se sentent un peu menacés par la caméra et j’en ai fait une fiction. « Colobane Express » aurait dû être un documentaire aussi, mais est devenu, en fin de compte, un documen- taire fiction pour les mêmes raisons.

KDO: Est-ce que les gens ont du mal à dire leur propre réalité?

KS: Voilà. C’est à dire, je pense que l’image n’a pas la même valeur en Afrique et en Europe. L’image est plus récente en Afrique, et si vous regardez les photog- raphies des premiers photographes africains les gens viennent très bien habillés, ils se montrent sous leur plus beau jour, se montrent sous leur plus belle face et posent devant le photographe comme s’ils posaient pour l’éternité. Donc quand vous voulez entrer dans leur intimité, montrer des côtés qui ne sont pas forcé- ment valorisants, ils se méfient. Et c’est très difficile de trouver des personnages pour des documentaires et de leur faire comprendre ce qu’on veut faire.

KDO: Parlez-nous du dernier film que vous avez produit vous même.

KS: « Ousseynou don’t worry ». Disons que ce n’est pas vraiment moi qui l’ai auto-produit. On l’a auto-produit avec un ami qui s’appelle Mathieu Cupiard et qui est sur Dakar. C’était très difficile, on n’avait pas d’argent parce que c’est un film fait dans l’urgence. C’étaient des mécaniciens qui squattaient une maison abandonnée. Je sentais que, vu la manière dont ils vivaient dans la mai- son, ils allaient bientôt en sortir. Il fallait donc faire le film très vite. On n’avait pas le temps d’écrire des dos- siers de quarante pages pour chercher le financement pendant trois ans. Il fallait faire le film très vite, sur le moment, alors on a emprunté une caméra, voilà. On n’avait pratiquement pas de matériel son. On y est allé, on a fait ce qu’on a pu et en fin de compte, on a pas mal de rushes. Mais on a réussi à faire juste un montage de 20 min et là on est en train d’essayer de chercher des fonds pour pouvoir faire un montage plus long.

KDO: Est ce que vous pouvez nous expliquer comment s’est passé pour vous la distribution de l’ensemble de vos documentaires au niveau de la télévision, ici, au Sénégal?

KS: D’abord ce qui s’est passé, c’est que pendant de longues années la télévision n’a pas du tout été récep- tive à mes documentaires. Bon, la RTS passe quand même mes films. La RTS a passé trois de mes films. S’ils payaient les droits d’auteur ce serait un peu mieux, mais déjà ils ont passé les films. Les films ont pu être vu par le grand public. Ce que je peux vous dire aussi, c’est que la télévision a une importance primordiale actuellement en Afrique car la plupart des gens pas- sent leur journée devant la télévision à regarder des telenovelas. Mais il faut absolument que nos télévisions comprennent qu’elles doivent diffuser des programmes nationaux, parce que sinon l’acculturation va continuer. Un enfant qui grandit en voyant comme exemple en face de lui des Japonais, des Hindoues – parce que les séries hindoues sont très à la mode – des Latino-Américains et d’autres nationalités, se construit dif- ficilement une identité. Si vous voulez, les valeurs qui sont nos valeurs traditionnelles, sont perdues aussi à cause de ça. Je pense que s’il y a autant de violence à Dakar et dans certains endroits de ce pays, c’est juste- ment parce que les gens sont acculturés. Ils ont perdu toutes les anciennes valeurs que nos parents – je parle des gens de notre génération – avaient réussi à nous transmettre. Les jeunes de maintenant ont perdu toutes ces valeurs. Ils ne sont que dans la violence, dans l’argent, ils sont perdus. Moi j’ai pitié d’eux, et en fait, c’est terrible parce que c’est la jeunesse, l’avenir de ce pays. C’est extrêmement important que les télévisions nationales puissent montrer des programmes africains. Ma sœur Mariama d’ailleurs a travaillé à TFM pendant quelques mois. La sœur avec qui je travaille – c’est elle qui produit mes films – est aussi réalisatrice. Elle avait initié un programme pour montrer des films africains et je crois que l’exemple a été repris après par plusieurs télévisions, mais il y a encore beaucoup à faire.

KDO: Du fait que les télévisions nationales diffusent très peu de documentaires africains et qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma, comment peut-on faire pour récupérer une audience dans la jeunesse ? Est ce qu’il faut aller à la rencontre des jeunes dans des lieux publics, organiser des projections de films sur des places ou dans des stades, ou dans les écoles?

KS: Moi je pense qu’il y a plusieurs solutions. Il y a déjà le passage des films à la télévision. Si possible la deux- ième chose, c’est effectivement de faire des projections de films dans les lieux publics. Moi j’ai fait par exemple une projection de « Colobane Express », mon film sur les cars rapides, sur une place à Colobane et c’était ex- traordinaire parce qu’il y avait plein d’enfants. Ce sont les enfants qui ont posé le plus de questions à la fin de la projection et c’était magnifique. Il faut absolument aller à la rencontre des gens, créer des cinéclubs dans les quartiers parce que les cinéclubs peuvent être un moyen de relancer aussi le cinéma. Faire le maximum de projections dans le maximum d’endroits possibles dans tous les endroits où vont les jeunes. Dans leurs associa- tions, les ASC. Il faut aller faire des projections dans les ASC. Moi de toute manière je suis en train actuel- lement d’essayer de trouver des moyens de pouvoir faire le maximum de projections dans les quartiers pour que les jeunes puisent voir les films. Discuter avec les réal- isateurs, apprendre des choses, réfléchir. Je pense que ce qui est bien dans le cinéma documentaire c’est qu’il parle de nos réalités, il parle de nos problèmes, il parle de nos difficultés, il parle de nos bonheurs, de nos joies. Il parle de tout, il parle de nous, de ce que nous som- mes dans ce 21ème siècle. Je pense que voir des films documentaires c’est essentiel pour que cette jeunesse là prenne conscience de beaucoup de choses.

KDO: Notamment de son identité, parce que être con- fronté aux problèmes de la société du Mexique ou de l’Inde, c’est très intéressant, mais effectivement, si c’est le seul modèle, on a du mal à se construire. Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler maintenant des difficultés que vous rencontrez en terme de production, de coproduction avec les chaînes de télévision locales, et quelles sont les aides dont vous avez pu bénéficier ici en tant que réalisatrice de documentaires au Sénégal pour vos projets?

KS: Les télévisions locales refusent de produire des films alors que normalement selon la loi, je crois que 10% des programmes des télévisions doivent être produits localement. Cette loi n’est pas respectée – et je pense même que c’est plus de 10% – je ne con- nais pas bien les chiffres, c’est ma sœur qui s’y con- naît mieux en chiffres que moi. Donc ces télévisions sont obligées par la loi de produire des programmes nationaux. L’Etat ne met rien dans la production. Moi je n’ai jamais rien reçu pour aucun de mes films de mon pays, à part peut être pour Colobane Express où je crois que la RTS m’a prêté deux ou trois lumières ou quelque chose comme ça. Je n’ai jamais rien reçu en matière pécuniaire, je n’ai jamais reçu un franc de ce pays, ni d’une télévision, ni de l’Etat, ni d’un privé, ni de personne.

KDO: C’est assez incroyable, vous voulez dire que tous les documentaires que vous avez réalisés, ont été réalisés uniquement avec l’aide financière de l’Europe, des systèmes de coproduction européen, de chaînes de télévision européennes?

KS: Oui, tous mes financements sont venus d’Europe. Je n’ai jamais rien reçu de l’Etat sénégalais pas un franc pour aucun de mes films, pas un seul franc!

KDO: Ça c’est incroyable, c’est ce qui explique aussi le fait qu’à partir du moment où l’Etat ne s’implique pas dans la coproduction d’un film, ce n’est pas étonnant de voir que ce film n’est pas diffusé! Parce que finalement, au fond, lorsqu’une télévision décide de diffuser un film documen- taire, il faut qu’il ait une part de responsabilité. Ça veut dire qu’il faut qu’il donne au moins 10% ou 20% en copro- duction pour pouvoir insérer le film dans la programmation.

KS: Vous me faites un peu rire parce que j’ai l’impression que vous venez d’une autre planète et que vous ne savez pas ce qui se passe ici! Idéalement c’est ce qu’il faudrait, mais je vous dis que même la RTS a passé plusieurs fois mes films sans jamais me payer un seul centime de mes droits d’auteur. Donc je ne rêve même pas!

KDO: Oui, mais ceci n’est pas logique parce que, à partir du moment où il y a un bureau des droits d’auteur ici au Sénégal je ne comprends pas que tous les réalisateurs de la place, et il y a un service de la cinématographie et vous n’arrivez pas en tant que réalisateur / producteur à faire basculer les choses au niveau des droits d’auteur? Je trouve ça absolument pas logique parce que tout le monde se plaint, tous les réalisateurs globalement se plaignent du fait que les droits cinématographiques ne sont pas payés. Mais par contre les droits musicaux fonctionnent, ça veut dire le système de la musique on arrive à reverser quand même des droits pas beaucoup mais un peu, alors que dans le cinéma, les droits ne sont pas versés!

KS: Je crois que le problème du cinéma, en fait, est as- sez profond, parce que je crois que c’est un problème aussi d’être ensemble. Je crois qu’on a beaucoup de difficultés entre cinéastes à travailler ensemble, et tant qu’on ne sera pas ensemble on ne pourra rien obtenir. Il faut qu’on dépasse les intérêts personnels. Ce n’est pas parce que toi, tu obtiens je ne sais pas combien d’argent de l’Etat, que tu fais avancer le cinéma. Par contre, si on arrive parce qu’il y a eu un budget par exemple qui a été voté par Abdoulaye Wade. Il y a un fonds de trois milliards (de francs CFA) normalement qui doit être consacré au cinéma. Ce fonds n’a jamais été versé. Si ce fonds était versé ça permettrait de donner peut être à la direction de la cinématographie de meilleurs locaux, de créer peut être un petit stu- dio et d’aider quelques jeunes à réaliser leur premier film. Peut-être même d’aider à faire un long métrage par an. Si on n’est pas tous ensemble et pas en train chacun de chercher nos intérêts personnels, jamais on n’obtiendra ce financement!

KDO: Pour que vous – en tant que réalisateur d’audiovisuel – puissiez toucher des droits d’auteur, il faudrait qu’il y ait un collectif de réalisateurs qui se bat- tent pour pouvoir obtenir ça, et le problème c’est que vous n’avez pas de collectif!

KS: Voilà. Parce que les musiciens eux se sont en fait battus pour obtenir ça. Bon là, dernièrement j’ai enten- du, – moi je n’étais pas invitée je ne sais pas pourquoi -, j’ai entendu dire que des réalisateurs et des producteurs s’étaient réunis dans un hôtel pour discuter. J’espère en tout cas qu’ils sont parvenus à des conclusions qui font avancer les choses. Mais c’est déjà bien qu’ils se réunis- sent, moi en tout cas je suis disponible!

 

INTERVIEW DE SELLOU DIALLO REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR DE DOCUMENTAIRES
KDO: Sellou DIALLO, est-ce que je peux te demander de me faire un résumé de ton parcours. Et du fait que tu sois devenu réalisateur, producteur de documentaires et aussi ton passage à AfricaDoc.

SD: Mon parcours est très simple enseignant d’abord, je viens du théâtre, c’est comme ça que j’ai glissé vers le cinéma, par le théâtre documentaire d’intervention sociale. J’ai fait une première résidence d’écriture avec Ass Thiam au média centre, c’est ainsi que j’ai rencontré Jean Marie BARBE qui était venu monter AfricaDoc. J’ai été le premier, en fait, à faire le DESS en réalisa- tion de documentaires. J’avais repris mes études – j’étais déjà enseignant. Le documentaire semblait être un aboutissement de toutes les recherches que je menais et je suis devenu réalisateur. J’ai voulu que mes films se fassent et je n’avais pas de producteurs qui soient dans l’économie du documentaire. Avec Gora SECK, nous avons mis en place une société de production pour porter nos films. Nous sommes entrés en coproduction avec des amis du Nord pour mon premier film et avec Gora SECK, nous sommes des pionniers un tout petit peu, dans cette aventure AfricaDoc. Comme j’étais déjà enseignant, Jean Marie, l’université et AfricaDoc ont mis en place le master de réalisation documentaire à l’université Gaston Berger ici, à Saint-Louis.

KDO: Quelles sont les difficultés que vous rencontrez en terme de production sur le documentaire?

SD: Enormes! Déjà principalement parce qu’on n’a au- cun guichet ici pour le documentaire… et il n’y a pas de politique de soutien à la production de documentaires. C’est comme si le documentaire, on le découvrait. Les télévisions n’ont aucune idée de ce que cela veut dire. Cela commence à se faire depuis une dizaine d’années avec les rencontres d’AfricaDoc à Gorée, et maintenant à Saint-Louis. Les télévisions sont invitées à Louma pour qu’elles voient les productions afin d’être sensi- bilisées. Elles sont habituées à nous voir taper à leurs portes pour leur demander des accords de diffusion. Mais la difficulté majeure c’est qu’on est dans un genre tout à fait nouveau. Ce n’est pas exagéré de le dire, et d’autre part il n’y a aucune économie en tout cas aucune politique de soutien à la production du cinéma en gé- néral. A plus forte raison du documentaire. Ce qui fait que l’on va chercher de l’argent à l’OIF, et à l’Union Européenne et d’autres fondations. Sur le plan national, il y a de petites choses qui bougent, la mairie de Dakar qui a mis en place un fonds depuis deux ans, donne un million, un million cinq cent, deux millions. C’est une très grande première que nous saluons tous, nous sommes tous super contents. Si cela pouvait faire tâche d’huile dans les autres communes et les mairies, et que les communautés puissent entrer dans le jeu et financer les productions, ce serait formidable. Le ministère va suivre pour établir une véritable commission avec des fonds, et qui attribuerait même des sommes modiques! Cela financerait quelques documentaires par an.

KDO: Sur les deux documentaires que vous avez faits, est- ce que vous avez reçu de l’argent au niveau national?

SD: Absolument pas. Le premier a été fait avec un financement donc CNC, OIF, rien de l’Afrique. Le deuxième film uniquement le CNC. D’ailleurs c’est un film où les sociétés de productions n’ont rien gagné, parfois ont perdu de l’argent. Les gens ont été très mal payés, je n’ai jamais eu de salaire de réalisateur, les pro- ducteurs n’ont rien gagné mais il fallait le faire.

KDO: Et maintenant on va passer au problème de la dif- fusion. J’aurais des questions à vous poser sur le fait que la production pose problème au niveau national, parce qu’il n’y a pas d’argent, il n’y a pas de fonds, il n’y a pas d’institutions pour aider le documentaire, mais qu’en est- il des problèmes de la diffusion?

SD: Ce qui serait souhaitable c’est que, par exemple – ne parlons pas des salles de cinéma – mais que les télévisions du service public puissent soutenir les pro- ductions de documentaires, à une certaine hauteur. Je suis sûr qu’ils peuvent trouver l’argent. Mais il faudrait quelqu’un dans l’intelligence du cinéma documentaire ayant cette culture. Peut être qu’il n’y en a pas non plus, et les télévisions continuent à nous donner des accords de diffusion, car cela ne leur coûte rien et ne les engage pas vraiment. Participer financièrement, les télévisions ne le font pas, alors qu’elles pourraient attribuer des sommes plus conséquentes dans la coproduction.

Cela pourrait régler pas mal de choses, et permettrait que ces productions leurs reviennent pour la diffusion. Cela peut être aussi un travail des producteurs que de collaborer avec les télévisions. La conscience germe de plus en plus parce que les producteurs, si nous voulons survivre, si nous voulons que nos œuvres soient vues, il va falloir que chacun sorte de son coin et qu’on se retrouve ensemble pour former une association.

On ira voir les télévisions, on ira voir les décideurs. C’est comme cela que naissent les dynamiques les plus porteuses. Mais pour le moment il n’y a que des straté- gies de diffusion alternative, comme le Ciné Ecole, il y a énormément de festivals dans des quartiers, dans des villages etc. Je trouve que c’est une très bonne chose car la cérémonie cinéma est en train d’être réinventée de manière très communautaire.

On a parlé toute à l’heure d’une société civile reven- dicative, nostalgique des origines, vraiment destinée à être partagée avec les communautés. De plus en plus cette conscience-là accompagne la production.

Il faudrait que les télévisions accompagnent. C’est toute une politique – je n’en ai pas toutes les clés – mais en tout cas je me dis qu’il faudrait que nous, producteurs, réalisateurs, nous nous associions. Il faut que nous soyons regroupés autour des associations par exemple des AfricaDoc de chaque pays actuellement en réseau, et qu’on puisse aller avec nos films vers des télévisions pour faire des propositions.

Parce qu’il faut qu’on leurs propose des projets, ils ne sont peut-être pas au courant de tout ce qui se passe. On pourrait leur mettre la puce à l’oreille, leur réin- venter une intelligence de situation qu’ils n’ont pas, parce que finalement ces gens découvrent le cinéma documentaire comme un genre tout à fait nouveau! C’est hallucinant.

KDO: Et en dehors de la télévision ? Avec beaucoup d’utopie, on peut imaginer aller aujourd’hui à la recher- che d’auditoires en dehors de la télévision, dans les salles de cinéma ou dans des lieux publics. Qu’est-ce qu’on pourrait imaginer en sachant qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma en Afrique, globalement toutes les salles ont disparu. Qu’est-ce qu’on pourrait imaginer pour aller à la reconquête d’une jeunesse africaine dans les lycées, dans les universités. Qu’est-ce qu’on pourrait imaginer comme scène de projection?

SD: Moi, peut-être tu vas entendre cette réponse, elle n’a rien d’original, je suis et je découvre que je ne suis pas le seul… je n’ai aucune nostalgie des salles de ci- néma. Je ne souhaite même pas que ces salles de cinéma soient rouvertes parce que je crois que ce n’est pas ça qui fera renaître le cinéma. Les salles de cinéma pour l’expérience que j’en ai eue, en tout cas ici au Sénégal, ça n’a jamais été un lieu culturel. Si on veut ré-inventer le cinéma, il y a des types de distribution alternatifs, des ciné-écoles, des choses comme ça, j’y réfléchis. Je suis chercheur aussi à l’université, c’est vraiment la question sur laquelle je travaille. Si cela doit renaître, ça renaîtra peut être dans des écoles où il y a des salles de projec- tion. Dans des foyers qu’on bâtit partout dans les villes et dans les quartiers qui ont aussi des salles de projec- tion ou sinon…

KDO: Dans des salles communales, des salles de quartier…

SD: Même ici au Sénégal, il y en a partout. Même là où j’habite il y a un foyer, à la place des bals, il y a parfois des soirées. On peut y organiser des soirées de cinéma. C’est comme ça que le cinéma reviendra vers les gens. Les salles de cinéma, cela mettra du temps pour qu’on y revienne. Mais voyez par exemple le programme de l’éducation à l’image qui existe dans le programme scolaire…

KDO: Ici au Sénégal…

SD: Ici au Sénégal, mais tu ne verras aucun enseignant enseigner la lecture de l’image. Ils n’ont pas les outils pédagogiques.

KDO: Il leur manque les outils pédagogiques?

SD: Oui mais aujourd’hui, un de nos collègues enseigne à l’école normale la pédagogie de l’image et donc ce qui est sûr, c’est que ces gens-là iront l’enseigner dans leurs classes, et organiseront des projections…

KDO: Il n’y aurait pas une bataille à mener auprès de l’éducation nationale pour intégrer justement un pro- gramme pour l’image car on n’a jamais autant été envahi par l’image?

SD: C’est pourquoi je dis que les producteurs ont du travail. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de produire des films, mais de réfléchir à tout ça. En fait ce n’est pas aux réal- isateurs de penser à tout ça. Tu te contentes de faire ton film et de voir comment tu arrives à le diffuser, mais si on pense à tout, si on cherche des stratégies de diffu- sion, il va falloir penser à tout ça. Les salles de cinéma, ce sera dans le long terme. Mais pour le moment, ces diffusions alternatives peuvent amener le cinéma de quartier à faire découvrir à beaucoup de gens l’existence du cinéma. Le premier festival de films de quartier, initié par Ass Thiam, a fait découvrir le cinéma à beaucoup de jeunes qui sont aujourd’hui dans le cinéma documentaire à Dakar. Leur initiation a commencé dans le cinéma de quartier.

KDO: Si on veut aller à la conquête d’une audience jeune, il faudrait commencer effectivement par des projections de films à l’intérieur des écoles avec éventuellement des animateurs du documentaire ou de la fiction. Des anima- teurs formés pour parler de l’audiovisuel, de l’impact de l’image positive ou négative. Et que représente la lecture et la force d’une image. Il faudrait éventuellement impli- quer l’éducation nationale dans ce cadre là.

SD: Un travail que nous les producteurs, nous avons en charge de mener. Producteurs, réalisateurs, penseurs du cinéma, notre groupe de recherche pense à tout ça, c’est un travail à faire. Il y a de telles initiatives. Il faudrait peut être les fédérer mais elles participent à cette même dynamique. La conscience en tout cas est là. Dans une télévision de Saint-Louis, il y a une jeune critique de cinéma qui essaye de proposer une convention qui permettrait à tous les films produits ici à Saint-Louis dans le cadre du master de résidence, d’être diffusés par cette chaîne. Ce qui leur donnerait une visibilité. C’est dans ces cadres-là que vont naître ces initiatives-là, et ça va faire son bout de chemin, arriver au ministère qui va impulser une politique pour que le programme de l’éducation facilite la diffusion etc. Faire naître l’intérêt pour que même des enseignants fassent des résidences d’écriture de documentaire. Mais aussi inventer d’autres formes communautaires. Je crois que c’est cela l’avenir.

KDO: Donc nous sommes à l’ère des inventions pour con- quérir de nouveaux publics?

SD: Absolument.

 

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR KHALIL NDIAYE
PRESIDENT DU FESTIVAL IMAGE ET VIE ET RESPONSABLE DU RESEAU FAR (FILM AFRIQUE RESEAU)
KDO: Nous sommes dans le bureau de Mr Khalil Ndiaye qui est le président du festival IMAGE et VIE et qui s’occupe aussi du système de distribution FAR (Film Afrique Réseau). Il est également producteur de films. Nous allons démarrer l’entretien avec son point de vue sur la problématique de production du documentaire ici au Sénégal.

KN: Oui en fait, il s’agit de la problématique de la pro- duction tout court, c’est à dire l’accès aux moyens. Dans ce cadre, le documentaire demeure malgré tout le genre le plus accessible avec la démocratisation du cinéma liée au numérique. Des jeunes peuvent très facilement trouver un sujet, il suffit de le travailler, mais ça de- mande moins de moyens qu’une fiction, qui exige aussi des personnages. Grâce aux derniers jeunes formés par les différentes structures de formation, on a obtenu une petite production de films documentaires, Des gens se sont révélés Aicha Thiam et Fa Bakari, et quelques au- tres. La nouvelle génération s’est un peu affirmée, mais il reste à trouver le financement pour faire des films documentaires. Il n’y a déjà pas de financement pour le cinéma sénégalais dans son ensemble! Il est vrai qu’on peut s’adresser à des fonds comme Hubert Bals, ou peut être le Fonds Sud mais c’est très compliqué pour les jeunes de trouver de l’argent.

KDO: Et en plus il n’y a pas de système véritablement de coproduction au niveau des télévisions locales.

KN: Les télévisions locales, elles se complaisent dans la facilité parce qu’on en a beaucoup plus que dans d’autres pays. On a six chaînes maintenant je crois. Elles diffusent des séries de fiction plutôt que de coproduire des documentaires, ce qui n’est pas impor- tant pour elles. Elles diffusent des talk show, des clips de musique, avec invitation d’artistes dans les télés réalités. C’est tout ce qui les intéresse. Alors que le documentaire est formateur. C’est très important dans nos pays. Mais les télévisions ne le perçoivent pas ainsi. Essayer de leur faire acheter un film c’est la croix et la bannière. Donc il demeure difficile, jusqu’à présent, de faire quoi que ce soit dans ce domaine. Il est vrai que je ne comprends pas bien le système en Afrique Centrale ou au Cameroun. Je crois qu’ils ont des obligations de programmation de contenu local, certaines chaînes se regroupent pour acheter des programmes, ce qui n’est pas le cas chez nous encore.

KDO: Et vous pensez que c’est quelque chose qu’on pour- rait instaurer ici?

KN: Je le crois parce qu’avec les textes qui vont être mis en place, et la nouvelle dynamique je crois qu’on va aller vers plus d’exigence. Il faut qu’on demande aux télés de prendre leurs responsabilités, aux autorités d’appliquer la législation qui existe depuis la rencontre qui s’est tenue à Saly. Dans une deuxième phase, il faut que les opérateurs, les acteurs eux même se positionnent pour faire des propositions et exigent un cadre où leur métier puisse valablement s’exercer.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous faire brièvement un bilan de votre festival qui a eu lieu la semaine dernière, un bilan rapide de ce qui s’est passé?

KN: A l’ouverture le Ministre ne s’est pas trop en- gagé au début, mais avec un journaliste, il s’est un peu avancé. C’est déjà une bonne chose maintenant il y a eu une bonne participation des jeunes qui étaient là et un élargissement des cercles de diffusion à d’autres structures européennes. Le délégué chargé de mission à l’Union Européenne était présent pour parler de ques- tion de diffusion en terme de lobbying ou de messages à faire passer. C’était intéressant. Maintenant il faut voir ce qu’on peut en faire. A l’issue de cette rencontre, les participants ont voulu créer un cadre qui leur per- mette d’harmoniser leurs initiatives pour la diffusion. Ce sont des possibilités qui s’ouvrent il s’agissait sur- tout de fiction mais on peut ouvrir les portes, élargir à d’autres genres. Le réseau des centres culturels français était très bien en phase avec notre réseau FAR. Ils ont soutenu nos idées et on a invité des réalisateurs qui ont aussi fait le tour de tous ces circuits de diffusion. Nous ne désespérons pas d’élargir le débat aux autres centres culturels européens. La représentante de la directrice de Douta Seck a dit qu’elle était ouverte à toute forme de collaboration. Nous avons quatorze centres culturels régionaux et nous avons, à Dakar, dix-neuf centres socio- culturels. Il y a donc un potentiel pour la distribution. Il y a aussi des liens à tisser avec les scolaires. On a agité de petites choses, il faut les formaliser et trouver une jonction pour pouvoir élargir les publics. C’étaient ça en fait les deux principaux objectifs de notre réseau construire un réseau de lieux et construire un réseau de public. En ce qui concerne le réseau de lieux on y est arrivé un tout petit peu, parce que, avec une dizaine de salles en Afrique plus cinq salles du réseau des centres culturels français, le résultat est respectable. Il reste à construire les centres culturels locaux dans les autres pays qui ont eu peut-être moins de succès dans la con- struction de ces réseaux de centres culturels. Ça n’a pas bien fonctionné mais ils y travaillent. On collabore avec un réseau de salles par exemple à Ouagadougou. Toutes les salles de quartier sont dans le réseau, il nous reste peut- être à intégrer les deux grandes salles le Normaya et le Burkina. C’est une question de mentalité parce qu’ils ont eu toujours un pouvoir dominateur sur les autres. Ils ont eu du mal à avoir le réflexe d’être sollicité par d’autres pour la diffusion dont ils avaient un peu le monopole. Et là, il faut construire autre chose. Mais je crois que les mentalités changent. On a aussi tenté une diffusion télé. On a tenté avec la télé burkinabé, malienne et sénégalaise. Ils ont accepté de diffuser des films. Il est vrai qu’on ne gagne rien mais on a de- mandé en échange une promotion sur nos sorties de films. C’était déjà un premier pas. On pourra plus tard discuter rétribution ou simplement une forme de troc, d’échange. Je ne sais pas. On verra comment trouver une solution.

KDO: Et donc vous êtes prêts aussi avec le FAR (Associa- tion Film Afrique Réseau) à pénétrer le milieu scolaire dans ces différents pays africains?

KN: Ah oui! Si on a expérimenté un peu au Sénégal, au Burkina, il y a déjà une pratique Mais, j’avoue que c’est au Mali que c’est mieux fait parce que le réseau des cinéclubs scolaires existe. Ils ont repris, je crois, deux films. Il est vrai que nous avons un petit problème avec nos producteurs africains. Notre opérateur et notre représentant sur place ont déjà fait une première redif- fusion pour le compte du CNC. On aurait pu fédérer les deux producteurs, mais c’était un peu une question de souveraineté pour eux. Ce sont eux qui ont produit, ils doivent donc diffuser mais bon, les mentalités vont changer petit à petit grâce au FAR. On a expérimenté.

On avait diffusé officiellement quatre fictions, et on a expérimenté la diffusion d’un documentaire avec « Victimes de nos Richesses » qui a été aussi très bien accueilli. C’est un film qui est très fort qui parle des questions d’immigration mais qui est vraiment très fort parce qu’il y a un discours.

KDO: C’est le film de Kal Touré?

KN: Avec un vrai discours, et des gens qui parlent de leur situation. Sans, comment dire, “caresser personne” , c’est à dire que tout le monde en a pris pour son grade. A nous de voir comment cela fonctionne, et comment il est possible de travailler davantage sur le documen- taire dans un système international.

KDO: Vous avez eu beaucoup d’entrées pour ce documentaire?

KN: Ici à Dakar on a eu, avec le réseau des centres culturels, de très bons résultats. Bon un peu moins au Burkina Faso parce que ça coïncidait avec une sortie d’un grand film de fiction burkinabé Pierre Yaméogo qui sortait son premier film traitant à peu près du même sujet. Bon cela a un peu bloqué mais le prin- cipe du FAR c’est de continuer en profondeur, c’est à dire après une sortie, d’aller chercher les clients et de prolonger la vie du film. C’est un peu ça le principe, c’est un peu difficile, mais pour nous, c’est le seul choix. Il faut aller chercher les gens là où ils sont, faire des programmations, inciter les gens à utiliser les réseaux sociaux. Par exemple avec « Le Fauteuil » on a eu, à Dakar, beaucoup de succès avec les associations de femmes. On a eu des commandes d’associations de femmes juristes, d’associations de femmes de la mé- dina, une autre ONG italienne a repris le film pour le distribuer dans des circuits féministes. « Le Fauteuil » parle des conditions des femmes, de leurs difficultés à se faire leur place avec toutes les contingences sociales.

KDO: Et ce film là, Le Fauteuil a surtout marché dans le cadre des institutions de femmes?

KN: C’est un film qui a bien marché partout. Et ça c’est intéressant. Parce qu’un film qui marche bien chez nous, ne marche pas forcément ailleurs. Il faut faire une analyse. Est-ce à cause du doublage? Ou autre chose?

Je ne sais pas mais « Le Fauteuil » est en français et il a marché dans tous les pays. C’est peut-être l’approche il est très proche du téléfilm dans sa construction, avec une meilleure qualité d’image, des dialogues succulents et cela a fonctionné!

KDO: Est ce que vous pouvez nous dire brièvement com- ment aller à la reconquête ou à la conquête d’un nouveau public, d’un public jeune qui a perdu l’habitude ou qui n’a même pas connu les salles de cinéma ? Est ce qu’on peut imaginer aujourd’hui d’aller dans les espaces publics, se déplacer, c’est à dire organiser des projections itinérantes dans des endroits qui existent. Ou est ce que vous vous préconisez plutôt un retour des salles de cinéma mais plus petites que les salles de 800 places ou de 500 places comme dans le temps ? Ou des petites salles regroupées, équipées en HD ou en système de projection numérique.

KN: Le projet c’est que le cinéma demeure aussi un divertissement. Il faut l’approcher comme ça. Les jeunes ont d’autres divertissements à leur disposition. L’idée qu’on a expérimentée au Sénégal c’est celle de petites salles dans lesquelles on intégrait un espace fast food ou resto, une petite terrasse avec une projection cinéma mais aussi de temps en temps de petits concerts de musique avec des groupes locaux. Cela veut dire qu’il faut essayer de concilier les différentes dimensions culturelles et de loisirs. Les jeunes aiment bien sortir ici dans nos pays qui sont à majorité musulmane. Mais les gens ont très vite le réflexe de devenir casanier. Quand ils se marient, ils sortent plus difficilement. Dans les autres pays, il peut y avoir une culture de sortie, mais la tranche d’âge qui sort ici c’est entre 18-35 ans et jusqu’à 40 ans. Après c’est plus difficile, sauf sur des films plus pointus ou des événements culturels qui valent le déplacement. L’idée est donc de combiner la restauration au cinéma de proximité, être proche des gens. Ils ont souvent des problèmes pour aller au centre ville, il faut faire de petites installations, de petites uni- tés, une programmation variée et attrayante, qui alterne musique, cinéma et théâtre. Cela pourrait fonctionner dans un espace où les gens pourraient simplement venir manger, regarder un film s’ils le veulent, un lieu dans lequel ils se reconnaissent, suffisamment attractif. Parce que le plus souvent on pense que dans les quartiers difficiles où il y a peu de moyens, les gens ne sont pas sensibles à la qualité. C’est totalement faux. Quand on va au Burkina on voit des gens qui s’assoient sur des bancs en ciment. Ce n’est pas parce qu’ils ne veulent pas plus de confort, c’est la seule chose qui existe. Moi dans un autre domaine, j’avais fait un très bel espace de restauration et les gens étaient fiers de dire que c’était dans leur quartier, même si on n’avait pas fait les bonnes études de faisabilité, on avait senti ce sentiment de fierté, d’appartenance et les gens venaient acheter, ils venaient parce que c’était un peu à l’image de ce qu’il y avait au centre ville, mais dans leur quartier. Si on fait la même chose dans le cinéma, toutes propor- tions gardées, je veux dire installer de bonnes lumières, des peintures rafraîchies, une bonne qualité de produc- tion en HD, une bonne programmation, un espace de restauration, à la portée des bourse, ça fonctionne.

KDO: Vous, de votre point de vue, vous pensez que la diffusion de films dans les salles de cinéma a encore de l’avenir ? Faut-il juste trouver les salles adaptées?

KN: Forcément, c’est dans l’évolution du cinéma, nous n’avons pas inventé le cinéma, nous n’avons pas apporté les réponses au moment où il fallait les apporter. On a connu le VHS ensuite le DVD, et ensuite la télévision numérique. Ailleurs ils se sont adaptés, ils sont passés par les multiplex, les espaces avec tout ce qu’il faut, in- ternet, des jeux vidéos, le popcorn et tout ça. C’est une réponse que nous n’avons pas eue. Nous, nous sommes restés sur le mono-écran dans la plupart de nos pays.

KDO: Oui le mono-écran dans des salles de quartier.

KN: Dans les salles de quartier. Dans certains pays, il n’y en a pas beaucoup en Afrique, il y a des multiplex, mais ils sont complètement consacrés à un autre segment de la population. Ils ciblent les nantis. Les autres ne se reconnaissent pas, ils pensent même qu’ils n’ont pas le droit d’y aller. Alors qu’on peut faire des investissements adaptés, réalistes afin de leur offrir le même service.

KDO: Et pourquoi pas un concept et une pensée qui soient adaptés à leur lieu, à leur quartier, pour que ça fonc- tionne?

KN: Ça peut se faire après. Maintenant je ne dis pas qu’on doive arrêter tout ce qui se fait comme diffu- sion alternative ça doit rester qu’alternatif. On ne peut pas réduire le film africain uniquement à la diffusion à la télévision et à la diffusion sur internet. La salle de cinéma est le pilier de tout le système du cinéma améri- cain et européen, donc on ne peut pas s’en passer.

KDO: De votre point de vue, aujourd’hui nous sommes à un carrefour, nous sommes dans des moyens de diffu- sion alternatifs mais en même temps, il faut penser et réfléchir à un concept réel qui soit adapté aux quartiers africains, aux quartiers populaires et aux quartiers des gens nantis?

KN: Bien sur il faut les deux. De tout temps le cinéma africain avec le CIDC a fonctionné comme ça. Il y avait ce qu’ils appelaient la salle d’exclusivité qui était consacrée à l’élite ça veut dire les tarifs et les salles de quartiers qui recevaient les films. Avant il n’y avait qu’une seule copie. Il fallait l’avoir en exclusivité. Ensuite une semaine ou deux après, la circuler dans les quartiers. Ça fonctionnait et les recettes étaient à peu près égales en terme d’entrée au box office améri- cain. Les deux se valaient en terme d’entrées. Comme dans le système français les quartiers battaient de loin les salles d’exclusivité parce que plus intéressantes en capacité d’accueil. Elles étaient aussi plus importantes en fréquentation.

KDO: On a découvert aussi qu’à cette époque-là, les gens des quartiers allaient voir le film deux à trois fois alors que dans les quartiers nantis les gens n’allaient voir le film qu’une seule fois.

KN: Bien sûr je donne une petite anecdote j’étais exploitant de salle quand on a sorti « Titanic ». Sur un mois on a fait pratiquement salle comble pendant quinze jours à raison de trois séances par jour. Après c’était la première fois dans l’histoire de la diffusion, on a livré douze copies – avant c’était une copie pour toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest – et nous, nous avions douze copies au Sénégal. Nous avions une copie dans notre salle à nous, et après quinze jours et même après un mois, on le mettait tous les jours à une séance de dix huit heures elle a fait le même nombre d’entrée pen- dant un mois. Incroyable! Et dans la programmation on savait qu’un film qui passe peut revenir dans trois mois ou dans deux mois. Vous pouvez le reprogram- mer les gens viendront le voir. Durant sa carrière il peut revenir trois ou quatre fois. Ça veut dire, ils ont envie de retrouver les mêmes sensations. Dans les quartiers, vous pouvez voir une personne qui vient peut être une fois par semaine, c’est très rare c’est ceux qui travail- lent qui viennent le weekend, ils viendront deux fois le vendredi ou le dimanche ou le samedi ou le dimanche. Il y en a qui viennent tous les jours dans les quartiers et pratiquement ils viennent aux mêmes séances. Si vous les connaissez ils s’assoient à la même place à peu près. Pour certains il y en a qui bossent très dur donc le soir c’est une manière pour eux de se relaxer. Il y a donc y a une clientèle captive qui continue encore de venir dans certaines salles.

KDO: En conclusion en fait il faut juste trouver un concept de salles de cinéma ou l’équivalent adapté, nous restons sur cette conclusion là, où il faut pour vous de votre point de vue trouver un concept?

KN: Voilà c’est ce qu’on dit salle de cinéma ou lieu alternatif payant pour construire une économie. Nous sommes contre les financements à fonds perdu sur des gens qui viennent squatter un pays, et des gens qui font un projet et s’en vont quand c’est fini. Ils ne viendront jamais quand il n’y a pas d’argent. Ils essayent de se battre pour gérer leurs trésoreries parce qu’ils ont des engagements. Il y a des personnes qui connaissent bien cela et qui vivent de ça. Tant qu’ils peuvent maintenir en équilibre le système, ils sont là mais ils ne gagnent pas d’argent. C’est juste une gestion de trésorerie, payer celui là, finir de payer les salaires le 10 au lieu le 30, jouer avec des délais sur les fournisseurs etc…

KDO: Il faut je pense un certain soutien de l’Etat qui aujourd’hui est absent en terme de distribution. En terme de diffusion, c’est l’absence de télévision qui ne s’engage pas vis à vis des producteurs réalisateurs, qui ne s’engagent pas en domaine de diffusion pour les docu- mentaires – et même pour les films de fiction – donc nous sommes bien d’accord qu’il y a beaucoup d’espoir en terme de distribution, de diffusion de films documentaires et fictions à condition que nous passions à l’étape supérieure avec une massive participation de l’Etat?

KN: Oui, de l’Etat aussi mais des autre Etats, qui in- terviennent dans notre cinéma. Moi je dis même « De quel droit vous intervenez dans notre cinéma, pourquoi vous nous aidez, je ne le comprends même pas? » Je peux le comprendre si on m’explique mais si on nous aide, qu’on nous aide juste où il faut. Je crois que c’est aberrant de mettre, je ne sais pas moi, deux millions d’euro sur un film. Il faut en même temps penser mettre cinq cent milles euro pour affiner le réseau de diffusion, le structurer. On peut à peu près remettre en état les circuits de salles dans les pays, ce n’est pas les mêmes investissements. On a fait des études même sur la diffusion numérique, on peut l’adapter on n’est pas obligé de faire la même chose que ce qui se fait à GAUMONT. On peut faire des choses de très bonne qualité avec des solutions qui sont des solutions que nous pouvons imaginer avec du bon matériel qu’on peut trouver ailleurs dans d’autres pays. Rénover nos salles, les adapter, ça va être au franc près, ça ne peut pas être un budget qu’on gonfle. Si on doit acheter un projecteur c’est un projecteur qui coûte tant. Après c’est à l’exploitant de se bagarrer pour faire vivre sa salle.

Avec la précarité de son exploitation actuelle il ne peut pas la booster et il ne peut pas faire des investissements. Il n’ose pas aller emprunter sinon on va lui saisir le peu qui lui reste car le seul repli qu’il a c’est son espace.

 

INTERVIEW DE GORA SECK
REALISATEUR ET ENSEIGNANT CHERCHEUR GORA SECK EST EGALEMENT PRODUCTEUR LES FILMS DE L’ATELIER
KDO: Je suis à Saint-Louis, je fais une interview de Gora Seck, producteur réalisateur et enseignant au master 2 de Saint-Louis. Voilà il va brièvement nous raconter son parcours et nous dire quels sont les films qu’il a produits et les films dont il est réalisateur?

GS: Je suis producteur, réalisateur, enseignant-chercheur ici à l’UGB et donc j’interviens au niveau du master 2 documentaire de création de l’Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis. Avant l’aventure pour le cinéma, c’était une aventure d’abord avec le théâtre, je reste toujours au théâtre, il faut le dire, je garde un pied au théâtre. Parce que tout simplement il y a mon maître qui me disait “le théâtre mène à tout à condition de ne pas le quitter” et on ne l’a pas quitté. Mon collègue et moi…

KDO: Qui est votre maître?

GS: Mon maître c’est Lucien Lemoine, c’est eux qui nous ont appris véritablement à taquiner la scène, à avoir toute la connaissance dans le domaine théâtral avant d’arriver au cinéma. Et donc tout de suite après quand il y a eu l’ouverture d’une école au niveau de Dakar, il était important pour nous en tout cas de diversifier un peu nos activités, nos études au niveau de l’université, tout en continuant aussi nos activités théâtrales. On s’est inscrit tout simplement au média centre de Dakar. C’est là-bas que j’ai fait une forma- tion de deux ans. A l’issue de cette formation, j’ai été faire plusieurs stages aussi bien pour la réalisation que pour la production à l’extérieur en me débrouillant tout seul. En essayant simplement d’exploiter des réseaux, des connaissances comme Jean-Marie Barbe. Donc en 2005 quand on commencé – euh! avant 2005 en fait – il y a eu des séries de formation qui ont été organisées par AfricaDoc. Nous avons participé à ces séries de formation-là, et nous avons été parmi les premiers à organiser, en fait, les rencontres Tënk au niveau de Gorée. Parce que moi je suis toujours régisseur général, même si je suis devenu enseignant aujourd’hui. J’ai commencé avec AfricaDoc avant d’arriver véritable- ment à la formation, en tant que régisseur général pour l’organisation du Tënk. En fait, il s’agit de recevoir les gens, les faire venir, trouver les hôtels…

KDO: Organiser…

GS: Exactement. Je reste toujours à ce poste-là, même si j’interviens dans la formation et autre, car il y a encore la confiance qui est là. Nous, à un moment, il était donc important en tout cas de porter nos films, de porter nos idées, de dire ce qu’on pense de la manière de vivre de nos populations, de montrer notre quotidien et comment notre quotidien évolue. AfricaDoc était une opportunité, on a voulu l’exploiter et j’ai fait un forma- tion là-bas pour l’écriture d’un scénario. Mais j’ai été très déçu à l’issue de cette résidence. Et à un moment, mon collègue Sellou me dit « Mais écoute, pourquoi ne pas mettre en place nous-même notre propre structure pour porter nos films, tu serais mon producteur quand moi je réalise et moi je serais ton producteur quand toi tu réalises? » J’ai dit « Mais pourquoi pas? » Mais moi, je suis issu de la fiction. Entre temps j’avais fait trois longs métrages – en fait en tant qu’acteur parce que je viens du théâtre. Et donc la proposition qu’il m’a faite a coïncidé justement avec la fin d’un de mes derniers tournages qui s’appelle « Capitaine des Ténèbres » de Serge Moati, donc j’avais amassé un peu d’argent et lui il venait de gagner le prix du CMC du meilleur scé- nario documentaire. Et donc on a rassemblé…

KDO: Pour quel film?

GS: Un film sur les aveugles, “Amma, les aveugles de Dakar” et donc tout de suite on s’est dit pourquoi pas. Et on y est allé et j’ai produit ce film-là en coproduc- tion avec une boîte française, et on a continué comme ça. On a trouvé une caméra avec l’argent qu’il y avait.

On a pu véritablement économiser dans ce film-là et après, petit à petit… on n’a jamais eu de salaire, en fait, au niveau de cette boîte parce qu’il y avait un désir d’acquérir des matériels pour être indépendant, faire le film qu’on a envie de faire, avoir notre propre regard sur notre propre quotidien, ne pas avoir une influence venant d’un autre continent qui pourrait peut-être remettre en question le regard que nous même nous aimerions porter sur notre société. Donc, petit à petit, on a commencé à acquérir un micro, une caméra. Maintenant on est à deux bancs montages, deux caméras, on est indépendant. Matériellement on est indépendant. Mais c’est financièrement qu’il y a des problèmes. Mais il faut dire que AfricaDoc nous a énormément aidés pour arriver à quelque chose parce que là, tout de suite, nous avons trouvé des alliés et des gens qui étaient décidés, en tout cas, à nous épauler.

Sinon simplement, à collaborer avec nous afin que les films puissent exister. Et donc tous les films que nous avons, nous en avons faits une dizaine entre 2005 et 2012 tous ces films là…

KDO: Que vous avez produits.

GS: Que nous avons produits, que la boîte a produits, que moi j’ai produits. Euh des films de Sellou…

KDO: Comment s’appelle votre société de production?

GS: “Les films de l’atelier”

KDO: Et vous avez produit dix films entre 2005 et 2012.

GS: Et là, on est sur le treizième et quatorzième. Parce que généralement quand on voit un projet intéres- sant, on n’attend pas d’avoir les sous, puisqu’on a les moyens de tourner. On essaye véritablement d’avoir un peu d’argent pour pouvoir manger et se déplacer et on arrive à trouver quelqu’un qui veuille bien faire, en tout cas, la caméra en attendant qu’on puisse trouver les sous parce qu’il devient difficile, tout de suite, de trouver les sous rien qu’avec l’écriture on s’est dit « Tiens! On va se lancer maintenant, faire les images, essayer d’intéresser plus les partenaires qui pourraient véritablement investir dans les projets ». Donc, c’est comme ça qu’on fonctionne pratiquement depuis un certain moment.

Mais cela ne nous empêche pas quand même, d’envoyer les réalisateurs dans des structures de formations ou bien dans des résidences d’écriture. D’ailleurs il y a une réalisatrice que je produis depuis six moi, je suis sur un projet qui est pratiquement terminé mais qu’elle est allée écrire à Bobo.

KDO: Il s’agit de qui?

GS: il s’agit de Khadi Diédhiou.

KDO: Khadi Diédhiou, d’accord.

GS: Dans le projet Songo. Donc elle revient de Ouaga et me dit être très contente d’avoir fait cette résidence. C’est comme ça qu’on a fonctionné. Pour le nom “Les Films de l’Atelier”, c’était une manière de rendre hom- mage tout simplement à l’atelier de recherche et de pratique théâtrale de l’université Cheikh Anta Diop, parce que c’est là-bas qu’on nous inculqué ce qu’est l’art, l’amour de l’art et l’art industrie. Il était important qu’au niveau de notre structure, on puisse retrouver un élément qui rappellerait aussi notre parcours. Depuis, tant bien que mal, nous essayons de faire des films.

Nous ne gagnons pas d’argent, ça il faut le dire. Mais il était important pour nous qu’aujourd’hui, on puisse poser notre regard sur notre quotidien, et aussi qu’on puisse fabriquer une mémoire, une mémoire qui serait disponible pour les générations à venir. Parce que le problème de l’Afrique, c’est un problème de mémoire et il ne faudrait pas que d’ici quinze, vingt, trente ans, nos enfants nous demandent comment les choses se passaient à telle ou telle période et qu’on ne soit pas là, ou bien qu’ils ne soient pas capable de retrouver ça dans les images. Parce que moi personnellement je conçois qu’aujourd’hui s’il y a une troisième guerre mondiale, c’est la guerre des images, donc c’est la guerre des cultures. La guerre des cultures passe par la guerre des images. Si on voit un peu le temps que passe nos populations devant les écrans, il y a lieu de se poser la question à savoir qu’est ce qu’on leur diffuse comme images, qu’est-ce qu’ils reçoivent comme images.

Je pense que sur notre propre société, sur leur propre société, il y a encore du travail à faire. Nous essayons tant bien que mal de faire exister des images qui pour- ront raconter l’Afrique dans quelques siècles, ou bien qui racontent l’Afrique tout de suite. Que les gens puissent comprendre les types d’images qu’on a tou- jours diffusées ce n’est pas seulement ça l’Afrique, il y a d’autres choses qu’on peut découvrir. Comme dans tous les autres pays, il y a le bien, il y a le mal, il y a le beau, il y a le vilain, des choses comme ça, donc il était im- portant, pour nous en tout cas, à un moment de se dire « Tiens! Nous avons le bagage qu’il faut, intellectuel, nous avons le matériel qu’il faut. Il est de notre devoir de fournir des éléments qui restent et qui resteront gravés dans la mémoire des populations ». C’est parti pratiquement de ça.

KDO: Et je voulais vous poser des questions sur les dif- ficultés que vous rencontrez aujourd’hui en terme de distribution et de diffusion des documentaires?

GS: De distribution vous dites?

KDO: Oui, de distribution.

GS: Oui, en fait de distribution ou de diffusion, moi je ne comprends pas qu’il y ait autant de télés au Sénégal et que le documentaire soit si peu diffusé. Ou dif- fusé à des heures où il y a presque personne devant la télé, alors qu’il est important aujourd’hui de passer par un genre comme le documentaire, non seulement pour donner du plaisir aux populations, mais aussi les informer, les nourrir spirituellement du quotidien que ces populations-là vivent. Il faut dire que toutes les fois que nous avons eu besoin d’avoir des financements, nous avons été pratiquement dans l’obligation d’aller trouver une chaîne de diffusion. Le papier c’est nous même qui le faisions parce qu’on mettait de l’argent.

On disait que, voilà, nous sommes d’accord pour la diffusion de ce film, qu’on va mettre de l’argent dedans au nom de la télé, et la télé signait afin qu’on puisse disposer du peu de fonds qu’on pourrait avoir dans un guichet pour produire le film. Après la difficulté, vous savez c’est que ces télés là récupèrent les films auprès de nous, parce que ces télés là ont le droit de diffu- sion. Moi, j’ai trois films qu’une chaîne de télévision est censé diffuser et que cette chaîne de télévision, trois fois de suite, j’ai eu à appeler le responsable pour qu’il vienne chercher les films, il n’est jamais venu. On se pose la question mais qu’est-ce qui se passe au niveau de ces chaînes de télévision? “The right man in the right place” comme on dit en anglais, mais il y a aussi des problèmes de compétence. Donc en dehors de cela, nous avons essayé de mettre en place des systèmes de diffusion, qui malheureusement ne fonctionnent pas comme on aurait voulu que cela fonctionne. Comme par exemple, organiser un mini festival au niveau de l’Institut français, parce que l’Institut français, non seulement met en place toute la technique et l’infrastructure pour que les diffusions puissent se faire, mais en plus achète. Au moins il y a cinquante euros pour chaque film. Et pendant le week-end, on essaye de diffuser – mais, c’est pas ce public qui est notre pub- lic cible. Notre public cible c’est la population locale, quand on fait un film et qu’on diffuse ça deux ans plus tard dans l’endroit où le film a été fait, nous ça nous fait mal. Si on termine un film, c’est pour qu’il soit dif- fusé tout de suite et pour ces populations-là.

KDO: Et est-ce que vous imaginez comment faire pour faire adhérer des lycéens, des jeunes des universités au niveau de la visibilité du documentaire parce qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma. Comment peut-on envisager d’aller à la reconquête d’une audience et d’un public?

GS: Moi je pense qu’ il est extrêmement important aujourd’hui avec le nombre de chaînes de télévision qu’on a, qu’on puisse déjà commencer par là, et après, tout simplement organiser des séances de projections dans les différentes écoles, dans les différents lycées, dans les différentes universités. Il y a une demande, il y a une attente et quelque part aussi on pourrait les inté- resser aux films documentaires. Organiser un festival du documentaires scolaires, je ne sais pas moi, intéresser des gens qui sont dans l’école qui pourraient véritable- ment plancher sur un sujet, le développer et après, peut-être, techniquement, être accompagnés par une boîte de production et créer un festival où il y aurait par exemple un certain nombre de produits provenant de ces écoles-là. En plus de cela, faire des diffusions ne serait-ce qu’une fois par mois dans ces écoles là. Moi je sais qu’il y a une attente, il n’y a presque rien qui se passe du point de vue culturel, au niveau des écoles.

Si aujourd’hui, on crie à tort et à travers qu’il y a une perversion de la jeunesse, c’est parce qu’on ne les oc- cupe pas sainement. Il y a lieu véritablement de faire en sorte qu’il y ait, en tout cas, des activités qui pourraient remplacer certaines activités qui sont dites perverses au niveau des écoles. Il y a cette possibilité qui est là, je pense qu’on peut l’exploiter.

KDO: Vous pensez qu’on peut s’appuyer énormément, peut être éventuellement sur des partenariats avec l’éducation nationale pour un type d’audience au niveau des écoles, des lycées, des universités?

GS: Moi je suis convaincu que c’est ce qu’il faut faire. Parce que faire du documentaire c’est aussi intéresser ceux qui vont à l’école…

KDO: Pour faire des débats…

GS: Et ne pas oublier les autres populations, celles qui comprennent peut être à un niveau moindre que ceux qui sont à l’école ou bien à l’université. Je pense qu’il faut commencer d’abord au niveau des écoles. C’est extrêmement important parce que c’est cette popula- tion là, sinon cette jeunesse là qui, quelque part, est en contact avec d’autres horizons, d’autres cultures et qui a besoin véritablement de s’informer de pénétrer sa propre culture avant d’aller ailleurs et cela ne peut passer que par des images mais des images qui sont disponibles hic et nunc (ici et maintenant) voilà.

 

INTERVIEW DE FATOU KANDE SENGHOR
REALISATRICE, PRODUCTRICE
KDO: Je suis dans l’atelier studio de Fatou Kandé Sen- ghor, qui a fait partie de ces jeunes réalisatrices pétries de vidéo clips qui connaissent très bien l’impact de la musique sur les images. Née le 09 Janvier, 1971 à Dakar, au Sénégal, Fatoumata Bintou KANDE a fondé un e plateforme de recherche artistique nommée Waru Studio à Dakar qui fonctionne comme un laboratoire d’expérimentation – Art- science-technologie – Ecolo- gie et Politique du changement. Nous allons faire un entretien sur la formation à la production et à la dis tribution du documentaire, très brièvement, je vais lui demander son point de vue sur les problèmes de formation concernant le documentaire. Je sais qu’il y a plusieurs courants, qu’il y a différentes écoles et que les gens ne sont pas toujours d’accord, j’aimerais avoir son point de vue là-dessus.

FKS: Toutes les formations sont bonnes à prendre, quand on y réfléchit. Quand il n’y a pas d’école formelle, on a l’opportunité parfois d’avoir des stages mais malheu- reusement venant de l’extérieur. Je dis malheureuse- ment, parce que chaque peuple a une manière de narrer différente. Quand l’histoire est bonne et qu’il y a une sensibilité assez forte, originale, que l’histoire que l’on a à raconter est bonne, il faut une méthode de restitution qui ne soit pas une recette de pizza, ou un truc qu’on peut reproduire partout. Le film chinois, le film japonais ont leurs particularités, et personne ne va changer cela.

Même le film moderne japonais a ses particularités. Et quand le film arrive à nous, on se dit waaw! C’est une autre manière de raconter, parce que même si les his- toires peuvent être universelles, quand on a une sorte de formatage, comme ça arrive aux jeunes africains qui n’ont pas pu se former localement, et qui prennent ça à la lettre, et qu’ils le réappliquent de cette manière, on voit tout de suite que c’est du copié collé, que c’est pas intéressant et que ça n’a pas d’âme en fait.

KDO: Il y a une déperdition?

FKS: Complètement, parce que chez nous, dans le transfert de connaissance, dans le transfert d’histoires, on ne parle pas beaucoup, au fond, parce que tu es dans un rapport avec tes aînés, de connaisseur à d’apprenti. Parfois l’apprenti reste tellement longtemps apprenti, qu’on se dit « Mais quand est-ce qu’il va voler de ses propres ailes? » Chez les japonais, aussi, on reste un apprenti longtemps, et on est bon, et ce n’est pas que l’apprenti soit toujours dans une position d’infériorité, c’est que l’apprenti devient la béquille du maître, et la béquille du maître, ce n’est pas une position d’infériorité, au contraire, parce que sans la béquille, le maître ne fonctionne pas. Le Maître est amené à partir et on devient l’héritier, on devient le fils, donc on continue de faire vivre le maître. C’est un rapport humain qui est très particulier, et par conséquent dans la narration d’une histoire du fin fond du Fouta, où il y a du vent, où il y a du souffle, où il y a des sons, où il y a des senteurs, des couleurs, on ne peut pas transgresser ces lois-là, et arriver dans une histoire, gros plan, moitié plan, et avoir tout de suite un découpage technique, parce qu’on se perd. Et les formations qui arrivent en Afrique, sont de courte durée et elle sont corrigées. Il y a un business plan, voilà à quoi ça ressemble, voilà où on est censé aller, et donc il n’ y a pas de place pour la création, à mon humble avis. n’est pas toujours une main sincère, n’est pas toujours une main généreuse, c’est une main avec un objectif chiffré, de journées de budget, surtout que tout de suite il y a la machine de production qui se met en branle.

Ces jeunes que j’ai vu formés et mis dans des produc- tions, qui ont produit des films – ce n’est pas la qualité qui est la question – mais ils se sont souvent arrêtés à ce seul film-là.

KDO: Parce qu’en terme de production, il n’y a pas eu de suivi?

FKS: Il n’y a pas de suivi. Pour avoir fait partie d’une expérience où on nous flanquait avec des producteurs étrangers qui avaient très bien compris qu’il fallait leurs signatures pour qu’on sorte 30 000 ou 40 000 euros, et qui n’ont pas fait leur part. Et puis quand ils l’ont faite, ils l’ont mise dans leur caisse, parce que de toute façon, la production, c’est un business, pas de pitié! Donc, j’ai compris, que la formation, c’est faire la courte échelle, on aide ces jeunes à faire le premier pas. Maintenant, s’ils sont doués, ils vont arriver à la suite, ils vont rentrer dans le rang. Sinon, on ne les entendra plus, et puis après tranquille! Mais toutes ces personnes qui ont des catalogues de films, qui leur appartiennent, qui ne sont pas la propriété des gens formés, je demande à voir leur deuxième film. Et jusqu’à présent, je ne vois pas les deuxièmes films arriver.

KDO: Et pourtant, il me semble que l’énergie qui a été mise à produire un catalogue de films, cette énergie aurait pu être mise aussi dans la formation; et la tenta- tive de faire localement des coproductions Sud-Sud, et de trouver des partenariats à l’intérieur du continent. Peut-être un système de production différente, nous ne sommes pas en Europe, où effectivement, il y a des guichets et on obtient de l’argent quasi gratuitement, en tous cas non remboursable. Je pense qu’aujourd’hui, sur le continent africain, nous avons les moyens financiers. Il y a des entreprises qui vivent sur le continent et il y a des possibilités de trouver des systèmes à la fois de mécénat et de partenariat, tout en faisant aussi du busi- ness avec des sociétés qui existent sur le continent, et en étudiant les moyens de faire des coproductions Sud-Sud. Donc je pense qu’il y a moyen de faire à la fois de la for- mation, d’instaurer un système de production sur place, et un système de distribution.

FKS: C’est le péché capital, de toute notre organisation. Le mécénat local, ne peut être mis en branle que si il y a une dynamique locale. Toutes les formations dont j’ai parlé qui gravitent autour du Sénégal, et d’autres pays, et qui reviennent régulièrement, sont étrangères. Qu’est ce que fait le local? C’est une question de sou- veraineté nationale, on n’y peut rien. C’est un gouverne- ment, à travers un Ministère, ou un bureau ou whatever, qui structure tout ça, et qui invite les protagonistes à dire « OK, maintenant, on organise! » Et son association de cinéma, qu’elle soit des aînés, des milieux, des derniers, ça aussi c’est une organisation particulière, qui s’assoit à une table, et qui dit « Ok, on prélève une taxe, sur quoi?» On avait toujours dit qu’il y avait des taxes sur l’alcool ou je ne sais pas trop quoi, qui était reversée à la culture, c’est dans l’idée générale. Tout le monde se plaint. On ne sait pas si cela existe vraiment, et on ne va pas jusqu’au bout des tables de discussions, parce que nos Etats sont tellement politisés, qu’ils n’ont pas une compréhension claire de la culture, encore moins du domaine du cinéma. Vraiment je trouve que le cinéma souffre d’un problème de compréhension très sévère. Parce que tout ce qui est l’art contemporain, qui s’exporte, qui fonctionne, c’est parce qu’il s’agit d’individus, tous seuls, mais ce cinéma là, ce documentaire, on est obligé de l’organiser. Il ne peut pas fonctionner tout seul. Et donc, on n’a personne qui y croie, et qui soit assez puissant, intellectuellement, financièrement et relationnellement, pour inviter les gens à une table et dire « Ok, maintenant, la formation, on sait ce que c’est, n’importe qui ici, qui a une certaine indépendance de production, que ce soit Moussa Sene Absa, Mansour Sora Wade, n’importe qui peut être formateur à un moment donné, avec un minimum de budget. Et un minimum de budget, dans ce pays, ça existe. Qui va créer cette caisse là? C’est justement ce carnet d’adresses là où on pourra convaincre les gens de mettre de l’argent. C’est ce rassemblement de deniers qui pose toujours un problème, parce qu’il y a toujours un problème pour l’argent, et cette personne qui va rameu- ter tout le monde. Donc on a un problème de Human ressources. Dans la musique, on avait Mamadou Conté qui était cet espèce de mec, 1,90m, qui avait sillonné le monde, et qui, quand il parlait dans une salle, on avait peur de se retourner. Qui pouvait dire les choses, qui avait un espace, qui avait produit des vieux, des jeunes, du traditionnel, du moderne et Mamadou Conté était un homme que tout le monde adorait, il était fêté et respec- té, et nous on n’a pas eu de Mamadou Conté. Dans le ci- néma, on a eu des gens très versatiles, très individualistes, très auteurs à la française, qui réfléchissent avec les potes de Paris, en groupe, c’est l’époque des “Deux Magots”, c’est l’époque derrière Douta Seck, tu vois, on était des Blacks à Paris. Ca me rappelle “La Grande Bouffe”. On est dans le film de Truffaut, tous là, et avec eux, on ne peut rien faire, et en plus, ils ont bouché le système, parce qu’ils parlent, ils s’expriment, tu vois? Ils étalent leurs connaissances, blablablabla, et ils font rien avancer. Et ce sont ces gens là, qu’on aurait dû canaliser, d’une certaine manière qu’ils n’amènent que des contenus, que des plus jeunes aimeraient entendre, parce que ce sont des récits de vie fantastiques, mais ils ne peuvent rien organiser, parce qu’il faut qu’ils l’acceptent. Parce qu’ils veulent être de toutes les tables, de toutes les discussions, ils refusent qu’on les évince, mais ils ne sont pas capables d’amener quelque chose de concret à la table parce que ce n’est pas leur moment. Ce sont des gens à organiser, maintenant, s’ils sont organisateurs, ils ont des formations particu- lières, ils n’ont même pas besoin de connaître la créativité, vraiment, ils peuvent aller vendre du riz le lendemain. C’est cette roue, là, qui manque…

KDO: Un genre de management, culturel efficace, si j’ai bien compris – je pense qu’on partage le même point de vue de ce côté là. Il manque des personnes ressources qui aient des capacités de mettre en liaison les gens du cinéma d’auteur, et des gens qui soient capables de mettre en rela- tion ces gens-là, avec le monde – à la fois de la télévision – à la fois des grandes sociétés et entreprises qui pourraient participer. Et qui favoriseraient en même temps une collaboration, par exemple, entre le ministère de la communication, et le ministère de la culture, parce que là aussi, je trouve que – de mon point de vue -, il y a un paradoxe et quelque chose d’antinomique lorsqu’on voit la scission entre le monde cinématographique, qui appartient au monde de la culture, et le monde de la télévision qui appartient au ministère de la communication. On se retrouve dans des situations où il y a très peu de coproductions entre la télévi- sion nationale et le cinéma d’auteur.

FKS: Ça ne s’explique pas, ça prouve encore une fois qu’on ne réfléchit même pas à la chose, les Etats sont politisés – on y revient – l’artiste est un griot, quelle que soit sa discipline. En 2012, l’Etat a sa série d’artistes. On choisit, dans chaque discipline, un gars qui ne va pas nous emmerder vraiment, qui sera de tous les voyages, de toutes les réunions, pour avoir une couleur locale par département, mais de quoi est-ce qu’on va discuter avec lui? Si ce n’est pas quelqu’un qui a une vision et une connaissance particulière du métier, de l’avenir, et justement du management. Un artiste ne peut pas arrêter sa carrière et tous ses inté- rêts et aller parler au nom des autres artistes, ce n’est pas vrai. On le fait aujourd’hui, parce qu’on est obligé de se battre en amont, sur le front, dans la résistance et on se dit en même temps, qu’on ne s’est pas battus pour que tout le monde rentre, et pas nous, donc le problème de confiance revient – je ne vais pas prendre 10 euros, pendant que je me bats pour que les autres en aient cent cinquante mille, juste par humilité, de faire partie du truc. L’Etat doit être plus clair, sur cette dichotomie là. Alors qu’il a permis à des télévisions de voir le jour, et qu’il voit bien qu’il y a un vide, qu’il y a une place à prendre.

KDO: Il ouvre les vannes très larges pour les chaînes de télévisions privées, alors qu’il n’y a aucun recensement ne serait-ce que des films qui existent aujourd’hui. Moi, je suis dans l’incapacité d’avoir une liste des films, docu- mentaires, courts métrages, longs métrages, exhaustive, du début du cinéma jusqu’à nos jours.

FKS: Parce qu’il n’y a pas de statuts non plus. Normale- ment, quand tu fais un film, tu dois être capable de le répertorier quelque part, ce doit être une étape obliga- toire. Au moins on sait quelle durée, quelle année. Et si nous n’avons pas de copie, qu’on en ait une trace, un scénario ou une lettre qui demande une autorisation.

Et ce n’est pas le cas. Parce qu’ils ne s’en occupent pas, ils n’en font pas un truc sévère comme en musique, où tu peux trouver tout cela. Le bureau des droits d’auteur est là, il est capable de te sortir tout cela, l’AMS, l’Association des Musiciens est très solide, mais chez nous, ce n’est pas possible.

Les guichets, la coopération, donc, française en particu- lier, y est pour beaucoup fautive, mais aussi encore une fois, leur compréhension de ce pays là, de l’Etat, de leur rôle dans ça. L’Etat est invité systématiquement à ou- vrir des cérémonies organisées par les autres. Les autres se substituent à son rôle tout le temps. Il est tranquille tant que les autres contribuent, comme cela ça garde tout le monde content, les artistes ne viennent pas vous emmerder, parce que de toute façon, il y a des blancs qui s’occupent d’eux.

KDO: On peut faire autre chose pendant ce temps.

FKS: On ne peut pas avoir tous les gosses qui tapent à notre porte « Aide-moi, je veux être stagiaire! » On ne peut pas! On n’a pas besoin de stagiaire! On embarque tout le monde, tout le temps. « Bon venez! Toi tu as une histoire? » Tu regardes les endroits d’où ils vien- nent, mais chacun a une histoire que tu seras incapable de filmer, parce que tu n’y as pas accès. Et il s’y révèle matin, midi et soir. C’est dans ton intérêt qu’il ait accès à ton matériel. Le matériel, ça a une vie, ça meurt. Ils font des projets, et ils ne demandent pas aux gens qui savent, ou sont très actifs, et productifs. On remonte toujours, vers ceux qui ont eu des possibilités, dans les grands guichets de faire des films. Maintenant, on va quand même s’intéresser à pouvoir leur donner de l’argent localement, pourquoi?? On sait qui ils sont, on sait comment ils vivent, comment sont leurs produc- tions, on est sur leurs films. Et dans chacun de leur long métrage, ils auraient dû obligatoirement produire dans la foulée, pendant qu’il y avait du matériel, pen- dant qu’il y avait des techniciens, un petit film de six minutes, de dix minutes, de vingt minutes d’un jeune qui monte. Ce n’est pas à eux qu’on va apprendre ça, dans toutes les maisons africaines, ton boubou, tu le mets une année, l’année suivante c’est ton frère qui le met. Donc cet égoïsme et cette rupture, je me pose la question tous les jours « D’où ça vient? »

KDO: Oui, j’ai entendu cela.

FKS: Non, mais on arrête là! Et, eux ils étaient où, pen- dant ce temps là? Association dirigée ou non?

KDO: Ils ont laissé faire.

FKS: Ils ont laissé faire, parce qu’ils ne pensent qu’à eux. J’étais au Panaf, à Alger, au Panaf, les Sénégalais se sont sentis évincés, par rapport à la festman qui ne démarrait pas. Ils n’ont même pas géré cela, tous les billets venaient d’Alger, il y avait plus de fonction- naires qui ont voyagé que n’importe qui! Il y avait plus de gens d’une certaine génération, il y avait tous les fonctionnaires mourants! Trois semaines à l’hôtel, à bouffer gratuitement, aux frais de l’Algérie! C’était n’importe quoi! Et pour moi, voilà la photo dont on ne se défera jamais, et ça fait mal, on est obligé d’avoir des initiatives privées.

KDO: Toi, tu as pu y aller?

FKS: Ils m’ont invitée pour montrer mes films, et le Panaf, s’est organisé de manière très particulière, parce que les invitations sont parties à tout va. Et il y a eu beaucoup de cas où les gens ont été invités à des événe- ments qui n’étaient pas très existants dans ces parties du monde. Donc nos familles ont toujours peur de là où on va. J’ai un peu ignoré l’invite. Pour moi c’était un peu comme une affiche, qui arrivait régulièrement dans ma boîte mail, j’ai pas percuté. A l’époque j’étais dans un village des arts, où justement, ma discipline, le cinéma et la vidéo, n’était pas en challenge avec qui que ce soit, donc je me suis dit, dans les arts plastiques, ce village, je peux essayer de leur apporter du mouvement, au moins, qu’ils comprennent que les jeunes ne sont pas un danger. Erreur, c’est la mentalité du pays. J’ai fait neuf mois au village des arts, accouché d’un gamin, baigné ce gamin là, dans mon atelier, fait vivre ce gamin là, dans cet atelier, dans cet environnement paludéen, en organisant quelque chose tous les mois, avec des copains imprimeurs qui suivaient les affiches, même pour l’exposition du mois local où il y avait toujours les travaux des gens. Mais ce qui les intéressait, c’était que des blancs viennent acheter des trucs et repartent. Les workshops, les trucs, tu as toute la dynamique pour créer quelque chose, pourquoi tel et pas moi, pourquoi je ne suis pas dans le coup, voilà. L’ego, l’ego trip qui était toujours étalé, je me suis dit, on ne va pas s’en sortir! Et puis, Fatou, qu’est-ce que tu pensais? Le vil- lage des arts, c’est le microcosme du village Sénégal, il y a des gens de cultures différentes, il y a des imposteurs, il y a des gens qui copient les tableaux des autres, il y a des gens qui n’ont que cet atelier pour vivre, et moi j’essayais en plus, qu’ils sortent au bout d’un moment pour avoir du sang frais, non, je faisais tout faux, moi. J’avais un planning digne du village des arts du Dane- mark. Je prenais des idées partout…

KDO: Ça ne pouvait pas fonctionner…

FKS: Ça ne pouvait pas fonctionner. Ils sont là depuis dix ans, pour eux ils se sont battus, il faudrait même qu’on leur aménage des trucs, pour qu’ils construisent et qu’ils y restent à vie! Attention, ils ne sortent pas en se disant qu’un président, un jour va venir leur don- ner, parce que c’est la logique de bourbi, le roi, il donne tout le temps. Abdoulaye Wade, qu’est-ce qu’il n’a pas donné? Mais je découvre la mentalité, et je découvre que plus on travaille, et plus en se fait tirer dessus.

KDO: Et plus on a de nouvelles idées et plus on se fait détester.

FKS: Absolument! Je dis Ok, les artistes là, j’ai organisé ma relève, à la veille d’une visite du premier ministre canadien, qui est une dame, d’origine haïtienne, qui m’aimait bien, qui avait beaucoup d’estime pour moi, qu’est-ce qu’elle n’aurait pas fait, pour soutenir une femme, féministe, journaliste… Pour te dire, ils sont allés à ce niveau là. A se dire, non, this is too much, ça va peut-être enlever des choses mais ça va la mettre en lumière. Mais bon sang, le manager… Je ne peins pas, moi, je suis la seule à faire de la vidéo et de la photo, j’ai une documentation, des caisses pleines de cassettes, des morts, des vivants, j’ai des photos de tous leur tableaux, toute la base de données d’une certaine création séné- galaise, c’est moi qui l’ai, depuis vingt ans. Alors, j’ai compris, je me suis dit “ Ça, même dans le cinéma, ils ne l’ont pas. Je me suis positionné ensuite dans le docu- mentaire et la vidéo d’art, en me disant “Je produis les miens !” Je produis ceux de tous ces petits gars, là, qui circulent, pour qu’ils aient quelque chose dans la main, je m’organise pour que dans leur tête aussi, ils com- prennent où prendre l’argent, quoi en faire quand ça arrive, pourquoi, comment, et si c’est ce qu’on a choisi de faire, voilà le trajet. Voilà comment discuter avec les grands, ils faut aller à leurs événements, il faut se taire et écouter, et comprendre la dynamique. Et pour moi, ça a marché, ils ont compris quand ils vont dans tous ces événements mais qui fait quoi? Quatre films dans ta vie, ça fait de toi quelqu’un qui peut emmerder tout le monde? Alors que tu vois, les gars qui sont dans l’institutionnel, donc ils gagnent de l’argent, le film institutionnel a du budget, dans l’année, ils font énor- mément de films, ils soutiennent des familles, ils sont plus aptes à cotiser, dans ce pays, en impôts en trucs, que n’importe quel grand nom, ici, qui serait allé à Ber- lin, à Cannes où je ne sais pas où, faire de la figuration. Alors, ce mépris, là, on comble ça comment? Mainten- ant, il y a encore mieux, c’est que toute la gamme de monteurs ou d’assistants aussi qu’on a formés, qui est montée, qui travaillent dans les télés, ils ont envie de mettre leur nom à la télé! Ils font du soap opéra, ils font du brésilien, du mexicain, amélioré, parce qu’ils n’ont pas les querelles de bonnes femmes, là, mais, ils mettent du peps dans leur films et il y a une génération de jeunes acteurs, et d’actrices qui font tomber le haut, donc il y a du mouvement, il y a une gamme de manne- quins, complètement disjonctées, tu leur donnes un gun dans la main, elle tournent sans complexes, elles te font un 100 mètres dans la rue, à courir derrière quelqu’un et toute la ville se retourne! Ce que nous on arrivait pas à faire avec les grands, sur les plateaux de Sembène Ousmane, ou quand ils s’acharnaient sur des acteurs, les acteurs disaient “Moi je suis un personnage public, oui on est dans la rue, je peux pas jouer telle chose!” Donc ces gens là qui arrivent, on va en faire quoi? On va se bloquer, on a les mêmes problèmes dans nos amis, dans nos couples, et dans notre travail créatif. On n’est pas sortis de l’auberge. Après, il faut se parer contre nos ennemis, qui sont nos propres politiques, les politiciens et puis la coopération. La substitution à nos choses, ou mieux, à un moment donné, bon, on sélectionnait quelqu’un dans la rue, voilà, tout était en copinage. Mais mieux maintenant, la France a des débordements de techniciens, faut descendre les gars, toute la pub aus- si, elle est gérée par des français, oui quand tu n’a pas ton blanc pour faire ton film, ta série, ton machin, ton shoot, et bien non, chez les photographes, c’est comme ça. Donc on est encerclés.

KDO: Revenons un peu sur les problèmes de production pure de documentaires. Par exemple, vous, avec votre société de production, où vous trouvez des partenaires et quels sont-ils pour produire un documentaire ici, au Sénégal?

FKS: Au niveau local, depuis quelques années, deux ou trois ans, depuis que la mairie est passée dans l’autre camp, en fait, il me semble que c’est la seule initia- tive locale qui offre de l’argent pour faire des choses. Les budgets ne sont pas géniaux, mais encore une fois, avec du pas génial, on fait du génial. On n’est pas des Africains pour rien. Mais sinon, il n’y a rien, le mécé- nat n’y croit pas, et c’est une question d’accès aussi, parce que c’est très francophone, les accès, tu vois, c’est des étages… Ce n’est pas le sens contraire où les gens descendent à vous, parce qu’ils aiment bien ce que vous faites, vous devez vous frayer des passages dans leurs soirées dans leurs trucs. Tu vois, il y a un travail mar- keting à faire pour l’ascension, et pas un travail de créa- tion qui fait que les gens descendent vers vous… pour le documentaire, franchement il n’y a rien, nous on s’est positionnés dans le film institutionnel, et on a décidé ce qui ferait bouillir nos marmites, et ce qui de l’autre côté irait dans notre production. C’est comme ça qu’on fait des documentaires. Maintenant quand les docu- mentaires quand ils sont assez bien faits, et qu’on arrive à faire des ventes, TV5 chez les francophones, Arte, et chez les anglophones BBC, ou Al Jazeera? Al Jazeera, c’est plus difficile, parce qu’ils ont une habitude c’est le documentaire un peu tu vois, d’investigation, etc, qui n’est pas un style francophone, il n’est pas le “style” que l’on apprend dans toutes ces formations là, parce que il y a une base journalistique très forte, et avec des com- pétences que les gens qui sont cooptés pour être formés n’ont pas.

Donc il y a un problème de niveau. Le documentaire, ce n’est pas de la fiction, le documentaire requière d’autres capacités intellectuelles en toi…

KDO: Et puis il y a plusieurs courants de documentaires.

FKS: Et même chez les aînés qui se sont essayés au docu- mentaire, quand on voit leur documentaire, on sait qu’ils ne sont pas compétents en la matière. Cette légèreté, ne peut pas fonctionner, c’est redondant, il y a des choses qu’ils aiment bien dans leur fiction. Dans une fiction, il y a des traces, des signatures que quand tu les retrouves dans le documentaire, il faut arrêter, là. Donc, on sait qui est qui, et qui est capable de faire quoi. Mais l’école documen- taire, à Dakar, elle souffre, parce qu’on peut compter sur les doigts qui en fait, et qui en fait de bons qui tiennent la route. On n’est pas en fiction, le style peut être semi- fiction, etc, parce qu’on touche à tout, toutes les méthodes pour faire du documentaire, mais le fond, le propos, dans le fouillis il y a encore du chemin à faire. Ils refusent d’accepter, parce qu’ils confondent intellectualité, acadé- mie, tous les complexes sont là “Ah moi je suis autodidacte!” La notion d’autodidacte, tu vois ils nous cassent les pattes avec ça, un autodidacte a une tête comme tout le monde, ça ne l’empêche pas de descendre au fond et savoir ce qu’il faut. Mais le documentaire de nos télés, le report- age, il faut qu’ils admettent le style, c’est des magazines, on ne dit pas que c’est mauvais, au contraire.

KDO: Comment envisagez-vous en tant que société de production documentaire, et fiction, aujourd’hui, en partant du constat qu’il n’y a quasiment pas de salles de cinéma, aujourd’hui au niveau national, avec une absence étatique vis à vis de la distribution, de film documentaire ou fiction, si on envisageait les possibilités de créer un nouveau système de distribution, pour aller vers des auditeurs, vers une audience. Comment peut-on créer, ou envisager de créer d’avoir des relèves en audi- ence, pour d’éventuelles salles de cinéma ou d’éventuels lieux publics pour faire des projections de films. Parce que si on fait des films, c’est pour aller vers les spectateurs. Nous nous rendons compte qu’il n’y a pas de lieux. Alors, que peut-on imaginer, en étant optimiste, que pouvons nous imaginer comme possibilité de diffusion, au niveau des documentaires?

FKS: L’Etat a construit des centres culturels régionaux dans les quatorze régions, je ne parlerai pas de Dakar, parce que pour moi, il y a d’autres sources pour Dakar. D’autres plateformes de rencontres, mais pour moi, les centres culturels régionaux sont d’une importance capitale, parce qu’on y trouve la musique, la danse, la lecture, tout y est, et que justement, on ne peut pas badiner avec ça. Il y a du matériel, dans la liste des matériels déposés dans chaque centre culturel. Il y a un superbe télé-projecteur, avec du son, donc ça devrait être possible d’y envoyer systématiquement des coffrets, dont les droits sont acquis auprès des jeunes qui font de la production, des vieux des jeunes, mais donc il y a moyen d’avoir des séances régulières, où les films vont rencontrer un public, de toute façon. Dans ces zones là, le centre est le poumon, tout le monde vient, tout le temps, quand il y a un événement il y des espaces qui sont destinés aux mariages, et aux célébra- tions de la communauté.

KDO: Donc, vous pensez que l’on peut utiliser ces salles là, ces platesformes?

FKS: Absolument, elles sont équipées pour. Il faut que les techniciens soient formés pour utiliser correcte- ment le matériel. Et les fonctionnaires qui gèrent ces centres là, ils soient triés sur le volet, des gens qui ont étudié aux Beaux Arts, qui ont choisi comme branche le management culturel, quelque part. Donc c’est au niveau de la formation, qu’il y a un problème. Il faut de l’engouement, il faut de la passion, etc., et ce n’est pas le cas pour la moitié d’entre eux, franchement.

Qu’il n’aient pas à se battre pour remonter sur Dakar, quand ils sont au fin fond de Matam, ou que les choses arrivent à eux, quand ils reviennent pour une réunion d’évaluation. Ils repartent avec tout, ils ont des véhi- cules, des chaises, il y a tout, dans ces centres là. Et qu’ils aient la possibilité d’avoir des formations, nous on l’a fait, on a montré des expositions on a formé des gens, mais ce sont des initiatives personnelles. On les a contactés directement, parce que, comme j’ai dit, ils sortent des écoles, on les connais. Quand ils arrivent à accéder à ce type de poste-là. Mais c’est long. C’est l’Etat! Ok tu as un centre, boum! Voilà la liste, voilà ce à quoi tu as droit, fais nous ta programmation, parce que tu travailles avec le local, tu ne fais pas venir tes orchestres de Dakar ou de je ne sais pas où, mais dans l’année tu sais que tu auras un choix d’orchestre bien connu, qu’on voit à la télévision. Et qu’ensuite que tu auras tous les jeunes et tous les ateliers. Mais il y a un programme à mettre en place, qui nécessite quasi- ment rien, tout est sur place. Et le cinéma, on reçoit la matière, ça dynamise le tout, et la relation commence à être concrète parce qu’il y a des espaces pour montrer. Cela c’est au niveau étatique, avec des espaces qui ex- istent. Parce que ces centres, ils sont construits, ce sont de vrais bâtiments, avec des esplanades avec un restaurant qui fonctionne, avec du mouvement le soir, c’est les restaurants, c’est le café, l’orchestre local qui joue, c’est la vie, tu vois?

Et à Tambacounda, quand tu vas au cinéma, c’est ma- man, le bébé, c’est tout le monde. On met la natte, les gamins dorment, quand on a fini, on emballe tout le monde et puis on repart. C’est tous publics, tu imag- ines là, la notion de connaissance qui circule, à tous les niveaux, ça c’est un idéal. Les platesformes des capital- es, le Hip Hop s’est débrouillé tout seul, il est présent, et il a de grands rendez-vous. Les platesformes sont là, avant le concert, on peut regarder un documentaire, les gens ils arrivent dès 19 heures, les vedettes pas avant minuit, on peut projeter toute la journée parce que maintenant il y a du VGing et les scènes passent des images en même temps.

 

INTERVIEW DE JEAN-MARIE BARBE
CREATEUR D’AFRICADOC
KDO: Nous sommes à Saint-Louis et je suis à la rési- dence de l’Université Gaston Berger, en présence de Jean-Marie Barbe qui est le créateur d’AfricaDoc. Donc je vais converser avec lui pour faire le point sur l’état des lieux du documentaire en Afrique en général et par rapport à tout travail qui a été fait avec AfricaDoc et aussi la difficulté de ce qu’il a évoqué hie en ce qui concerne les achats de documentaires globalement par les chaînes de télévision africaine et aussi l’absence de participation des gouvernements sur la participation de coproduction de films, tout dans le domaine du documentaire.

JMB: Oui, je vais peut être aller hyper vite sur l’histoire de la fondation AfricaDoc mais en gros si tu veux, il y a eu un concours de circonstances. Il y a eu une invitation qui m’a été faite parce que je m’occupais en 2000 des états généraux du documentaire à LUSSAS. Une fille passe pendant les états généraux et ensuite elle est à Dakar sur un poste d’un an. Elle va travailler au Centre Culturel. Donc elle m’invite avec François Belorgey pour venir montrer des films des états gé- néraux. Moi, j’accepte parce que, à ce moment là, on est dans une crise entre la télévision et la diffusion de documentaires de création de chez nous, il y a un divorce, selon moi, entre la télévision et le documen- taire de création. En gros la télé a décidé de manière définitive que la question de l’art ne l’intéressait pas et ce qui l’intéressait c’était de faire des objets de com- munications efficaces et des films dossiers efficaces. Et il fallait que ces films répondent aux attentes supposées d’un public. Et la règle de l’audimat et de médiamét- rie dominent. Ce qui fait que toutes les illusions que nous avions au début des années 90 de la télévision comme partenaire,comme troisième partenaire d’un film l’auteur, le producteur et le producteur télé, tout ça s’est envolé. Bien sûr, il faut de la résistance, bien sûr les gens vont se battre, mais le salut est ailleurs et il faut anticiper sur leurs télévisions en ce qui concerne le doc- umentaire de création. Je passe sur tout ce que ça impli- que. Et du coup donc, là c’est un moment charnière de ma vie. Je me dis que pour le documentaire de création, avec la révolution du numérique, l’outil n’appartient plus au Nord, il appartient à tout le monde. Il s’est allégé considérablement donc ce qui était l’apanage du Nord – et d’une certaine manière un pouvoir néo-colonial – même si on peut l’appeler autrement – ça c’est fini et si c’est fini, on peut maintenant apprendre à faire du cinéma et faire du cinéma partout dans le monde sans la barrière de la technique. Mais par contre, il y a la barrière de la compétence. Il faut donc qu’on transmette ce qu’on a appris avec l’idée qu’au delà des frontières et des nations il y a une espèce d’humanité, qu’il y a des besoins fondamentaux communs, et qu’on arrive dans des sociétés où l’image est le vecteur de la pensée et le vecteur de la connaissance. Il faut absolu- ment que toutes les sociétés du monde puissent prendre en main le récit de leur existence par le film, voilà. Et le film documentaire qui est le cinéma de la mémoire et qui est le cinéma de l’altérité doit être au cœur de ça, et du coup, partant de là, le cinéma c’est la pensée. Mais il n’y a pas de raison, on va aller là où c’est le plus difficile, là où il n’y a rien, plus rien quasiment à part un copain Samba Félix Ndiaye, ou Jean Marie Teno.

Il n’y a quasiment rien en terme de production docu- mentaire. Allons voir si on peut faire quelque chose, si, à partir des compétences qu’on a, on peut transmettre un certain nombre de choses pour que les gens devi- ennent autonomes, pour que naissent une génération de documentaristes et une industrie de l’audiovisuel indépendante avec laquelle on travaillera. On tra- vaillera avec un ami au Canada, un ami en Chine, un ami voilà, puisque les banques, l’économie n’ont pas de frontière, il n’y a pas d’horizons, l’art n’en parlons plus. Il faut arriver à être dans le monde. Donc ça c’est le point de vue politique qui structure la démarche. Et il y a dix ans, de manière un peu empirique avec les outils expérimentés en France au niveau de Jacques Bidou, on a mis en place Eurodoc. Par l’intermédiaire d’Eurodoc on a produit en région pendant quatre ans, on a formé les producteurs etc. Par ailleurs j’ai mis en place avec des collègues de LUSSAS des résidences d’écritures, un master avec l’Université de Grenoble, un festival, une histoire, une compétence. Il n’y a pas de raison qu’on n’aille par rechercher ces outils là ail- leurs dans le monde. Voilà, de manière schématique et évidemment un peu simpliste, le parcours! Ensuite ta question est sur la production. C’est à dire comment faire pour qu’un tissu de producteurs indépendants naissent dans des pays du Sud qui, au demeurant, n’ont pas d’économie disponible et pas d’histoire et pas de formation parce que pas de formateurs. Donc sur la production, on a très vite vu – les collègues qui sont autour de la table Gora et Sellou pourront témoigner – que les producteurs qu’on rassemblait chaque année, sé- négalais mais aussi de quelques autres pays rassemblés à Gorée, étaient incompétents pour ce qui est de produire des documentaires. Ils étaient dans une autre logique culturelle et parfois uniquement dans le business et souvent dans la malhonnêteté, des voyous etc. Donc finalement il n’y avait rien à faire avec les producteurs sur place, quand ils existaient. Pour différentes raisons – tout le monde n’est pas voyou évidemment. De manière empirique on s’est dit « On rassemble, parce que c’est ça la méthode, tout est fondé sur la formation à Afri- caDoc, former, former, former, former ». Former des gens qui vont créer des relations, organiser des filières, organiser un réseau et à la base, former, transmettre, former, dès qu’on sait quelque chose, on le transmet voilà et c’est ça qui va faire leur puissance. Parce que tu vois, eux, ils n’ont même pas dix ans d’expérience professionnelle et ils sont tous les deux dans la forma- tion. Alors évidemment c’est aussi pour gagner sa vie mais parce qu’on sait que c’est par là que le réseau va se constituer et que c’est à plusieurs que la chose se bâtira. On ne fera pas quelque chose seul. Les aînés ont fait des choses seuls parce qu’ils n’avaient pas le choix, in- dustriel, historique et politique et ils sont morts de ça. Maintenant que l’outil est ici, on peut et on doit faire des choses à plusieurs. Donc la production, les pro- ducteurs, il n’y en avait pas, on s’est dit on met en place des résidences d’écriture. Premier acte de la formation c’est à dire partir du désir des jeunes gens; qu’est-ce que j’ai envie de raconter, de ma vie, de mon voisin, de mon pays; quelle colère j’ai en moi, quel cinéma pourrait m’aide à raconter, à exprimer. Pendant quinze jours on voit des films, c’est collectif, qui embrassent des gens de différents pays, parce qu’au fond – c’est ce que je n’ai pas dit dans l’introduction – l’idée ce n’est pas de venir ici seulement avec cette idée internationaliste, c’est de reprendre les thèmes et les thèses des aînés dans ce qu’il y avait d’essentiel. Et l’essentiel c’était le panafricanisme et l’idée que les peuples ont accédé à l’indépendance, et en accédant à l’indépendance, ils doivent accéder à la représentation de ce qu’ils sont. Et pas y accéder de manière nationaliste mais accéder au de là même des ethnies, au de là des frontières natio- nales sur des principes de civilisations communes et donc le panafricanisme est né d’une conscience continentale, d’une conscience politique. Donc cet axe là, il est au cœur d’AfricaDoc, que ça c’est leur héritage et c’est aussi l’héritage mondial, c’est qu’il y a une pensée remarquable et quand il y a une pensée remarquable il est du devoir, du besoin ou du désir de chacun de l’accompagner, de l’admirer voilà. Qui n’admire pas Mandela, qui n’admire pas les grands chefs historique, les Lumumba, les…enfin bon on ne va pas s’étendre la dessus mais… pareil les Gandhi, les etc. Donc il y a des figures du monde, et il y a des points de vue du monde qui sont admirables et qu’il faut entretenir et c’est un devoir international. Donc ça c’est la base politique.

De manière pratique, une résidence d’écriture quinze jours, douze résidents qui se retrouvent de cinq, six pays, qui sont là à partir d’un désir et on travaille leurs désirs, on les accompagne. Il y a deux coach pour douze personnes. De là naissent des projets plus accomplis qui constituent des scénarios documentaires. Et dans ces porteurs de films, il y a des gens qui ont déjà créé leur boîte pour produire leur propre film. Et bien comme ils sont en collectif, ils voient le copain d’à côté et ils travaillent sur le film du copain d’à côté. Parce que les résidences, c’est aussi ça, on se nourrit de la critique des uns et des autres. Il y a une démarche collective et indi- viduelle mais pas d’individualisme. L’individualisation est collective, donc à partir de ça, les gens émergent, voulant produire leur propre film, et ils ont encouragé à produire les films du copain, parce qu’il y a un intérêt artistique, et humain, et économique à produire l’autre. Et de là est né tout un tissu de producteurs bricolés, sans histoire, sans expérience mais avec une morale du métier. Et deuxième élément, un certain goût pour l’art, pour l’œuvre d’auteur, pour quelque chose qui transcende les clichés, les formes classiques. Raconter quelque chose qui n’a jamais été raconté, quoi. Partant de là bon! Les producteurs sont nés et ces producteurs, il y en a une quinzaine aujourd’hui sur la douzaine de pays avec lesquels on travaille beaucoup. A mon avis d’ici trois, quatre ans, il y en aura une trentaine. Donc le mouvement est en marche. Donc ça c’est du côté des producteurs. Mais il n’y a pas de production, d’œuvres d’artistes, d’œuvres audiovisuelles cinématographiques fussent elles non artistiques, sans trois maillons néces- saires auteur, réalisateur et technicien. Auteur maillé aux producteurs indépendants et ce couple là, ce mail- lage là, si un des deux maillons n’est pas, il n’y aura jamais de créations et jamais d’histoires audiovisuelles du cinéma dans aucun pays du monde. Et tu as beau avoir un enseignement brillant comme en Russie où on travaille en ce moment, ou au Kirghizstan ou en Géor- gie où il y a des universités qui apprennent le cinéma, il n’y a pas de producteurs indépendants. Des jeunes gens sont esseulés, les films n’aboutissent pas. Il n’y a pas de producteurs indépendants.

KDO: Il n’y a pas le couple producteur – réalisateur?

JMB: Il est indispensable, mais producteur indépen- dant, pas producteur dans des studios d’Etat comme c’est au Gabon, comme c’est en Arménie, comme ça a été dans beaucoup de Républiques. Et beaucoup d’Etats sont héritiers du fait que le cinéma est une affaire d’Etat et il faut un organisme d’Etat, genre CNCM pour produire des œuvres. Ça ne marche pas, ça marche mais dans des conditions très difficiles. Par contre, on sait que les producteurs indépendants avec des règles d’Etat et avec une exigence artistique, ça donne des œuvres, ça donne des techniciens, ça donne l’économie, ça donne l’art industrie. Ce maillage là, c’est le maillage de l’art et de l’industrie. Mais il y a un troisième maillon c’est la diffusion, la distribution.

Donc il faut ce troisième maillon, s’il n’y est pas, c’est difficile. Pour l’instant il n’y est pas. C’est difficile mais pas impossible si on est auteur-producteur on peut ar- river à terme à créer le tissu de distributeur-diffuseur. Ils sont dans cette problématique, comment faire naître aujourd’hui des diffuseurs-distributeurs sur le continent qui permettent deux choses d’une part aux peuples africains, aux populations de voir les films africains, et d’autre part de créer une économie qui alimente la production…

KDO: C’est ça qui manque.

JMB: Voilà. C’est ce qui manque. Sur le terrain, il n’y a quasiment plus de salles de cinéma. Moi, contraire- ment à Sellou, je pense que les salles de cinéma ont une fonction symbolique et mythique, et que l’art a besoin du symbolique et du mythique. Mais avoir des salles de cinéma dans les pays sauf que c’est du luxe, cela demande de gros investissements. Il faut cinq cent millions pour une salle de cinéma, vingt trois salles de cinéma correctes dans beaucoup de villes africaines.

Bon! Si l’UEMOA décidait je mets trois milliards pendant dix ans chaque année pour soutenir la création d’une salle par pays, et au bout de cinq ans ou dix ans, il y a dix salles par pays. On créera une habitude du public parce qu’on sait que partout dans le monde que se soit en Chine pays pauvre, que se soit aux Etats-Unis pays super riche que les populations vont au cinéma c’est l’art populaire par excellence. Donc il faut…

KDO: Ils ont été au cinéma…

JMB: Et ils y ont été, on le sait. Evidemment il n’y a pas de raison que les africains soient différents des autres peuples de ce point de vue là. Et ce type de rituel est un rituel symbolique et intéressant. Il crée du mythe et une communauté culturelle d’esprit, il crée de l’élévation, il est d’une certaine manière le pendant de l’église, du temple, de la mosquée et tout ça dans le champ des im- ages. Donc il est nécessaire d’avoir des salles de cinéma mais pas en ne programmant que des films hollywoodi- ens ou parce que la question de ce qu’on y montre est très importante aussi. Mais laissons ça de côté, ce n’est pas l’essentiel de la bagarre, il ne faut pas l’oublier.

L’autre élément c’est qu’il y a depuis maintenant une dizaine d’années des cinémas numériques ambulants qui se multiplient en Afrique. C’est une excellente idée, ils en sont à la deuxième étape de leur histoire. Au début ces pionniers, diffusaient des films d’ONG, d’abord pour exister en tant que technique de diffusion et aller dans les villages. Ils sont maintenant un groupe costaud, ils sont assez représentés. Toutes les haines et les attaques, les violences contre eux, des gens qui étaient contre, qui trouvaient que c’était de la gabégie, tout ça ne pèse plus. Ils ont gagné cette bagarre. Pas finie, on ne la gagne jamais totalement, mais comme nous, on ne peut plus rien contre eux. Parce qu’ils sont nés, ils ont grandi, ils en sont au stade de l’adolescence. Maintenant ils doivent passer au stade où ils génèrent une économie pour les ayants droits. C’est l’enjeu de ces deux, trois prochaines années, plus leur multiplica- tion, plus leur professionnalisation et tout. S’ils créent une économie, les ayants droits auront des sous et les peuples africains, les populations africaines prendront l’habitude de voir les choses pour lesquelles il faut payer un peu, où l’idée de gratuité n’est plus. Mais où l’idée de « on voit des choses payantes mais pas chères, qui nous font plaisir et qui nous font grandir et qui nous ouvrent sur le monde ». Donc ça c’est capital, c’est une grande réussite de l’Afrique, c’est une grande réussite et il y a une autre grande réussite qui est méprisée moi j’étais au Congo, il y a trois semaines. Je leur dis vous faites deux erreurs majeures, vous utilisez un point de vue occidental ou un de vue point élitiste qui n’est pas faux dans l’absolu mais qui est absurde et bête dans l’application sur le terrain. Vous méprisez les gens qui vendent les DVD à huit cent francs CFA dans la rue et ceux qui ont de petites télés pour montrer de la daube, mais qui réunissent des gens qui viennent voir ces daubes et qui s’entassent dans de petites pièces sur- chauffées, où il y a un peu de collectif, où on dispense sa solitude, où on est un peu enthousiasmé. Ça c’est un tissu qu’il ne faut pas tuer. C’est un tissu qu’il faut infiltrer, qu’il faut améliorer, fermenter en qualité…

KDO: Améliorer les conditions de diffusion et les condi- tions de projection.

JMB: Et la qualité et le film dedans. Et pour ça il faut que l’Etat et les professionnels jouent un rôle en amont et il y a des techniques. On a vu pour Brazzaville, com- ment on pouvait faire. Je ne vais pas pouvoir raconter maintenant, ça prendrait un quart d’heure. C’est passionnant, c’est comment on transforme quelque chose qui fait en gros la sous-culture mais qui est une initiative du peuple. C’est comme la Grameen Bank en économie, c’est le même principe, ne pas tuer une initiative du peuple, mais la faire grandir comme une pousse qui germe vers quelque chose qui va produire. Des choses intelligentes, des choses qui vont produire de l’économie, qui sont de l’initiative, qui sont de la vie mais qu’il faut amener vers quelque chose, d’intelligent, de brillant qui va nourrir le tissu audiovisuel et montrer les films africains. On doit pouvoir dans cinq, dix ans montrer tous les films africains de qualité dans tous ces réseaux et on doit gagner ce marché, on doit le gagner. C’est des bagarres mais il faut être malin, il faut avoir l’alliance de l’Etat sur un programme de cinq, dix ans, ce qui fait que vous deviendrez, c’est vous qui aliment- erez le marché noir. Il ne faut pas les brûler les trucs, il ne faut pas les tuer…

KDO: Et quelle est l’alliance de l’Etat en termes de documentaire, en terme de production au jour d’aujourd’hui sur le continent?

JMB: Alors, revenons voilà, je vous ai parlé du cinéma itinérant, je vous ai raconté d’autres choses sur les salles de cinéma, je vous ai raconté d’autres choses sur ces petits réseaux qui sont des réseaux médiocres en contenu mais qu’on peut utiliser, qu’on peut trans- former et ce sont des choses possibles. Maintenant pour terminer avec la diffusion-distribution, la télévi- sion, je ne parlerai pas de la VOD, je ne parlerai pas de l’édition des DVD qui sont très importantes, qu’il faut aider mais je n’en parlerai pas. La télévision, qu’est ce que nous avons expérimenté dans l’organisation du Louma pendant deux ans à Saint-Louis? Première hypothèse, nous nous sommes dits, on sélectionne les cent soixante films documentaires produits sur le continent de qualité qui doivent être montré dans les télévisions africaines. Sur les cent soixante, il y en a la moitié qui sont fait par les Africains et la moitié qui sont fait par des gens d’ailleurs mais qui ont des regards justes, donc des œuvres intéressantes pour l’Afrique.

Le regard des autres quand il est juste, il faut y aller. On en a besoin, il ne faut pas uniquement le regard des autres. C’est juste ça le problème de l’Afrique, il n’y a que le regard des autres. Donc sur ces cent soix- ante films, on a invité trente cinq télévisions, vingt d’Afrique, de partout. Lusophones, francophones et un peu anglophones. Mais beaucoup francophones, le reste c’était des expériences et on s’est aperçu à la fin qu’on avait mis les tarifs trop haut et qu’ils avaient tous vu des films en trois jours, ils visionnaient dans des box et venaient nous dire celui là me plaît, celui là me plaît. Ils avaient des choses comme ça, mais personne n’a acheté. Pourquoi? Parce qu’on n’était pas bon. On demandait trop, le tarif était trop élevé. Il était élevé parce qu’il ne faut pas perdre d’argent, c’est fait aussi pour dégager une économie. Mais on a compris, on a analysé et on s’est dit, l’an prochain, on invite moins et on va se débrouiller pour créer des tarifs où ils pourront acheter. Et on a fait une typologie des télévisions. Il y a trois types de télévisions des télévisions qui ont de l’argent (le Sénégal, la Côte d’Ivoire, le Cameroun) ce sont des gens qui peuvent payer un documentaire au moins 450 euros les cinquante deux minutes. En dessous de 450, c’est quand même prix plancher qu’on a étudié tout le monde perd de l’argent. Donc il faut un seuil où tout le monde va en gagner peu mais tout le monde en gagne. Et ce seuil, tu ne peux pas descendre en-dessous parce que si tu descends dessous, tu créerais une spirale de perte pour tout le monde. Il ne faut pas, c’est bête de vendre en dessous, c’est bête parce que tout le monde perd bien sûr. Mais il faut – on est économie et art – il ne faut jamais l’oublier, donc il faut que ça dégage une économie. Donc quatre cent cinquante euros, on s’est dit au Cameroun ils peuvent acheter, au Sénégal ils peuvent acheter, en Côte d’Ivoire ils peuvent acheter…

KDO: Au Gabon ils peuvent acheter…

JMB: Au Gabon ils peuvent acheter, oui, c’est sûr. Au Maroc ils peuvent acheter etc. Par contre au Mali, au Niger, en Guinée, en Centre Afrique et à Madagascar non quatre cent cinquante ça va leur faire trop, c’est à dire qu’ils peuvent acheter, pas au tarif, plutôt genre 200 euros.

Bien sûr, on ne peut pas faire une télé au minimum acceptable, si on n’a pas un minimum de moyens, mais bon! Ainsi va la vie. Donc typologie trois télés. Là on s’est dit comment faire? Et bien! On s’est dit cette an- née le Louma (un marché du documentaire africain) va expérimenter encore, et on espèrera que l’Europe nous donnera de l’argent pour trois ans après, et là, au delà de trois ans, on gagnera. Mais il nous faut du temps, mais on va expérimenter cette année. Donc on a dit au Séné- gal Ah! Vous voulez acheter, euh! Bon! Et bien est ce que vous seriez d’accord pour acheter des films, les mêmes que votre collègue du Niger et les mêmes que votre col- lègue du Mali si vous êtes d’accord sur les titres. On nous a dit pourquoi pas. Donc pendant les deux premiers jours du Louma, ils ont tous vu des films. Il y en avait cent vingt et ils ont vu des films et sont revenus dire, ça c’est bien, ça c’est bien et on leur a demandé de faire une liste en deux jours, de vingt, trente films. Et ils ont vu sou- vent des films qui étaient pareils parce que c’était le titre, c’était le thème qui les intéressait bon! On a demandé à Canal France International de se joindre au groupe et on a dit voilà, on se met en accord avec Canal France In- ternational, on leur dit vous en achetez dix que vous leur refilez puisqu’ils sont abonnés à vous et qu’ils payent un abonnement. Mais vous en prenez dix sur les vingt qu’ils ont choisis et eux, ils en prennent dix chacun. Le Sénégal qui a plus d’argent, on lui demande de mettre trois cent euros, le Niger qui n’a pas un rond on lui demande de mettre cent euros, et les autres, on leur demande, au Mali, de mettre cent cinquante ou deux cent euros, mutualisation des achats et vous avez l’exclusivité dans votre pays pendant dix huit mois pour passer ces films sur trois multidiffusions. Ça s’est passé et on a eu un achat qui, quand même, il y avait vingt films, ça faisait cinq cent euros chaque film donc deux fois cinq dix, ça faisait dix mille euros pour un achat de trois pays. Si on multiplie ça par des groupements d’achat comme ça, on a calculé qu’on pouvait en faire entre douze et vingt. On arrive à cent mille, deux cent mille euros de vente sur le continent en deux ans. Et avec deux cent mille euros de vente de films, vous remontez aux ayants droits, soixante pour cent, quarante pour cent est gardé par le Louma pour qu’il puisse organiser tout ça, se structurer, parce que c’est quand même un métier, il faut trouver les films. Les ayants droits vont toucher des sous, les producteurs, vont toucher des sous et les populations africaines voient les films et les télévisions africaines mettent de l’argent, les télévisions africaines peuvent dire nous nous avons les droits, nous les avons payés nous ne sommes plus dans l’illégalité, donc nous mettons en marche un système vertueux et un système économique. Et ça c’est impa- rable, ça marche…

KDO: Ça permet aux producteurs, aux réalisateurs de repartir sur des projets. Est-ce que ça fait démarrer un début de production?

JMB: L’expérience au bout de ce deuxième Louma c’est qu’il ne faut pas vingt films, mais il faut en proposer entre quarante et soixante de manière à ce que ça constitue une programmation hebdomadaire d’une télévision. Donc ça c’est la règle, vous leur en proposez soixante, parmi ces soixante, il y a trente à quarante films issus des ateliers de coproductions AfricaDoc. Et il y a vingt, trente films sélectionnés dans le meilleur de ce qui se fait ailleurs, et là dedans, vous proposez un bouquet par chaîne. La chaîne va choisir via le net, vous leur proposez en streaming, ils ont les films et vous leur proposez un abonnement. Vous leur dites on vous envoie via le net les soixante films. Vous pouvez les télécharger parce que vous avez un code d’accès, et vous payez annuellement pour les quarante deux films ou trente six si vous voulez trente six ou cinquante deux si vous en voulez cinquante deux, une somme qui est l’ordre de dix à quinze mille euros, voire vingt mille euros quand vous en prenez cinquante deux, pour arriver à toujours quatre cent cinquante euros par film. Et à ce moment là, si vous n’y arrivez pas, nous on accepte que, puisque vous êtes dans une télévision du chiffre trois et du chiffre deux, que vous créez une mutualisation d’achat par contre vous, qui êtes dans le chiffre un, les télévisions comme la RTS2, vous, vous devez payer les 450 euros parce que vous avez les budgets des télévisions publiques, vous les avez. Il n’y a pas de raison que vous payez en dessous parce que vous touchez les impôts des citoyens de votre pays. On vous donne l’argent, vous le dilapidez ailleurs ce n’est pas normal, mais ça fait de l’argent, ça fait une vraie économie qui peut démarrer aujourd’hui sur ce conti- nent. Si c’est de l’économie, ça fait de l’argent aux producteurs. Mais ça fait des films vus par des Africains on l’a dit aussi. Ça fait une autre chose, c’est que ça crée une appétence, et ça crée une concurrence et le docu- mentaire devient un objet de convoitise parce que ça va faire de l’audimat. Ça va marcher. En plus le gros avantage c’est que pour l’instant les télévisions afric- aines ne formatent pas. Donc ils ont dix ans devant eux pour faire toutes les expériences de cette équivalence.

Des fois il y a des films qui ne vont pas marcher en terme d’audimat mais comme il y en a cinquante dans le lot, comme on vend un abonnement sur soixante films, les films difficiles ils ne vont pas être pénalisés, ils sont mieux même s’ils sont moins difficiles, il n’y a qu’une ou deux télés qui les passent. Ils ramèneront tant d’argent, et ils auront une existence en tant qu’œuvre au milieu des autres. Et on laisse aussi l’expérience et l’expérimentation exister totalement au milieu de tout ça. Donc, voilà, c’est une des idées. Et l’autre idée clé pour la diffusion et maintenant pour la production, il y a une idée centrale, la création de fonds de soutien dans chaque pays mais pas des fonds de soutien uniquement nationaux, des fonds de soutien qui sont alimentés par deux financements, l’Etat et un autre financeur. Soit le regroupement des Etats qui peut être l’UEMOA qui peut mettre un euro, un franc CFA quand l’Etat Sénégalais met un franc CFA, ça fera deux francs CFA pour la cagnotte. Mais l’UEMOA va faire pareil à Bamako, à Niamey, à Conakry et tous ces fonds, admettons que ces fonds aident vingt films par an dans chaque pays, vingt films de création. On aide l’art industrie, pas les films de bas étage. Je ne dis pas qu’il ne faut pas aider le reste mais d’abord ça. Vous aidez vingt films par an et dans les vingt films, il y a dix documentaires. On en aide dix à Bamako, dix au Sénégal, dix à Conakry… Vous avez sur l’Afrique de l’ouest une centaine de films produits, ou admettons, la moitié, cinquante, parce que Bamako va s’allier avec le Sénégal pour produire un même film, regroupant leurs deux fonds de soutien. Dans les fonds de soutien, il y a un ensemble de clauses très précises qui ont été élaborées par les réalisateurs, les producteurs au dernier Fespaco qui indiquent les règles. Et les règles c’est qu’il faut qu’il y ait au moins deux critères sur trois réunis, et ces trois critères sont que le producteur soit du pays, que le film soit tourné sur le pays, que le réalisateur soit du pays. Quand vous en avez deux sur trois, vous pouvez avoir l’argent. Donc si moi pro- ducteur, je suis à Bamako et que j’ai des collègues du Film de l’Atelier qui ont un super beau projet à Dakar qui m’intéresse comme producteur, ils me renverront l’ascenseur la fois d’après. Moi je vais dire ah! Moi je suis producteur à Bamako, eh bien le film se tourne, en plus, en partie à Tombouctou. Donc j’ai droit à mon compte de soutien j’ai dix mille euros sur mon compte de soutien, eux il le dépose à Dakar, ils ont dix mille, ça fait vingt mille euros on n’a plus besoin du Nord déjà, seuls on peut faire le film. Maintenant si on dit que ce film a une densité, c’est intéressant, on va au des rencontres Tënk à Saint-Louis pour chercher des partenaires du Nord. Des partenaires sur la base d’une charte de coproduction équitable ce qui fait que le producteur du Sud n’a jamais moins de quarante pour cent de la valeur industrielle du film, c’est à dire qu’on construit un immeuble avec le producteur du Nord.

Mais à la fin quand l’immeuble est fini, le producteur du film n’aura jamais plus de soixante pour cent de l’immeuble, même si moi je n’ai pas amené un radis en argent. Ça c’est important parce qu’après, quand le film est vendu, s’il y a une économie de la vente, c’est en fonction des parts que j’ai dans la maison que je toucherai une part. Donc c’est très important, mine de rien. Si moi, un film de l’atelier je vais au des recontres Tënk avec mon collègue Jean Marie de Bamako on va ensemble, on trouve un partenaire du Nord qui lui va amener admettons vingt mille ou trente mille euros de plus. Bien, on fait un film de cinquante mille euros. On paye un peu plus les personnes, on garde un peu plus pour notre structure pour pouvoir faire d’autres films qui sont moins riches etc. Et là, je parlais de dix films par pays mais on peut arriver à cinquante films par pays très vite. Si au lieu de passer d’un fond de soixante mille euros comme c’était le cas à Niamey, on passe au Sénégal par exemple un fond de un milliard d’euros par an, je peux vous garantir que dans les cinq ans on a cent films par pays, on en a cent par pays. Et du coup il n’y a aucun problème. Vous aurez de la création, vous aurez de la daube, vous aurez des grands réalisateurs, des moyens, des pas bons, mais vous aurez une industrie de l’audiovisuel, une puissance et une structuration des professions. Ce qui est gênant aujourd’hui c’est que nous, on est une élite consciente de l’enjeu, mais on n’a pas les outils politiques pour faire passer ces enjeux dans la société, l’idée que la formation ici soit faite par des images et que ça décuplerait d’une manière incroy- able la conscience du monde, la culture des jeunes gens, la connaissance et la conscience de l’état des sociétés africaines rien qu’en montrant les films d’AfricaDoc ou d’ailleurs. Et bien ça ne passera pas encore aujourd’hui parce que le rapport de force n’est pas favorable il faut être plus nombreux. Pour être plus nombreux, il faut produire plus de films et être plus de réalisateurs, et à ce moment là, dans la bagarre, on y va. C’est aussi pour cela que nous avons pensé qu’il fallait dans le mouve- ment d’AfricaDoc, créer des cités documentaires qui sont d’une certaine manière – il ne faut pas le dire partout – des citadelles, c’est à dire des places fortes où il est question de concentrer la puissance. Là on est presque dans une stratégie militaire où, puisqu’on n’est pas si nombreux et que ça va mettre dix ans, il faut concentrer les acteurs sur des projets bien précis, cibler des actions et des buts et vous allez voir, vous créez une pépinière d’entreprise nurserie à Saint-Louis. Il y a six structures, il n’y a aucun pays sur le continent africain qui regroupe six structures de production de films audiovisuels documentaires dans le même lieu, aucun…

KDO: Et là, il y en a six?

JMB: Il y en a six à Saint-Louis qu’on va mettre en place à l’automne prochain ou l’hiver ou enfin au mois de janvier prochain. Et bien ces six structures je peux vous garantir qu’elles recentrent une puissance qui va tout démolir sur son passage. Pourquoi? On a vu la même chose, moi j’ai vu de mes yeux et on l’a fabri- qué à Lussas et j’ai vu de mes yeux les gens à Liège, les Dardennes faire la même chose. C’est le principe de, c’est pas la peine d’être immense et nombreux et dispersés, il faut être concentrés et forts, sinon ça va prendre du temps. Donc il faut se regrouper, il faut s’entendre, il faut avoir des projets, des programmes et être très précis sur les objectifs. Mais là, assis à Saint-Louis, on crée un fonds de soutien au Séné- gal dans les deux ans qui viennent, j’en suis persuadé parce qu’on est malins. On apprend à s’appuyer sur le maire, sur tel ministre – qui va voir quel ministre – qui va venir à Saint-Louis et on va faire une alliance avec l’UNESCO, on va être malins. Et c’est une lame inde- structible.

KDO: Et c’est le système que vous voulez installer ici…

JMB: Ici à Tamatave c’est une cité mais il n’y a pas que la pépinière. Les cités doc, elles partent d’un principe, le documentaire c’est socratique. C’est l’idée du débat, c’est l’idée que chaque cas est unique et que c’est un lieu où les convergences entre les humains favorisent la différence, la contradiction.

KDO: Le partage d’idées qui donne le dynamisme…

JMB: Qui donne du dynamisme voilà, avec des gens différents, avec des cultures, des religions différentes, et ces gens là, ils ont besoin obligatoirement de ces cités, d’avoir l’université parce que c’est la fabrica- tion d’une élite, c’est une pensée complexe, c’est une culture difficile à acquérir, il faut avoir une conscience du monde. Il faut avoir fait des études pour faire du doc, donc en tout cas au niveau de la réalisation et de la production. Et puis le documentaire, ça part du réel, ça renvoie au réel, ça crée le débat dans les sociétés, ça crée la conscience du monde. Donc il faut y aller. L’université c’est la clé, le deuxième élément; pépinière, nurserie; favoriser la création de petites PME, d’une deux personnes malignes, astucieuses, débrouillardes, ayant des point de vue, du goût, du désir et qui sont prêtes à s’associer avec d’autres. Ça c’est la pépinière.

Autre élément, développer une filière montage, là une filière cinéma d’animation, une filière web doc, une filière Saint-Louis du Sénégal, le doublage, le son, le sous titrage pour les populations. C’est leur idée ça, que les populations africaines aient accès dans leur langue quand elles sont analphabètes et même dans leur langue au fil même si on trahit un peu, même si en doublant et que c’est compliqué donc il faudrait le faire bien. Donc une filière, et, troisième élément un évènement annuel à Saint-Louis c’est clair, c’est le Tënk, plus un festival. Pour créer de l’écho, une onde de choc, un rayonnement, un évènement, une visibilité voilà. Et ça tu le fais ici, tu le fais à Bobo-Dioulasso, tu le fais à Tamatave. L’idée c’est qu’on fasse ça un peu partout dans le monde, tous ceux qui sont porteurs de ça, et voilà, parce qu’on crée une communauté de pensées.

KDO: Et après le quatrième point…

JMB: Ce sont les fonds de soutien, ça c’est un point très important. Ces fonds alimentés non seulement par l’Etat et des commissions qui sont paritaires, c’est à dire avec autant de professionnels que de gens venant des institutions, des cultures et si possible venant des pays voisins de la commission, un malien au Sénégal par exemple, et aussi quelqu’un qui fait autorité, un Gaston Kaboré qui viendrait à la commission deux fois par an à Dakar. C’est bien d’avoir ce genre de regard et pareil qu’au Burkina c’est ce qu’on devrait faire chez nous. On n’est pas encore capables d’aller chercher des regards qui viennent d’ailleurs de façon paritaire – qu’il y ait autant de professionnels que de gens du milieu – et que l’argent ne vienne pas seulement de l’Etat. Il faut aussi qu’il y ait une lisibilité, une transparence des fonds, que ce soit publié dans la presse, qu’on sache qui a obtenu quoi, les montants doivent être publics. Il faut que l’argent dans le mois qui suit l’attribution soit dans les caisses de la structure une partie de la somme dans un premier temps et la deuxième partie quand le film est fini. Et il faut que les films, une fois finis, soient mis dans un lieu qui va être un lieu mémoire qui correspon- de aux archives nationale. Et le prolongement de tout ça, c’est la création de société d’auteurs de manière à ce que les auteurs puissent toucher des sous… touchent des sous à la diffusion. Parce qu’en audiovisuel, en cinéma, ils ne touchent pas d’argent à la diffusion, c’est le producteur qui touche, donc il faut que les auteurs touchent de l’argent. Ils en ont besoin pour bouffer, quoi, donc voilà ce n’est pas plus compliqué.

 

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR BABA DIOP PRESIDENT DE LA FEDERATION AFRICAINE DE LA CRITIQUE CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE INTERVENANT A L’UNIVERSITE GASTON BERGER DE SAINT-LOUIS
KDO: Je fais un entretien avec Baba Diop qui est jour- naliste et critique de cinéma, qui intervient aussi à l’université Gaston Berger dans le cadre de l’écriture, et qui fait aussi des ateliers d’écriture pour des films pour enfants. Nous démarrons sur les problèmes de distribu- tion et de diffusion des films documentaires sur les chaînes de télévision publiques et privées du Sénégal.

BD: Il faut rappeler que je suis aussi le président de la Fédération Africaine de la Critique Cinématographique. Je crois qu’un petit rappel est néces- saire puisque au début des indépendances, ici, il n’y avait que des actualités sénégalaises comme il y avait des actualités maliennes. Avant cela il y avait des actualités françaises et c’est dans ce cadre là qu’après les indépendances, ces actualités ont été rattachées au Ministère de l’Information qui avec Paulin Soumanou Vieyra a commencé par faire des documentaires. Mais des documentaires de sensibilisation, des documentaires de préservation du patrimoine culturel et oral. En marge tout cela, comme il n’y avait que l’Etat qui avait du matériel de tournage, c’est après que des réalisateurs comme Sembene Ousmane et d’autres sont venus. Ce n’étaient pas des fonctionnaires mais ils profitaient du matériel des actualités sénégalaises pour faire des films de fiction. Mais à la base, la vocation des actualités, c’était avant la naissance de la télévision, de faire de l’information.

KDO: Il faut rappeler aussi que ces actualités étaient en super 16mm, 35mm et même inversibles à une certaine époque.

BD: Oui, on tournait comme au cinéma avec du maté- riel de cinéma et des techniciens formés aux techniques cinématographiques. La vidéo en était à ses balbutie- ments et n’avait pas encore envahi l’Afrique. C’était le support film et ce sont ces techniciens, les Baye D, qui ont aidé les réalisateurs de fiction à tourner. C’était les mêmes techniciens, donc les actualités étaient des films institutionnels qui devaient retracer les actions des gouvernements, et qui faisaient aussi des documentaires de sensibilisation sur l’agriculture, sur la santé et sur le patrimoine culturel. C’était tout ce qu’il y avait au ministère de l’information. Ce qui montre très bien les rapports que l’Etat avait avec le cinéma. Cela a continué, mais parallèlement, il faut dire qu’il y avait aussi une autre institution qui permettait à de jeunes réalisateurs, à ce moment-là, à l’époque des années 60, de faire des films documentaires, c’était le centre culturel français qui avait aussi son petit matériel. Et c’est là où on va retrouver cette lignée de jeunes réal- isateurs, les Djibril Diop Mambety les Samba Félix Ndiaye. Mais à la fin des années 60 début 70, époque qui coïncidait avec la vague de nationalisation des salles commencée avec le Burkina puis le Mali, et ensuite le Sénégal, on a créé la société nationale de cinématog- raphie, la SNC qui a produit quelques documentaires si ma mémoire est bonne. Je crois quelque cinquante six courts documentaires, plus trois fictions. Ensuite cette société a connu une certaine léthargie et a été mise en liquidation à la fin des 60s. L’Etat n’était pas intervenu. Dans le domaine du cinéma, ceux qui faisaient des documentaires ont continué d’en faire comme Samba Félix Ndiaye. Par leur arrivée, Samba Félix Ndiaye, Moussa Bathily, William Mbaye etc. ont donné de l’impulsion au documentaire. C’était ces jeunes réalisateurs, au début des années 70, qui ont tous commencé par réaliser des documentaires avant de se tourner vers la fiction. Seul Samba Félix Ndiaye a continué et n’a pas dévié. Il est vraiment devenu l’une des figures phares du documentaire en Afrique, surtout en Afrique Subsaharienne. Il y a Willy Mbaye qui revi- ent aujourd’hui au documentaire. Il y a aussi Jo Gaye Ramaka qui revient aussi un peu au documentaire. Tant qu’il y avait des salles de cinéma avec des actualités – puisque en première partie des projections, vous vous rappelez que jusque dans les années 80, il y avait une double programmation dans les salles, et tous les longs métrages étaient précédés d’actualités qui remplaçaient la télévision etc. – ces salles étaient le lieu de diffusion des documentaires. Bien qu’il y ait eu plus tard des accords entre la cinématographie et la télévision je crois que ces accords n’ont jamais fonctionné, ni dans la participation de la télévision au financement des films, ni quant à leur diffusion. Les rares fois où il y a eu quelques soubresauts, la télé a effectivement diffusé des documentaires, mais comme il n’y avait pas de budget consacré à la production, je crois que l’affaire est restée en l’état. Et puis il faut dire aussi que le cinéma a bougé de ministère en ministère. Je vous ai dit qu’au départ c’était le Ministère de l’Information, ensuite ça a été le Ministère de la Culture ensuite ça a été le Ministère de la Communication. Aujourd’hui on est retourné à la Culture et avec le nouveau gouvernement, au Ministère de la Culture et du Tourisme. Ces valses là n’ont pas permis au cinéma de bénéficier d’une stabilité en terme de production, de diffusion. Il y a eu effectivement, à la fin des années 80, la SNPC la Société Nationale de Promotion Cinématographique où Sembene Ousmane était PCA, et puis Johnson Traoré qui était le directeur général, ce qui a permis de faire quelques films. Mais là aussi l’affaire est morte de sa belle mort et depuis l’Etat n’est pas intervenu. C’est la coopération, c’est l’union européenne, ce sont à un certain moment quelques té- lévisions comme Channel 4 ou ARTE qui ont appuyé un peu cette production.

KDO: Aujourd’hui est ce que vous pensez qu’il y a une nouvelle vague, en tout cas une jeunesse du documentaire parmi les jeunes réalisateurs sénégalais?

BD: Il faut dire que la venue du numérique a beaucoup aidé les jeunes, mais dans les années 90, c’est ce qui a retardé justement cette résurgence du cinéma séné- galais. C’est que dans les années 90, on s’est perdus dans la bataille entre les réalisateurs qui avaient leur association, et les jeunes vidéastes qui tenaient bon et qui étaient un peu méprisés. Il faut le dire qu’ils n’étaient pas cinéastes, et donc ils n’avaient pas accès à l’association des cinéastes. Cette bataille du numérique cinéastes vs vidéastes a beaucoup retardé l’émergence du numérique. Aujourd’hui malheureusement, avec la disparition de pas mal de réalisateurs du Sénégal, les pionniers sont partis. La génération suivante com- mence aussi à se dégarnir. Samba Félix Ndiaye s’était beaucoup impliqué aussi. Il a servi de modèle aux écoles de formation que sont le FORUT (Media Cen- tre Dakar), qui avait quand même une bonne politique, même si le FORUT au départ n’était pas pour for- mer des documentaristes. Il s’inscrivait plutôt dans le documentaire de sensibilisation contre la drogue contre l’alcoolisme. Beaucoup de ces jeunes qui ont été formés, sont devenus des documentaristes, et notamment avec l’appui des femmes. C’est ça qui est la grande innova- tion. La formation était donnée en certaine priorité aux jeunes filles qui ont pu bénéficier de cette formation.

Cela permet aujourd’hui d’avoir un quota de réalisatri- ces quand même impressionnant. Avant il n’y avait que Safi Faye, quand on parlait de réalisatrice, il n’y avait que son nom qui venait à l’esprit, mais aujourd’hui la liste s’est beaucoup allongée. L’Etat comme je vous l’ai dit, n’a pas mis de fonds pour soutenir le cinéma. Ces jeunes-là ont créé des collectifs. On peut en distinguer trois il y a le camp des Arfan qui travaillent justement avec des ONG et qui font aussi des films. Il y a le camp de Fa Bakari Coly, qui travaille aussi dans la culture ur- baine. Et aussi Aziz Cissé du Ministère de la Culture et de la Cinématographie. On a là des jeunes qui forment des “écoles”, disons entre guillemets, qui s’inscrivent dans une démarche documentaire. Leurs regards sont des regards de questionnement tournés vers la ville, vers le bâtiment, vers l’environnement et les relations sociales. Mais aussi les arts urbains. Ce regard là est très intéressant parce que lié, par exemple, avec le mouvement Hip Hop qui est bien ancré aujourd’hui au Sénégal. En plus de ça, on s’était battu pour que Saint- Louis qui est le pôle, quoi qu’on en dise, de la nais- sance du cinéma, le reste. Quand on parle du quartet que constituaient Paulin Soumanou Vieira, Georges Caristan, Jacques Moly Kane et Moustapha Sarr, on se rend compte que trois d’entre eux étaient presque des Saint-Louisiens Moustapha Sarr était Saint-Louisien, Jacques Moly Kane vient aussi du fleuve. Georges Caristan bien qu’Antillais, sa famille avait fini par s’installer à Saint-Louis. On peut dire qu’ils sont vrai- ment des Saint-Louisiens. Il y avait aussi l’église avec le Père Vast qui était vraiment un révérend mordu de cinéma. Avec une bibliothèque formidable de docu- mentation cinématographique. Et avec la naissance du master de documentaire, d’abord à Gorée, reporté ensuite sur Saint-Louis et avec l’université Grenoble qui sont nées ensemble pour créer ce master là, je crois que nous avons une bonne base maintenant de valorisa- tion du documentaire, de sa visibilité. Et c’est ce qui a permis aujourd’hui à des pays comme le Niger à avoir des jeunes formés à Saint-Louis, qui commencent internationalement à avoir des noms. Ils ont fait des documentaires, mais aussi donné envie d’en faire à des jeunes Nigériens. Le cinéma Nigérien est en train de repartir grâce à ces jeunes qui ont été formés dans le documentaire.

KDO: Est ce que vous pouvez nous parler maintenant de votre action?

BD: Ce qui est paradoxal au Sénégal c’est que, quand vous interrogez les gens, on vous répond qu’il n’y a pas de salles de projection, que le cinéma ne marche pas. Or il y a sept ou huit festivals au Sénégal. Effective- ment les salles ont fermé et la télévision n’a pas de budget de production. Il y a multiplicité de télévisions privées, mais ces télévisions ne diffusent pas de docu- mentaires et elles n’ont même pas de budget de produc- tion. Toutes leurs productions sont des productions de studio ou de musique, qui prennent le pas sur la réalisa- tion de grands reportages ou de documentaires ou de participation à l’élaboration de films. L’un des lieux de diffusion c’est la télévision. Et si les télévisions ne jouent pas le jeu, c’est vrai que ces jeunes là n’ont que le cadre des festivals pour montrer leurs films. On compte au Sénégal quelque sept à huit festivals de cinéma. Il y a Moussa Invit qui est quand même un lieu de projec- tion de documentaires. Il y a les films de quartiers avec le Forud il y a le festival IMAGE et VIE qui montrent aussi des films. Il y a même des jeunes qui font des festivals à Foundiougne et un peu à Saint-Louis. Et également, le rendez vous d’AfricaDoc. Dans la situa- tion actuelle il y a des jeunes, beaucoup de jeunes main- tenant qui s’inscrivent dans le documentaire et dans le court métrage.

KDO: Maintenant je vais vous poser une question à pro- pos de votre intervention au niveau de l’écriture sur les films d’enfants.

BD: Je me suis battu et j’ai toujours attiré l’attention des réalisateurs en leur disant que les enfants quand même sont les grands oubliés de notre cinéma, parce que tous les sujets étaient tournés vers les adultes. A un certain moment c’était la politique la dénonciation, ensuite il y a eu ce qu’on appelait tradition et modernité. Les sujets c’étaient des sujets qui intéressaient uniquement les adultes mais le cinéma pour enfants n’avait pas de place. Il y a eu effectivement des tentatives faites avec les films d’animation au Mali, et aussi au Burkina avec Dao. Ici il y a Momar Thiam qui a essayé de traduire ef- fectivement quelques contes de Leuk le Lièvre, mais aussi de Birago Diop. Ça s’est arrêté là. Et puis il y a eu au milieu des années 90, un projet qui s’appelait Africa Pinocchio. Il s’agissait de réunir, pour la première fois, sept réalisateurs et sept scénaristes pour qu’ils puissent travailler ensemble à l’élaboration de films pour enfants. C’est dans ce cadre là que j’ai travaillé avec Thior sur une histoire qui était une expérience vraiment formidable. Pourquoi? Parce que Thior est Sérère, moi je suis Wolof j’ai écrit en français et le film a été traduit en Poular et s’est appelé Maël. Voilà une collaboration qui était vrai- ment très intéressante, et puis il y a eu l’EPSAC mis en place par l’Union Européenne qui a financé effective- ment le scénario Africa Pinocchio.

En tout cas, le film Maël a été financé pour les droits de scénarisation et la préparation. Il y a eu un atelier entre réalisateur et scénariste en résidence d’écriture. Il y a eu un second volet où il y avait maintenant réal- isateur et producteur sur le même projet. C’était une expérience formidable. Il devait y avoir un deuxième coffret, mais malheureusement le deuxième coffret n’a pas pu sortir. Ce projet était fait pour alimenter les télévisions. Il continue de circuler dans les télévisions. Sinon, j’écris pour la fiction moi-même et je réalise des documentaires. J’en ai fait douze, qui sont majori- tairement des portraits d’artistes. Ce sont les rapports que les artistes entretiennent avec leurs œuvres qui m’avaient fasciné. Il me reste un troisième film à faire sur le rapport des artistes avec le corps. Pourquoi ils peignent le visage? Pourquoi le corps accueille aussi l’art par le biais des tatouages, par le biais de la carica- ture? Que représente la caricature?

KDO: Et vos films ont été diffusés?

BD: Oui, dans le cadre d’une émission qui s’appelait « Raconte un Peu «. C’est une vitrine qu’on avait à la télévision, qui a duré deux années, où il s’agissait de diffuser du documentaire. Moi j’avais le volet artistique. C’était donc SUDCOM une structure de Sud Com- munication qui avait cette vitrine là, à la RTS. Comme je vous l’ai dit, cette émission était hebdomadaire.

Pendant deux ans, la télévision n’a jamais mis un sou dedans. A un certain moment on s’est essoufflés. Il fallait chercher de la pub pour financer afin de diffuser ces films. Ils ont bénéficié pendant deux ans de pro- grammes gratuits, on ne pouvait plus continuer comme ça. C’est comme ça que l’expérience malheureusement s’est arrêtée. Et c’est dans ce cadre là que je faisais la majeur partie de mes films.

KDO: Que préconisez vous au niveau des documen- taires qui sont réalisés, car je pense qu’il y a un souci, entre effectivement le Ministère de la Communication et de l’Information et le Ministère de la Culture pour pérenniser à long terme le fait d’instaurer un système de diffusion et un système de co-production entre les télévi- sions et les sociétés de production sénégalaises. Ceci avec les réalisateurs, pour que les films soient vus. Alors, est ce que vous pensez qu’il y a une politique à préconiser pour qu’effectivement il y ait un lien entre la production des documentaires et leur diffusion. Pour que ces documen- taires qui concernent nos sociétés et expriment le point de vue de nos réalisateurs sur nos sociétés, soient vus à la télévision publique et privée?

BD: La chance que nous avons, c’est qu’aujourd’hui le cinéma et le tourisme font partie d’un même ministère. Je disais que le nouveau code cinématographique a traîné dans les tiroirs à l’Assemblée Nationale, mais ce code a déjà été voté. Les décrets d’application, ef- fectivement, ont été publiés, et on vient d’avoir une grande rencontre à Saly, il y a de cela deux semaines, au début du mois de juin. Ce qui est intéressant, c’est que ce n’était pas une rencontre comme on en faisait dans le temps. J’ai toujours dit que le cinéma sénégalais, malheureusement ou heureusement, était porté unique- ment par les réalisateurs qui en ont fait leur affaire et qui ont tracé l’avenir du cinéma. Ils en parlaient entre eux. Avec cette dernière rencontre de Saly, non seule- ment il y avait de jeunes réalisateurs mais aussi des réalisateurs confirmés; il y avait des gens qui appar- emment n’avaient rien avoir avec le cinéma mais qui ont une implication; des représentants des groupes de convergence qui s’occupent un peu de comment voir les niches ou de développement, comment sup- porter des industries etc.; Il y avait le BSDA (Bureau Sénégalais des droits d’auteur) qui était là. Se posait la question du numérique parce qu’il y a une donne politique pour le numérique pour les années 2015. Les juristes étaient là, et on a eu un échange. Ça a ouvert les possibilités de notre cinéma quant aux sources de financement. Il n’y pas que l’Etat dans le rapport qui va être publié bientôt. Il y avait pas mal d’institutions qui aidaient un peu le cinéma. Il s’agit maintenant d’avoir une visibilité sur toutes les possibilités de financement. L’idée c’est qu’il faut que le cinéma sénégalais soit financé par le Sénégal, et ça je crois que les perspectives sont là, et ça a permis aux gens de savoir que, quand même, pour faire du cinéma il faut avoir des structures viables, et pas seulement du point de vue de l’Etat; mais aussi du point de vue des producteurs. Les gens des impôts étaient là pour donner un éclairage etc. et des juristes aussi étaient là. Disons que la concertation s’est vraiment élargie et c’est la première fois que j’ai senti l’implication de l’Etat pour asseoir une véritable industrie cinématographique qui toucherait tous les aspects. Qui ne serait pas seulement une cagnotte que l’on remettrait aux réalisateurs en disant « Gérez votre fonds! » Non, mais il y a aussi la possibilité mainten- ant de créer un CNC – peut être on l’appellera autre- ment-, mais un Centre National la Cinématographie coordonnant toutes les activités cinématographiques et établissant aussi une véritable politique de production. Il y a de jeunes producteurs qui sont là. Si, avant, les réalisateurs eux même s’improvisaient producteurs, ce n’est pas leur vocation aujourd’hui. On peut dire qu’il y a deux ou trois producteurs vraiment importants au Sénégal. Cela veut dire que ces producteurs ne sont pas seulement des producteurs locaux. Quand je vois Omar Sall qui a produit le dernier film de Alain Gomis, primé à Berlin, et qui est impliqué aussi dans d’autres productions étrangères, je me dis que l’avenir se trace avec des perspectives quand même radieuses. Et qu’on peut faire confiance à ces jeunes là, qui connaissent bien leurs domaines, parce qu’ils ont été formés pour cela.

Ils ont montré leur expérience en collaborant à d’autres grandes productions cinématographiques. Je crois que les festivals vont être ici des vitrines d’émergence de ces films. Mais maintenant, il faut aussi que les télévisions privées – elles sont sept, peut-être huit- comprennent les enjeux du cinéma. Elles peuvent effectivement être des partenaires et elles peuvent aussi dans leurs “pack- ages”, vendre leur production ailleurs. A Ouaga, il y a un marché du film où les télévisions viennent acheter, elles aussi. Mais malheureusement, il me semble que ceux qui ont créé ces télévisions, n’avaient pas pensé à l’origine, à l’aspect production et la mise en place d’un budget pour la production. On trouve de plus en plus de réalisateurs de documentaire ou de courts métrages face à des télévisions qui ne bougent pas beaucoup, mais qui ont aujourd’hui une ferme volonté de le faire, on l’espère. Surtout que c’est un culturel qui est à la tête du Ministère de la Culture et du Tourisme, qu’il est connu, et que lui même a produit des films et a été co- médien. Grâce à ce fameux film anglais où il jouait un rôle très important. Il a fait aussi la musique de plusieurs films. Donc il est sensible. Il est propriétaire aussi d’une salle de cinéma qu’il a achetée à Saint-Louis et qui va être rénovée parce qu’on veut faire de Saint- Louis un vrai pôle de développement culturel. On veut vraiment que Saint-Louis soit la vitrine du documen- taire en Afrique la salle de documentation du Père Evrard, à savoir le master 2, l’association Saint-Louis Doc et aussi l’implantation d’Africa Doc. On veut effectivement faire de Saint-Louis un pôle de dével- oppement et d’attraction du cinéma avec également des groupes industriels qui permettent à des jeunes d’avoir des unités de doublage, de duplication, etc… sur Saint- Louis. Nous avons en tête de faire de Saint-Louis un grand foyer d’attraction du documentaire.

KDO: Baba Diop va nous faire un petit point sur le festi- val qu’il est en train d’organiser avec le groupe Baobab et puis au centre culturel Blaise Senghor, ils font un festival assez intéressant. Donc il va nous faire le point.

BD: Centre Blaise Senghor. Déjà le nom veut dire quelque chose. De toute façon Blaise Senghor est un des premiers cinéastes. Il a réalisé Grand Magal à Touba, l’un des premiers documentaires sur le magal de Touba. Il n’y a pas très longtemps, j’ai eu cette idée avec Baba Ndiaye qui est le directeur du centre culturel

Blaise Senghor actuel. La question était « Comment est ce qu’on peut valoriser le travail des reporters photog- raphes? » Ils sont spécialisés dans les films de mariage, c’est à dire quand il y a des cérémonies de mariage dans les quartiers, on les appelle. Ce sont eux qui filment, et ils ont une vision du montage d’exposition de ces mar- iages que j’ai trouvé assez intéressante. Ils sont de plus en plus nombreux, puisque avant, dans les mariages, on les appelait pour faire des photos. Maintenant, ils se sont reconvertis à la vidéo. Ils font pas mal de films qui sont commandés et ils gagnent aussi de l’argent. Mais ces films qui sont des productions familiales ne sortaient pas. Alors, j’ai dit à Baba « Mais écoute est ce qu’on peut faire un festival de films où ces jeunes là vont venir montrer leurs films? » Avec une formation, qui sait, un jour peut être que parmi eux, il y aura certains qui vont sauter le pas et devenir réalisateurs de documentaires ou de fictions. Donc c’est une pépinière mais au delà de ce fait, c’est que le mariage est une institution. Il y a des sociologues qui travaillent sur les rites de mariage. C’est intéressant de les consulter. Il y a aussi un bouquin, sorti ici qui montrait même le taux de divorce à Dakar, au Sénégal. C’est phénoménal. Ce serait l’occasion d’inviter de vieux couples pour qu’ils parlent des secrets du couple « Comment conserver son couple? » etc. C’est aussi l’occasion de montrer le travail de certains photographes dans les studios des quartiers qui peuvent s’exprimer sur leur travail.

KDO: Et cela aura lieu quand?

BD: Du 12 au 17, donc au début du mois de juillet 2012. C’est fait en collaboration avec le centre culturel Blaise Senghor pendant trois jours. Les matinées sont des matinées de formation de ces jeunes dans la prise de sons et dans la prise de vue. Dans l’après midi, il peut y avoir des discussions autour de l’institution de mariage, ensuite la diffusion de témoignages de vieux couples et puis il y aura des projections des films, avec trois projections dans l’après midi et ensuite en début de soirée, suivies d’animations et de débats.

 

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR AZIZ CISSE
CHEF DE LA DIVISION DES ETUDES DES INDUSTRIES TECHNIQUES DE LA FORMATION ET DE LA PLANIFICATION.
KDO: Monsieur Aziz Cissé j’aimerais s’il vous est possible de vous présenter, de dire clairement vos fonctions ici à la direction de la cinématographie et faire un petit parcours de votre trajet dans le cinéma, et m’expliquer quelles sont vos objectifs pour les deux prochaines années, en ce qui concerne le documentaire.

AC: C’est une question qui peut paraître anodine mais c’est une grosse question pour moi. Actuellement je suis à la direction de la cinématographie et j’occupe le poste de chef de la division des études des indus- tries techniques, de la formation et de la planification. C’est un gros libellé qui fait peur parce que c’est vrai- ment lourd mais bon, parallèlement à cette fonction là, j’ai quand même plusieurs casquettes. J’ai été membre fondateur de plusieurs associations qui s’occupent de la promotion du film au Sénégal. Dans ma tête il y a un travail d’activisme à faire sur le terrain et à la base, parce que faire du cinéma, ce n’est pas faire que du film, c’est aussi éduquer le public, c’est créer les conditions d’environnement pour que le cinéma marche et ça ce n’est pas que le rôle de l’Etat. L’Etat a un rôle impor- tant à jouer mais je pense qu’on est dans un secteur avec plusieurs parties prenantes, et chaque partie prenante, quelle que soit sa spécificité, a son rôle à jouer. Voilà donc j’ai beaucoup travaillé pour le décollage d’une association comme Imagerie. J’ai beaucoup collaboré à un festival qui s’appelle le Festival du Film de Quartier qui a été pendant très longtemps le fleuron du cinéma sénégalais. Je contribue jusqu’à présent à créer des as- sociations qui vont émerger, je l’espère. Parallèlement à cette casquette, j’ai une autre casquette de formateur, je travaille beaucoup dans la formation des jeunes cinéastes de ma génération. On échange, on discute, parce que je pense, quand même, que c’était presque un privilège qu’ils n’ont pas eu. Ce n’est que très tôt j’ai eu à côtoyer un monsieur qui s’appelle Jean Ba qui a créé à Saint- Louis un centre magnifique qui s’appelle le Centre de Communication Daniel Brothier. Ce centre a com- mencé par être un cinéclub, et, au fil des décennies, il est finalement devenu une véritable école de cinéma et une école de cinéma qui n’offrait pas tout simplement une formation rapide, comme ça se fait ici, il s’agissait d’une formation de quelques mois sur la technique. Comment filmer comment prendre des sons. La question de la culture cinématographique, la question du background a été extrêmement importante, on a énormément travaillé sur ça, et j’ai passé dix ans dans ce centre pour apprendre comment faire un film. C’est quoi le cinéma? C’est pour- quoi je dis que ce background, je voulais en faire profiter les cinéastes de ma génération et jusqu’à présent, tous les jeunes qui rentrent chaque année. On essayait même en dehors des actions de formation de prendre le temps de s’assoir de discuter et d’échanger. Mais dans ma cas- quette de faiseur d’image, je suis beaucoup plus spé- cialisé dans le documentaire. Il m’arrive aussi d’avoir une casquette de producteur parce qu’il y a des copains qu’il faut aider à faire des films, donc là, je deviens producteur mais mon domaine de prédilection c’est véritablement le documentaire.

KDO: Est ce que vous pensez que le documentaire a de l’avenir sur les prochaines années, notamment auprès d’un public africain, un public sénégalais en particulier, en sachant que les télévisions africaines diffusent très peu de documentaires, et que les salles de cinéma sont fermées? Est-ce que, dans l’absolu, on peut imaginer un autre système de distribution? C’est à dire en étant optimiste, est-ce que vous pensez qu’on peut inventer un système de distribution pour aller vers le public?

AC: Je pense, comme je le disais tout à l’heure, que nous sommes dans une phase de résistance et le docu- mentaire est le genre de résistance – par essence je vais juste vous raconter une anecdote. Mon premier film je l’ai fait en 2001, à l’époque c’était encore assez dur. On faisait des films, les salles commençaient à fermer donc on n’avait pas la possibilité de passer ces films dans les salles. Les chaînes de télévision apparemment s’en fichaient complètement. Il nous est même arrivé de leur offrir les films à diffuser gratuitement, et ils ne l’ont pas fait. Donc à un certain moment on en a eu marre on s’est regroupés en collectif. On a été trouver du matériel de projection et nous sommes partis dans les quartiers populaires de Dakar, dans les autres villes du Sénégal, dans les villages aussi et on a montré ces films. 75% de ces films étaient des films documentaires et généralement les séances de projection se faisaient en plein air le soir vers 20h. C’était toujours ou les same- dis, ou les dimanches, et pour qui connaît la spécificité du Sénégal, c’est vraiment la période du “prime time” pour toutes les chaînes de télévision. C’est les moments où on met les blocksbusters américains, les grands shows, les choses comme ça. Mais paradoxalement, on s’est rendu compte que, dans chaque quartier où on ar- rive et on installe les dispositifs pour projeter les films, plus personne dans le quartier ne regarde la télé, tout le monde sort. Et il nous arrivait d’avoir presque un mil- lier de spectateurs. Et tu voyais les gens qui montaient sur le toit des immeubles et tout pour suivre les films. A la fin de la projection des films, le public restait pen- dant très longtemps pour échanger avec les réalisateurs parce qu’ils étaient toujours présents et la question qui revenait tout le temps c’était « Mais comment ça se fait que des films de ce genre soient produits au Sénégal et que la télé ne les diffuse pas? » Aujourd’hui c’est la question qu’on se pose, et quand on pose une ques- tion comme ça sur l’avenir du documentaire je pense qu’il a tout son avenir dans un pays comme le Sénégal. Parce que finalement le public à force d’avoir été sevré des longs métrages fictions faits par nos grands frères et tous ont fini par se retrouver dans une autre réalité. C’est la société, c’est la société médiatique où la télévi- sion est très présente, et ce public voit très bien qu’il y a un travail à faire sur son réel à lui. C’est un public qui reçoit une avalanche d’images qui viennent du monde entier. Si tu rentres dans une maison dakaroise ou sénégalaise, tu retrouves au moins une cinquantaine, ou une centaine de chaînes de télévision parce qu’ils sont connectés sur un système de câble plus ou moins légal.

Ils reçoivent toutes les chaînes du monde, mais il n’y a aucune différence entre les chaines de télévisions sénég- alaises et les autres, parce que ces chaines se contentent tout simplement de reprendre les programmes des autres chaînes de télévisions. Donc à force de recevoir cette avalanche, ils finissent par se dire « Mais, et nous dans tout cet espace là, où sommes nous? » et ce sont ces films que nous faisons, ces documentaires qui leur montrent leur réel à eux et qui les font parfois rêver. Cela leur rappelle plein de choses. L’histoire du cinéma africain subsaharien ou francophone a cette particu- larité que, dès le départ, on a voulu en faire un cinéma miroir. Aujourd’hui je pense que dans l’évolution de cette cinématographie, l’effet miroir est en train de migrer de la fiction vers le documentaire. C’est cela dont le public africain a le plus besoin, à mon avis, et c’est le travail que nous sommes en train de faire. C’est assez difficile pour le moment parce qu’on n’a pas de subvention véritablement, on n’a pas d’appui, le système de diffusion pose problème, mais on sait très bien que dans l’avenir ce genre va s’imposer d’avantage.

KDO: Je voulais juste vous poser une dernière question en ce qui concerne l’avenir du cinéma VOD distribué en HD à travers les ordinateurs, est-ce que vous pensez que c’est le cinéma d’avenir et comment vous voyez ça sur le continent africain?

AC: Je ne sais pas si on doit parler d’avenir, mais on ne peut pas le faire sans le système VOD, parce que dans la plupart de nos pays, les salles sont en train de disparaître. Le circuit des salles est en train de rétrécir comme peau de chagrin et on se rend compte que l’économie du cinéma ne tourne plus exclusivement au- tour de la salle, il y a une chronologie des médias. Que ce soit de manière horizontale ou verticale on est obligé de tenir compte de ces différents types de support. Que cela soit la salle de cinéma, que cela soit la télévision, que cela soit les vidéogrammes, que cela soit internet, c’est un programme beaucoup plus global que tout simplement le système de vidéo. Il faut qu’on occupe toute cette chaîne de valeurs, qu’on en tienne compte pour que l’industrie cinématographique africaine puisse enfin avancer. Sinon, on passera beaucoup de temps à dépenser énormément d’énergie, énormément de res- sources pour un combat qui est presque perdu.

 

INTERVIEW DE MOUSSA SENE ABSA,
REALISATEUR
KDO: Je fais une interview de Moussa Sene Absa réal- isateur et producteur de longs métrages de fiction, et aussi de documentaires. Il va brièvement décrire son parcours et nous expliquer comment il est passé de la fiction au documentaire. Comment cela s’est fait pour lui, et quelle est l’importance pour lui de faire des documentaires, tout en sachant qu’à la base il est plutôt réalisateur de films de fiction.

MSA: En fait oui, j’ai commencé par la fiction, c’est vrai les gens me connaissent plus pour la fiction. Mais j’ai fait « Papisto Boy », mon premier documentaire, j’ai fait « Dieuf Dieul », « Blouse pour une Diva », « Ngoyane les Chants de Séduction ». J’ai terminé « Yollé le sacrifice » et je suis en train de finir « Sango- mar » En fait, j’ai fait plus de documentaires que de fictions, mais comme le documentaire n’est vu nulle part, les gens ne connaissent que ma fiction. Parce que, demandez à n’importe quelle chaîne de télévi- sion ici, quels sont les films qu’ils ont de moi, ils n’en ont pas, pour la bonne et simple raison que, un, ils ne sont pas au départ quand je fais les films parce qu’ils ne co-produisent rien du tout; et deux, ils ne sont pas intéressés par la diffusion, parce que même s’ils sont intéressés c’est pour te proposer des miettes que moi je n’accepte pas. Pour monter un documentaire, je fais tout moi même. J’ai des caméras, je m’occupe du son, de l’éclairage. Je sais utiliser le matériel, je paie tout moi même. « Yollé le sacrifice » je l’ai financé moi même.

J’ai mis deux ans à le faire et sur les deux ans, je n’ai reçu aucun soutien de qui que ce soit. Voilà l’état des lieux. En résumé ils ne montrent pas nos images parce qu’ils ne connaissent pas l’existence de ces films. Vous demandez à n’importe quel directeur des programmes la liste de mes documentaires ou de mes fictions, ils ne l’ont pas. Voilà un outil de diffusion qui est complète- ment tourné vers l’extérieur; si j’allume la télévision sénégalaise – à Poponguine, je n’ai que les chaînes de télévision sénégalaises – il n’y a pas de documentaire. Parfois tu peux tomber par hasard sur un film de fic- tion, c’est du réchauffé mais la grille documentaire est inexistante. Je parle de contenu local. Mais évidemment tu vas voir des documentaires animaliers, tu vas voir des documentaires sur les autres pays. Il n’y a aucun docu- mentaire sur l’Afrique. En 2012, en Afrique du Sud, en novembre, on avait mis en place le DNA Documentary Network Africa. Je suis membre de ce réseau. On s’est retrouvés à ce séminaire là, People to People (P2P), et tout le monde s’est mis à se plaindre « On ne montre pas nos films, personne ne voit nos films! » Je me suis levé et je leur ai dit « Il y a tellement de documentaires en Afrique, qui sont déjà produits mais pas montrés.

Pourquoi ne pas créer une chaîne de télévision afric- aine qui soit spécialisée dans le documentaire comme la chaîne HISTOIRE ou la chaîne ENTERTAIN- MENT? Ou d’autres chaînes internationales spéciali- sées comme NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC? Sur ces chaînes, quand elles montrent quelque chose sur l’Afrique, c’est de leur propre point de vue. Car ce ne sont pas des films qui sont faits par des Africains, mais des films avec un point de vue occidental sur notre so- ciété. Comment renverser la tendance en poussant à ce que les documentaires africains soient vus par les Afric- ains? C’est une réflexion à avoir. Tant qu’on n’aura pas réglé ce problème de qui raconte l’histoire de l’Afrique, jamais l’Afrique ne sera regardée de manière objective, de manière respectable. Moi j’ai honte parfois, quand je vois des documentaires faits sur l’Afrique. Ils ne mon- trent que ce qu’ils voient en nous, et ce qu’ils voient en nous, ce n’est pas beau! Est-ce que l’Afrique doit continuer à garder ce regard de l’autre sur elle, ou bien l’Afrique doit-elle retourner le miroir sur elle même?

Vous voulez savoir qui je suis? Pourquoi je me suis mis dans le documentaire? Parce que je trouve que c’est le travail le plus important à faire aujourd’hui.

Pour plusieurs raisons, d’abord parce que les Afric- ains ne se connaissent pas. Avant hier, je faisais avec ma fille, Mame Khar Betty, ses devoirs en histoire. Ils apprennent l’Europe du 9e siècle avec les souverains, les vassaux. Qu’est-ce qu’ils apprennent de l’Afrique?

Rien! Même le système d’éducation qui est la base de l’individu, le système d’éducation est tourné sur l’extérieur. Je me suis rendu compte que plus je prends de l’âge, plus le documentaire me passionne. C’est là que je peux montrer le véritable visage de mon pays, de mon continent, avec un regard imprégné de respect et de considération et de critique, sans être voyeur. Le côté voyeur qui nous fait tellement de mal, le voyeurisme des Occidentaux c’est une obsession, et les jeunes Africains qu’ils ont réussi à pousser, qu’ils ont formatés pour avoir le même regard qu’eux, regardent leur conti- nent avec mépris. On leur demande de ne regarder que ce qui n’est pas beau, et de ne montrer que ce qui n’est pas beau, parce qu’ils ne savent pas ce qu’est un film.

Le travail du documentaire est extrêmement fonda- mental, ce sera notre prochaine constitution, si je peux l’appeler comme ça. Ce sera notre constitution, dans la mesure où ce seront les actes constituants notre iden- tité et notre véritable image à montrer au monde. Et pourquoi les télévisions et les salles -je ne parle même pas des salles de cinéma- ne montrent pas de documen- taires? Parce qu’ils ont abruti l’audience de telle sorte que dès que tu mets un documentaire, c’est certain, il ne parle que des problèmes. Pour eux le documentaire c’est de voir l’humiliation en direct. On te montre des filles violées, des mendiants dans la rue, des femmes battues, le SIDA, les guerres, les génocides, ils ne te montrent que cela. Mais il y a plus intéressant, il y a les success stories; des histoires à succès extraordinaires.

L’autre jour, je me suis dit qu’en fait, tout le monde sait que l’avenir est en Afrique, tout le monde le sait. Nous avons un taux de croissance qui est supérieur à l’Europe, nous avons des ressources beaucoup plus importantes que l’Europe. Le travail qu’ils sont en train de faire c’est de crétiniser les Africains, c’est de leur faire comprendre que, eux-même, par eux-même et pour eux-même, ils ne peuvent rien faire et que « nous Européens, nous allons venir vous apprendre ce qu’il faut faire ». Comme Des- mond Tutu le disait « Avant l’arrivée des missionnaires, ils avaient la bible et nous on avait la terre. Quand ils sont arrivés ils nous ont dit, on va prier. Nous on a fermé les yeux, quand on les a ouverts nous on n’avait plus la terre mais on s’est retrouvé avec la bible. » C’est le même système qui est entrain de s’installer. C’est un système qui vise les ressources.

Il faut s’en accaparer, et la meilleure façon de s’en ac- caparer, c’est de pousser ces peuples vers l’éducation fondamentale. L’éducation fondamentale, c’est de savoir qui tu es, d’où tu viens, où tu vas et quelles sont les choses importantes. Tu penses que ma sœur, ma fille, s’intéresse à connaître l’Europe du 9e siècle? Qu’est-ce que ça peut lui apporter d’apprendre par cœur l’Europe du 9e siècle? Cela ne lui apportera rien du tout. Par contre, à cinquante kilomètres de chez elle, à Thiès, il y avait un roi qui s’appelait Mboy Ciss dans le Diom- bass. Je lui ai parlé de Mboy Ciis , j’en parlé avec son prof d’histoire, il ne connaissait pas Mboy Ciis. Par conséquent, le travail de documentaire est un travail de formation d’une identité.

KDO: Et comment vous expliquez que justement on est en 2013, le continent africain n’a jamais été autant envahi par l’image? Aujourd’hui au Sénégal les gens peuvent capter une cinquantaine, voire une centaine de chaînes du monde entier. En même temps, il n’y a aucun programme au niveau de l’éducation nationale pour expliquer la force de l’image. Ca veut dire que les enfants, la jeunesse africaine est abrutie de toute sorte d’images. Vous avez les chaînes arabes, les chaînes chinoises, toutes les chaînes européennes, toutes les chaînes des autres pays africains, et vous avez une jeunesse qui zappe tous les jours au quo- tidien il n’y a aucune explication, aucune responsabilité de l’Etat d’interdire certains types d’image, il n’y a rien, c’est le vide.

MSA: Mais parce que, justement, je pense profondé- ment que l’Afrique n’a pas encore les dirigeants qu’elle devrait avoir. Je pense que quand on aime un pays, on doit profondément aimer sa culture et en aimant sa culture, on aime son peuple, on défend son peuple, on connait la fragilité des cultures. Il y a des cultures qui ont disparu, il y a des civilisations qui ont dis- paru, et si on n’y prend pas garde la culture africaine va disparaître. Il y a des pans entiers de notre culture qui foutent le camp sans que personne ne dise rien du tout. Aujourd’hui l’invasion des télévisions étrangères poussent à une certaine paresse intellectuelle. On ne te donne même plus le temps de réfléchir sur toi. Tu peux voir ce qui se passe en Inde, tu peux voir tout autour du monde, mais tu ne verra rien autour de toi. Et si tu ne vois rien, si tu n’as pas tes propres images, tu as les images des autres. Je dis souvent à mes étudiants « Vous savez la culture, c’est comme l’armée. Ou vous avez une bonne armée pour vous défendre, et les autres ne vont pas vous attaquer, ou bien, si vous n’avez pas une bonne armée, vous allez avoir l’armée du voisin qui va venir s’installer, va vous dicter ses propres lois. Moi, je demeure convaincu que ce bouquet télévisuel qui en- vahit l’Afrique fait partie d’un agenda bien précis. On ne peut plus coloniser aujourd’hui, parce que le monde a tellement avancé, tu ne peux plus venir quelque part et dire « Tu es ma colonie ». Mais y a une autre forme de colonisation, il y a une façon beaucoup plus subtile de coloniser les gens, c’est de coloniser la tête, c’est de faire qu’on va recopier tout ce que l’autre fait. On va dire tout ce que l’autre dit. C’est bien, parce qu’on ne voit jamais ce qu’on fait chez soi. Alors ce qu’on fait chez soi, c’est des vidéos clips vulgaires, des telenovelas à la petite semaine qui n’apportent rien. On entend à longueur de journée des gens qui chantent le coran, qui parlent en arabe. Personne ne parle arabe, ou tu vois des gens qui le parlent, parce qu’il y a une manifesta- tion religieuse toute une nuit. On n’entend que ça, mais le peuple a besoin de pain, mais aussi de roses, le peuple a besoin d’une projection identitaire, d’une réflexion sur lui-même, d’une façon de regarder le monde et de s’affirmer, et d’être beaucoup plus ancré dans sa propre civilisation. Ça ne veut pas dire qu’il faille rejeter les autres civilisations.

KDO: Etant donné que nous savons que la télévision ne diffuse pas les documentaires, que nous savons qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma, comment peut-on envisager d’aller à la recherche ou à la reconquête du public?

MSA: Ça, c’est la tâche énorme à faire, parce que nous avons devant nous une armée avec les armes les plus sophistiquées. Le combat est inégal, c’est un combat à mort et un combat inégal parce que tout est une ques- tion de domination. Le reste devient tellement aisé et si nous restons dans le schéma actuel où il n’y a plus de cinéma, il y a des jeunes de vingt ans qui n’ont jamais été dans une salle de cinéma.

KDO: Et moi dans ma jeunesse ici sur Dakar, il y avait une cinquantaine de salles de cinéma!

MSA: Aujourd’hui il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma. Nous faisons un métier qui a besoin d’un public dans un pays où il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma et où nous n’avons pas accès aux télévisions. S’il y a des parias en Afrique, c’est vraiment nous. Et pourtant, on fait un métier extrêmement important pour un pays, un métier formateur d’une culture. Ce qui fait que les peuples se différencient. Moi je donne souvent l’exemple du Cuba, parce que voilà un pays, c’est la plus moche des îles, je pourrais dire, mais c’est l’île qui accueille le plus de touristes. Ce n’est pas pour la beauté des plages, ce n’est pas pour un régime politique. Non c’est pas pour ça, c’est pour la culture cubaine, c’est pour les arts cubains – quand je dis culture cubaine, c’est le chauffeur de taxi cubain qui peut te parler de Cuba comme dans un livre. Demandez à n’importe quel Sénégalais surtout cette jeunesse, demandez leur qui était Fodé Kaba, ils ne connaissent. Samory, ils connaissent le nom, mais ne connaissent pas les faits. Ils ne connaissent rien. Donc voilà tout un continent à vau-l’eau. Un continent qui ne développe pas des formes de résistance. Et pour moi, la forme de résistance la plus élémentaire, c’est la résistance identitaire. Donc c’est un travail d’une ex- trême importance. Le fait est que toutes les salles sont fermées, qu’il y a beaucoup de divisions et qu’il n’y a pas d’entrée possible à la télévision. Songez que mes films sont montrés dans toutes les télévisions du monde!

Cela veut dire que le monde achète mes films, montre ma culture à leurs peuples, mais mon peuple ne montre jamais mes films parce que justement, en montrant mes films, ils vont faire une œuvre de conscientisation qu’on leur interdit de faire. C’est le serpent qui se mord la queue.

 

MR HUGUES DIAZ
DIRECTEUR DE LA CINEMATOGRAPHIE AU SENEGAL
KDO: Nous nous trouvons aujourd’hui à l’université Gaston Berger. Il vient d’y avoir la remise des prix des masters de cinéma et je suis en présence de M. Hugues Diaz le Directeur de la Cinématographie au Sénégal. Il va nous donner un petit aperçu de son parcours, ce qui l’a amené à la direction de cette cinématographie à Dakar, et quels sont les projets de ce bureau pour l’avenir du cinéma.

HD: Au Ministère de la Culture et du Tourisme au Sénégal, je suis conseiller aux affaires culturelles, c’est à dire un transversal manager/organisateur. Dans mon parcours professionnel j’ai été animateur culturel en 1996, et après ma formation professionnelle à l’Ecole Nationale des Arts, j’ai travaillé dans plusieurs centres culturels. J’ai occupé les fonctions de chef de la divi- sion animation qui comportait la musique, les arts scéniques et les cinéclubs qui étaient organisés dans ces structures. Ce n’est qu’avec l’avènement de la Maison de la Culture (l’une des premières maisons de la culture Douta Seck, à Dakar) que j’ai été chargé de la com- munication et de l’animation. Par la suite, je suis allé faire des études au Centre Régional d’Action Culturelle pour obtenir le diplôme de conseiller aux affaires cul- turelles, donc le DCSCS en développement culturel.

Le 23 Novembre 2011, j’ai été nommé par décret prési- dentiel à la tête de la direction de la cinématographie.

A Saint-Louis, ici dans le centre du Père Jean Vast, il y avait souvent des séances d’initiation à l’image dans des cinéclubs, avec des films sur lesquels on décryptait le message des images, c’est de là qu’est venu mon goût pour le cinéma, et je suis un fier cinéphile.

KDO: D’accord, c’est ce qui vous lie à Aziz qui a aussi fait de la formation.

HD: Avec le Père Jean Vast, c’étaient mes jeunes frères que je rencontrais très souvent là, c’était au moment où j’exerçais comme animateur culturel au centre culturel régional Abdel Kader Fall. On faisait, au niveau du centre dans lequel j’étais, des séances de cinéclub chaque mercredi et chaque samedi et j’en étais le responsable.

KDO: Et justement aujourd’hui en 2013 le constat est de dire qu’au niveau de l’éducation nationale, il n’y a quasiment plus de cinéclub, vu qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma. Vous pensez qu’il serait possible et envisageable de créer un partenariat avec le Ministère de l’Education Nationale pour essayer d’amener justement le cinéma documentaire et fiction dans les écoles ? De créer de nouveaux cinéclubs, parce que c’est ça qui donne le goût aux enfants d’aller au cinéma pour essayer dans dix ou quinze ans d’avoir une audience autour du cinéma, parce qu’aujourd’hui nous constatons qu’il y a une jeunesse qui, à 25 ans, n’a jamais été au cinéma.

HD: Effectivement ce que vous dites est très réel. Vous savez, moi lorsque j’étais dans les centres culturels, d’abord à Fatick, Saint-Louis, puis Louga, dans mes programmes culturels, le cinéma était positionné à la première place, et cela pendant 10 ans. C’est pour vous dire que moi, très tôt, j’ai compris que le cinéma était un outil d’éducation assez important profession- nellement. Nous l’avons jusqu’à présent, mais ce qui a un peu manqué, c’est l’articulation, car très souvent ce sont des initiatives qui ne sont pas formalisées. Louga le fait mais les autres régions ne le font pas. Ce n’est pas inscrit dans le cursus de l’école sénégalaise. C’est vrai que les écoles vont nous dire qu’elles n’ont pas de salles adéquates pour faire des projections de films.

Les salles de cinéma n’existant pas dans les régions, comme je le dis, la stratégie serait de le faire avec les centres culturels régionaux. Au Sénégal, nous avons quatorze régions, dans lesquelles se sont érigées ces Centres Culturels Régionaux. Il existe également les centres culturels étrangers comme les instituts français ou bien les alliances. Il faudrait que l’on puise organ- iser des séances permanentes avec la direction de la ci- nématographie, plus certains opérateurs, et l’instituer dans les cinéclubs. Projeter dans ces centres des films ayant une portée éducative réelle pour les enfants, cela aussi manque.

KDO: Alors que notre génération a eu la chance, sous Senghor, d’avoir accès à la culture, d’avoir une base solide mais aujourd’hui, il faut relancer la machine.

HD: Effectivement, et je pense qu’il faut allier des mécanismes assez flexibles parce que vous savez, les enfants maintenant, ont d’autres préoccupations.

KDO: Bien sur, oui avec internet et les nouvelles technolo- gies. Est-ce que vous pouvez brièvement faire le point de votre audit à Saly sur les problèmes juridiques et sur les projets d’avenir ? A la fin de cet audit, quelles seront les grandes lignes que vous avez redéfinies autour de la direction de la cinématographie?

HD: L’atelier de Saly du 5 au 7 juin passé, avait pour intention de faire un état des lieux du cadre législatif et réglementaire du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel au Séné- gal. Le Sénégal s’est doté d’un cadre juridique assez important. Depuis 1966 des textes existent. En faisant le diagnostic, il s’est trouvé que la plupart de ces textes permettent de gérer le secteur comme il se doit. Ils sont là pour la majeure partie et ne sont pas appliqués. Sur les six textes de lois et décrets il y en a un seul qui fait l’objet d’une application, assez timide, c’est le texte se référant à la délivrance des autorisations de tournage.

C’est bien évident. Mais tout le reste, que ce soit le fonds de promotion de la cinématographie, la billet- terie nationale, le registre public de la cinématographie ou la délivrance de la carte professionnelle, tout cela fait l’objet d’un abandon. Il a donc fallu faire ce sémi- naire pour se fixer des objectifs, que ces textes soient appliqués. C’est globalement positif. Nous allons incessamment lever certains goulots d’étranglement, car la plupart sont des blocages administratifs. Par exemple la carte professionnelle. Une fois qu’un décret d’application est pris, on doit se mettre à l’application au niveau de la direction de la cinématographie. Il y a eu une petite négligence de notre part et nous en sommes conscients. Comme nous sommes dans un domaine partagé, nous désirons innover, nous voulons pour chaque démarche associer les professionnels, la so- ciété civile et les partenaires dans une attitude vraiment consensuelle avec une bonne synergie. C’est l’affaire de l’Etat, un comité de suivi a été mis en place qui va décortiquer très rapidement, dès la semaine prochaine, les priorités. La délivrance de la carte professionnelle est une exigence. La levée des fonds concernant le fonds de promotion cinématographique également. Ces dispositions administratives sont en train d’être revues pour qu’en 2013 il y ait une inscription à une dotation. Voilà entre le Ministère de la Culture et le Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances. Donc pour ces deux aspects je pense qu’il y aura une réponse très immédiate à la résolution de ces problèmes. Il y a d’autres aspects comme le registre public, qui est vraiment fondamental. Là aussi c’est, comment dire, la quintessence même de l’organisation du cinéma. C’est par ce registre qu’on peut avoir des données statistiques sur toutes les trans- actions dans le domaine. Si les gens contractent avec des tiers pour la réalisation de films, toute cette disposi- tion concernant le registre va connaître aussi son abou- tissement. Le problème est que nous n’avons personne pour former le conservateur qui doit savoir ce qu’est le registre de la cinématographie. Avec nos partenaires du Maroc il est prévu d’envoyer deux personnes de la di- rection de la cinématographie en formation au Maroc. Même la France est disposée à nous envoyer un expert pour la tenue de ce registre de la cinématographie.

Donc vous voyez, nous sommes ouverts. Parce que le cinéma est à la fois un art et une industrie, et mainten- ant nous sommes dans une logique d’économie de la culture. Le cinéma nécessite des fonds, des investisse- ments qu’il faut tout au moins rentabiliser. En plus de cet état concernant les aspects juridiques, nous avons un peu touché les aspects macroéconomiques, notam- ment la fiscalité appliquée au secteur. Il faudrait que l’on puisse faire la relance économique du secteur avec des allégements fiscaux qui permettraient aux investis- seurs créant des entreprises de production, qu’ils soient allégés de taxes. Tout cela est à l’étude. Vous savez qu’au Sénégal il y aura bientôt la révision du code général des impôts. Face à ces enjeux nous ne voulons pas être absents, nous allons profiter de cet atelier pour har- moniser nos points de vue, pour ne pas aller en ordre dispersé. L’autre problème c’est la protection sociale des artistes et des cinéastes. Là aussi nous avons évoqué ces questions, parce que très souvent les cinéastes après avoir produit les films se retrouvent démunis.

KDO: Il y a le problème de distribution qui se pose parce qu’une fois qu’un film est produit, quelles sont les retom- bées financières ? Qu’est ce qu’on peut envisager, vu qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma, vu que la télévision pub- lique diffuse très peu de films africains ? De toute façon, à priori, ils n’ont pas vraiment les moyens d’acheter ces films, alors le cinéaste, une fois qu’il a fini son film, il n’a quasiment aucune certitude de retombées financières.

HD: Effectivement! Beaucoup de cinéastes ont reconnu que maintenant le septième art ne nourrit pas son homme! La plupart d’entre eux vont dans un festival. Mais un festival vaut ce qu’il vaut. C’est la notoriété, certes, mais ce n’est pas les finances. Un autre aspect important aussi, ça a été la formation, comme nous l’avons constaté pour le cinéma sénégalais. Le mail- lon faible qui a été négligé depuis les indépendances jusqu’à nos jours, ça a été la formation. Le Sénégal ne s’est jamais doté d’une école de cinéma ou bien de techniques de l’audiovisuel. Les gens ont reconnu cela et en dépit d’initiatives privées qui ont eu cours pour certains, ça a bien marché, pour d’autres ça a vrai- ment chuté. L’Etat doit s’engager à prendre en main ce volet de la formation en créant des filières au sein des universités comme l’UGB (Université Gaston Berger). L’initiative de l’UGB doit être renforcée et soutenue par l’Etat. L’Ecole Nationale des Arts existe, on peut y créer un département pour les sites intermédiaires. Vous savez, l’UGB est un master 2, mais très souvent il y a des jeunes qui n’ont que le bac et qui ne peuvent pas adhérer à ce master. Tout cela on est en train de voir, en relation avec le Ministère de l’Enseignement Technique et de la formation professionnelle. Il y aura des rencon- tres qui vont se faire pour harmoniser les points de vue et pour voir comment l’Etat pourrait s’engager.

KDO: Et que pensez-vous vous de l’engagement éven- tuel de l’Etat, en ce qui concerne les salles de cinéma où la restructuration d’un système de visibilité ciné- matographique dans une ville comme Dakar ? Nous faisons le constat qu’il n’y a quasiment plus de salles de cinéma et comment faire si on fait une formation, et qu’en face, il n’y aucune visibilité ? C’est un peu compliqué. Est-ce que vous pensez que le Ministère de la Culture en relation avec le Ministère de la Communication et des fi- nances envisage une relance des salles de cinéma existan- tes ? Quelles soient par exemple éventuellement rénovées et équipées de projection numérique HD, ou restructurées pour essayer de ramener les gens au cinéma?

HD: C’est vrai c’est un problème assez complexe. Je pense qu’il fera l’objet d’une grande étude. Nous préparerons un plan, le plan de développement intégré du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel au Sénégal. Cela pren- dra tous les maillons de la chaîne cinématographique et audiovisuelle du Sénégal. C’est vrai que l’Etat, au moment où il gérait les salles, ça marchait. Il y avait vraiment un système de distribution, d’exploitation. Du fait de l’ajustement structurel qui est passé par là, l’Etat a été obligé de céder ses salles à des privés.

L’accompagnement qui aurait dû être fait à ce niveau, n’a pas été envisagé, et c’est bien dommage. Ce qu’il faudrait dire, c’est que l’Etat est sensible à la ques- tion. A chaque fois que nous passons à l’Assemblée Nationale ou au Sénat nous sommes interpellés sur ce problème. Les alternatives qui ont été envisagées, vous savez que l’Etat a toujours de grandes salles- le grand théâtre Sorano a deux salles. Le grand théâtre est équipé d’une cabine de projection. Avec ces deux récep- tifs, nous envisageons avec les directions respectives de ces structures de faire des projections exclusives, c’est à dire, les grandes premières. Vous pouvez allez voir le film de Moussa Touré « La Pirogue » qui sera projetée dans l’une ou l’autre salle du grand théâtre Sorano.

Incessamment, nous préparons la sortie officielle du film « Aujourd’hui » de Alain Gomis, au Sénégal.

Nous allons utiliser ces salles, mais cela ne résout pas le problème. L’autre alternative, comme nous avons pensé au niveau de la direction, c’est l’utilisation des Centres Culturels Régionaux fonctionnels. Et vous le savez, il y a des complexes qui existent dans les quatorze régions du Sénégal. Le problème qu’ils ont, c’est l’équipement. Nous prévoyons un vaste programme de rénovation avec la coopération internationale, et donc nous avons ces complexes. Il faut des équipements adéquats pour des projections au niveau des régions. L’autre aspect, ce sont les opérateurs privés qui se sont installés grâce au concours de l’Union Européenne. MobiCiné, le cinéma numérique ambulant fait des projections dans des zones rurales avec AfricaDoc. Nous renforçons ces initiatives, mais maintenant le problème, c’est qu’on puisse avec ces opérateurs voir les productions locales.

KDO: La difficulté effectivement, c’est la rencontre entre les réalisateurs et ces opérateurs. Il y a une méfiance vis à vis des réalisateurs, parce qu’il n’y a pas la garantie de l’Etat sénégalais au niveau de la lecture des contrats. Il y a un système de protection quand même à avoir, et du coup, si l’Etat sénégalais se penchait sur les contrats proposés pour dire voilà « Nous avons analysé ce que vous proposez, nous garantissons le réalisateur et nous mettons un système juridique en place pour que cela soit possible» …

HD: Oui, il y a une discussion à ce propos et les opéra- teurs sont au courant. Je leur ai montré ma disponibilité pour tout cela, et même mieux l’Etat va s’engager à payer des droits non commerciaux pour permettre une large diffusion de ces produits. La direction de la cinématographie a fait ce pari et nous avons démarré depuis 2012. Nous avons acquis les droits de certains films pour des projections à travers le Sénégal. Nous allons intensifier le processus, parce qu’il faudrait quand même que les producteurs puissent amortir leurs films.

Ce qu’ils demandent est assez clair, mais vous savez la création, la culture n’a pas de prix. Maintenant il faudrait qu’on se mette sur le même plan et que l’Etat puisse être un vrai partenaire.

KDO: Et accompagner à la fois les opérateurs économiques privés et relancer la machine au niveau étatique pour qu’il y ait une projection d’avenir?

HD: C’est l’une de nos missions, et on sera toujours en concertation avec ces personnes.

KDO: Pensez vous que le documentaire a de l’avenir ? Le documentaire de création tel qu’on l’entend, conforme à la vision de la fondation, et dans la mesure où, comme je vous l’ai dit tout à l’heure, la société civile est dans une phase de prise de conscience énorme, des problèmes identitaires, culturels, environnementaux et sociaux dans le pays, est ce que vous pensez que le documentaire a de l’avenir?

HD: Ah oui, je le crois, et pour de bonnes raisons. Si je vous donne les statistiques de demande d’autorisation de tournage au Sénégal, depuis une dizaine d’années, la part entre les fictions et les documentaires, c’est le documentaire qui vient largement en tête avec près de 70% des films tournés. Les jeunes provenant des écoles de cinéma, leur première création c’est le documentaire. Ce sont des films très intelligents qui traduisent des réalités sociales, qui aident à avoir une bonne lecture.

Si ceux qui veulent changer un pays se basaient sur les différents documentaires, on pourrait améliorer certains aspects de nos comportements sociaux.

KDO: Et puis on peut mesurer aussi l’évolution et les aspects sociaux grâce aux documentaires et aux images d’archives?

HD: Nous avons un projet décentralisé. On veut équiper les régions car nous avons un patrimoine tellement im- portant qui tombe en désuétude, en train de mourir de sa propre mort. Malheureusement il n’y a pas d’archives sur ces monuments du savoir traditionnel, en cours de disparition. Rien n’a été fait pour conserver ce patri- moine. Notre stratégie est que dans un proche avenir, nous allons faire une tournée nationale dans le cadre d’une caravane de films sénégalais, nous allons poser des actes concrets pour la conservation du patrimoine existant. Egalement, ces jeunes opérateurs qui sont dans l’audiovisuel, nous voulons les professionnaliser, les amener à aimer ce travail en les formant, en les dot- ant aussi d’outils de travail.

ÉCOLE/ FORMATION

INSTITUT PANAFRICAIN DES METIERS DE L’INFORMATIQUE ET DE LA COMMUNICATION AUDIOVISUELLE (IPMICA)

Vous avez le Bac ou le niveau de la Terminale et vous voulez des Formations sérieuses adaptées aux besoins actuels du marché de l’Audiovisuel et de l’Informatique?

IPMICA vous propose ses Filières:

En AUDIOVISUEL
  • DTS-A (Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur Audiovisuel) Options Réalisation-Montage/ Image/ Son / Infographie
En INFORMATIQUE
  • LPIDE (Licence Professionnelle Informatique Décisionnelle et Econométrie)
  • LPIB (Licence Professionnelle Informatique appliquée à la Biologie)
  • LPIRD (Licence Professionnelle Informatique Réseaux et Développement)

Niveau exigé Bacs / niveau Terminale. Administrateur Général Mamadou BAAL, ex-Directeur des Télévisions RTS -2S et RTS1. Consultant International Audiovisuel

Contacts

Département Informatique Boulevard du Général De Gaulle face Shalimar Couture.

Tel 77 102 64 39 / Email [email protected] Département Audiovisuel VDN, Sud Foire. Cité Sonatel Extension Villa N°2

Tel 77 563 70 01 / 77 656 56 60 / Email ipmica.dca@ gmail.com

A. LA FORMATION AUDIOVISUELLE (Cinéma et Télévision)

1. Conditions d’admission

a) Diplôme exigé = BAC toutes séries + Tests de Sélection (Compétences et expériences artistiques, Culture Générale, Maîtrise du Français)

b) Durée des études Deux (02)

  • 1ere Année TRONC COMMUN
  • 2ème Année une Orientation sera faite, en fin de 1ère Année pour l’Etudiant, en fonction de ses aptitudes, ses résultats et de l’avis du Corps Professoral dans les trois (o3) Filières ci-après.
  • Toutefois, il ne pourrait être dépassé un nombre maximal de 15 (quinze) Etudiants par Filière.

c) Nombre de filières en 2eme année 03 (Trois)

  1. Réalisation- Montage
  2. Image
  3. Son

d) Inscriptions de juillet à octobre de chaque année

e) Début des cours Novembre de chaque année

f) Durée des cours (09 mois) de novembre à juillet

g) Diplôme délivré DTS-A (Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur Audiovisuel)

Options Réalisation-Montage / Image / Son)
  1. Evaluation et passage en classe supérieure
  • Evaluation

Chaque module sera évalué sous la forme d’une Note globale incluant au moins une note de Devoir Surveillé sur les volets théoriques, une Note de Travaux Pratiques et une Note de Projet si nécessaire.

  • Passage en Classe Supérieure

L’étudiant doit obligatoirement valider tous les mod- ules pour prétendre passer en classe supérieure.

Les modules non validés feront l’objet d’examens de rattrapage.

Le Conseil de Classe statue sur les cas d’échecs et dé- cident du redoublement ou de l’exclusion de l’étudiant concerné.

2. DESCRIPTION DES FILIERES

2.1 La Filière « Réalisation-Montage »

Le Réalisateur est le maître d’œuvre de tout projet au- diovisuel (films de fictions cinématographiques, séries télévisées, émissions de plateaux TV, documentaires institutionnels ou de création, spots publicitaires, clips musicaux)

De ce fait, il doit être polyvalent et avoir une solide formation requérant une excellente culture générale au service de solides compétences artistiques et techniques nécessaires à la conception et à la réalisation d’une œuvre audiovisuelle.

En effet, il a le double statut d’Auteur et de Technicien.

Comme Auteur Réalisateur, il écrit ou participe à l’écriture et l’adaptation du scénario du film, de la série ou de l’émission de télévision. Il en assure le découpage technique.

Comme Réalisateur Technicien, il supervise la prépara- tion du tournage, effectue le tournage du film, à travers la direction des acteurs et de son équipe technique, conduit le montage et la postproduction du film jusqu’à la copie zéro.

Le Monteur de films de fictions, séries télévisées, émis- sions de plateaux TV, documentaires institutionnels ou de création, spots publicitaires, clips musicaux, etc. n’est pas seulement l’artisan qui assemble dans l’ordre du scénario, les plans du film tourné par le Réalisateur, en les « coupant et collant » avec des ciseaux (pellicule de cinéma) ou avec des « clics » de souris (Montage virtuel).

Mais, c’est aussi, un créateur et un collaborateur artis- tique très important du Réalisateur, dont il épouse le profil artistique et technique.

En effet, il doit être doté comme lui, d’une bonne cul- ture générale, d’un esprit de logique et d’organisation mais aussi de savoir-faire synthétisant des compétences dans les domaines de la réalisation, de l’image, du son et du mixage.

Il est avéré que l’étape du Montage est souvent un mo- ment de « re-réalisation » du film par le Monteur, en accord avec le Réalisateur et/ou le Producteur.

C’est à cause de cette complémentarité de la fonction de réalisateur avec celle de monteur, qu’IPMICA a créé cette filière « Réalisation Montage » surtout que beau- coup et d’excellents réalisateurs de par le monde, sont venus du montage.

Diplôme Délivré. DTS-A (Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur Audiovisuel)/Option « Réalisation et Montage »
Débouchés
  • Assistant-Réalisateur de Cinéma et de Télévision
  • Réalisateur de Cinéma et de Télévision
  • Assistant-Monteur
  • Chef Monteur
2.2- La Filière « Image »

Ouvre en définitive à la fonction très importante voire centrale au Cinéma et à la Télévision de Directeur de la Photographie.

La Direction de la Photographie dont l’apprentissage commence par le métier de Cadreur ou Cameraman, est sur le plateau de tournage, le principal collaborateur de création du Réalisateur.

En effet, c’est à lui qu’incombe la lourde responsabilité d’éclairer et d’enregistrer sur support pellicule ou mag- nétique les scènes du film pour nous faire voir de belles images techniquement bien faites mais surtout qui rendent l’atmosphère dégagée par les situations du film.

Il doit être doté d’une grande culture générale et artistique mais aussi et surtout de solides compétences techniques photographiques, notamment une bonne connaissance de la lumière, du matériel de prise de vue, du matériel d’éclairage et électrique de tournage.

De ce fait, en plus d’être le « metteur en scène de la lumière » du film, il est capable d’apporter dans la préparation, durant le tournage et la post-production, des options techniques issues de réflexions artistiques sur le scénario qui facilitent ou améliorent le travail du producteur et du réalisateur.

Diplôme Délivré DTS-A (Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur Audiovisuel)/Option « Image »
Débouchés
  • Assistant-Opérateur (Assistant-Cameraman ou Assistant- Cadreur)
  • Opérateur de Prises de Vues (Cameraman ou Cadreur)
  • Directeur de la Photographie
2.3. La Filière « Son »

Le Cinéma, la Télévision, la Radio et les TIC- Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication-(Téléphone Mobile et Internet), constituent l’Audiovisuel en ce qu’ils sont basés sur l’utilisation du Son (Audio…) et de l’Image (…Visuel)

Cependant, le Son a la particularité d’avoir plus que l’image, une certaine autonomie d’utilisation à travers la radio, le téléphone, le disque ou la bande magnétique.

Mais, de toute façon, son importance est capitale dans tous les media.

Les Métiers du Son ne se basent pas seulement sur « l’aptitude à capter le son et à le restituer » de manière brute, mais à la capacité créative d’en faire, seul ou associé à l’image, un composant « vital » de l’œuvre audiovisuelle qui souffrirait si elle en était amputée.

Avc la formidable avancée technologique que con- stitue le Numérique, les Métiers du Son se sont diver- sifiés et sont devenus de plus en plus créatifs, que cela soit dans le domaine du Cinéma, de la Télévision, de la Musique ou du Multimédia.

Ainsi, la formation dans cette Filière « Son» néces- site-t-elle de solides compétences scientifiques et informatiques, en plus d’une bonne culture générale cinématographique pour permettre aux étudiants qui en seront issus, d’avoir une grande polyvalence et une facilité d’insertion dans les Productions et Post pro- duction Cinématographiques, Télévisuelles, Radio- phoniques, Musicales et de Spectacles Vivants et de Multimédia.

Diplôme Délivré DTS-A (Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur Audiovisuel)/Option
Option Son»
Débouchés
  • Ingénieur du Son (Chef Opérateur du Son) pour le Cinéma et la Télévision
  • Monteur Son
  • Illustrateur Sonore
  • Sound Designer
  • Arrangeur Musical
  • Mixeur Musique
  • Sonorisation d spectacles
  • Régisseur Son
  • Spécialiste Multimédia
B. LA FORMATION EN MULTIMEDIA

Conditions d’admission pour obtenir la Licence Pro- fessionnelle en Création Multimédia

  • Diplôme exigé = Bacs+ 2
  • Durée des Etudes Dix (10)
  • Nombre d’Etudiants 15
  • Inscriptions de juillet à octobre de chaque année
  • Début des Cours Novembre de chaque année
  • Durée des Cours de novembre à août + 2 mois de Stage
  • Diplôme Délivré LPM (Licence Professionnelle en Multimédia)

 

C. LA FORMATION EN « JOURNALISME ET REPORTER D’IMAGES » (JRI)
Conditions d’admission

Être journaliste Professionnel et/ou Diplômé d’une Ecole de Journalisme ou de Communication + tests d’entrée

  • Durée des Etudes 4
  • Nombre d’Etudiants 15
D. PROGRAMMES DU DEPARTEMENT AUDIOVISUEL
1.1. PROGRAMME 1ère ANNEE (TRONC COMMUN)

(Chaque Module comprend des Cours Théoriques et des Travaux Pratiques)

Volume Horaire global minimal 600 H

  • Module 1 Culture Artistique (Dessin d’Art, Esthétique de l’Image)
  • Module 2 Histoire de la photographie, du cinéma et de la télévision
  • Module 3 Techniques de la photographie
  • Module 4 Image électronique et technique vidéo Le signal vidéo / Principes d’analyse, de transmission et de reproduction de l’image vidéo NB / la Télévision en Couleur / enregistrement magnétique des images / les formats…
  • Module 5 Le Son Nature du son / les microphones / les enregistreurs, mélangeurs analogiques et numériques / Générateurs d’Effets Sonores / Prise de son au Tournage / la prise de son Studio…
  • Module 6 Sémiologie et Pratique Audiovisuelle Sémiologie la Structure Dramatique du Récit / Etapes de l’élaboration du Scénario / Le Langage Cinématographique. MPratique Audiovisuelle Manipulation des appareils de Prises de Vues et de Son / Le Découpage Technique / La Préparation du Tournage / Le Tournage du Film
  • Module 7 Montage Le Montage Linéaire / le Montage Non Linéaire ou Virtuel / Montage sur Adobe Première du Film réalisé au Module 6.
  • Module 8 InformatiqueBureautique Word / Excel / Power Point / Photoshop /Logiciels Professionnels Photoshop/ Story-boarding / Logiciel de Montage Photo/ Logiciel de Montage Vidéo/ Logiciel de Préparation (Organisation et Budgétisation du Tournage)
  • Module 9 Anglais Professionnel
  • Module 10 Environnement économique et juridique
  • Droit de L’Audiovisuel
  • Droits d’Auteurs
1.2. PROGRAMME 2EME ANNEE « REALISATION ET MONTAGE » (Chaque Module comprend des Cours Théoriques et des Travaux Pratiques)

Volume Horaire global minimal 600 H

  • Module 1 Analyse et Critique de Film
  • Module 2 Ecriture de Scénario de Film Documentaire
    Projet 1 Réalisation d’un Film Court métrage Documentaire
  • Module 3 La Régie de Télévision et Réalisation en Multi caméras
    Projet 2 Préparation et Tournage d’un Spectacle Vivant (Show musical ou Pièce théâtrale) Projet 3 Préparation et Tournage d’un Débat Télévisé
  • Module 4 Ecriture de scénario de fiction (- Film unitaire – Série Télévisée)
    Projet 4 Conception et Réalisation d’un Film de Fiction
  • Module 5 Montage
  • Module 6 Informatique
    Outils Informatiques d’Ecriture de Scénario / Story- board / Préparation et Gestion de la Production
  • Module 7 Environnement économique et juridique Droit de L’Audiovisuel
    Droits d’Auteurs
  • Module 8 Anglais Professionnel
  • Module 9 stage de 02 (deux) mois en entreprise ou conception – préparation – tournage et post- production d’un téléfilm long métrage fiction
1.3. PROGRAMME 2ème ANNEE « IMAGE »

Volume Horaire global minimal 600 H

  • Module 1 Histoire de l’art et esthétique de l’image
  • Module 2 Sciences physiques appliquées au cinéma et à la télévision
  • Module 3 Technologie des cameras (cinéma et télévision)
  • Module 4 Techniques d’éclairage en cinéma et télévision
  • Module 5 Machinerie et techniques de tournage
  • Module 6 Préparation de tournage
  • Module 7 Informatique
  • Module 8 Anglais professionnel
  • Module 9 stage de 02 (deux) mois en entreprise ou tournage et post-production d’un téléfilm long-métrage fiction comme directeur de la photographie-cameraman
    Projets communs à toutes les 2eme années
    Projet 1 Réalisation d’un Film Court métrage Documentaire
    Projet 2 Préparation et Tournage d’un Spectacle Vivant (Show musical ou Pièce théâtrale)
    Projet 3 Préparation et Tournage d’un Débat Télévisé
    Projet 4 Conception et Réalisation d’un Film de Fiction
1.4• PROGRAMME 2èmeANNEE « SON »

Volume Horaire global minimal 600 H

  • Module 1 Histoire de la musique
  • Module 2 Sciences physiques appliquées au cinéma et à la télévision
  • Module 3 Technologie des appareils de prise de son au cinéma, en télévision et
  • Module 4 Techniques de réalisation sonore radio
  • Module 5 Techniques de prises de son en tournage de film
  • Module 6 Techniques d’enregistrement, de reproduction de musique et post-production au cinéma et en télévision
  • Module 7 Informatique
  • Module 8 Anglais professionnel
  • Module 9 Stage de 02 (deux) mois en entreprise (Télévision, Studio de Musique) ou tournage et post-production d’un téléfilm long-métrage fiction
    Projets Communs à toutes les 2eme Années
    Projet 1 Réalisation d’un Film Court métrage Documentaire
    Projet 2 Préparation et Tournage d’un Spectacle Vivant (Show musical ou Pièce théâtrale)
    Projet 3 Préparation et Tournage d’un Débat Télévisé
    Projet 4 Conception et Réalisation d’un Film de Fiction

 

LE MEDIA CENTRE DE DAKAR

Depuis 1997 le Média Centre de Dakar accorde une importance particulière à la situation des jeunes et aux problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés. Il s’investit dans l’action pour le renforcement de leurs capacités à agir dans le processus de développement économique, social et culturel. Par les Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (NTIC), le Média Centre de Dakar veut contribuer au développe- ment de la communication sociale pour le changement et l’émergence d’une société civile dynamique ainsi que pour la promotion des valeurs citoyennes et culturelles.

Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de son programme, le Media Centre de Dakar, une structure de formation aux métiers de l’audiovisuel et de la communication so- ciale formait douze jeunes (six filles et six garçons) pour leur donner une formation théorique et pratique. Cette formation est ouverte aux Sénégalais et aux jeunes de la sous région titulaires du Baccalauréat ou au moins du niveau du BAC ou d’un diplôme équivalent, et sélec- tionnés à l’issue d’un concours d’entrée. L’objectif du Media Centre est de faire de ses stagiaires des média- teurs sociaux, capables d’appréhender les problèmes de leur société, de les aborder à l’aide de la vidéo numéri- que et de susciter un débat autour de ces questions. La formation d’une durée de dix mois est couronnée par la réalisation d’un court ou d’un moyen métrage, de fic- tion ou documentaire.

Après huit (8) ans, plus d’une centaine de jeunes filles et garçons ont reçu gratuitement une formation professionnelle aux métiers de l’audiovisuel et ont eu l’occasion de réaliser un premier film. La plupart d’entre eux ont aujourd’hui entrepris une carrière dans les métiers du son et de l’image, en tant que réalisateurs ou techniciens; le plus souvent dans des chaines de télévisions publiques ou privées, au Sénégal ou dans la sous région. Depuis 2005, la formation est devenue payante car ne recevant plus de soutien financier venant de la Norvège. Nous avons alors réduit la durée de la formation de dix (10) à six (06) mois en formation initiale.

L’ambition du Media Centre est de pouvoir se dével- opper dans un premier temps à l’aide de partenaires extérieurs, pour devenir un pôle d’excellence, tant en matière de formation que de production. C’est ainsi que s’est créée au sein du Media Centre une structure de production visant à produire des films initiés par de jeunes réalisateurs sénégalais et africains et à co- produire des projets avec des professionnels indépen- dants et des producteurs privées.

Le Média Centre a mené diverses activités portant sur
  1. La promotion des droits des femmes et des enfants
  • Production d’images alternatives portant sur des thèmes divers et pertinents notamment la violence conjugale, le travail des enfants, l’abus sexuel sur les enfants, les talibés et enfants de la rue, les conditions des femmes détenues en prison, pour ne citer que ceux là.
  • Projet « Handifemnet » et espace télétravail dans le cadre de l’insertion socio professionnelle des personnes vivant avec un handicap
  1. Une politique genre
  • Recrutement paritaire et formation gratuite de jeunes filles et garçons
  • Formation initiale à la réalisation de films documentaires en collaboration avec les organisations féminines en décembre 2003
  • Séminaire sur « visions de femmes » en 2003, lors de la 5e édition du Festival du Film de Quartier
  1. La diffusion et la circulation des images auprès des communautés
  • Le Festival du Film de Quartier – Sénégal
  • Les Films Voyageurs

Organisé par le Media Centre de Dakar, le Festival du Film de Quartier se déroule chaque année dans divers quartiers de la capitale sénégalaise. Malheureusement son organisation pose problème faute de moyens.

Cette manifestation est née en 1999 de la nécessité de diffuser les films des étudiants formés par le Media Centre auprès des publics dont ils sont issus. Les films projetés lors de chacune de ses éditions, ont été le plus souvent réalisés avec la collaboration des habitants des différents quartiers de Dakar qui offrent leurs maisons comme décor et participent aux tournages comme personnages.

Y sont projetés les films réalisés par les étudiants du Media Centre mais aussi d’autres œuvres de cinéastes sénégalais indépendants. Tourné essentiellement vers les premiers films d’écoles et d’ateliers; ce festival est devenu une manifestation de référence en Afrique occidentale.

A cause des difficultés financières rencontrées depuis 2004 le Média Centre a du mal à respecter son pro- gramme « Films Voyageurs » qui lui permet d’organiser des projections dans les régions intérieures du Sénégal.

MEDIA CENTRE FORMATIONS
FORMATION AUX METIERS DE L’AUDIOVISUEL ET DE LA COMMUNICATION SOCIALE

 

SESSION DE FORMATION INITIALE 2013
  1. PROGRAMME DE FORMATION INITIALE EN REALISATION DE FILM ETVIDEO DE COMMUNICATION SOCIALE

1.1 Description des groupes cibles

Le programme s’adresse à toute personne porteuse de projets de commu- nication sociale pour le changement d’attitude et de comportement et désireux d’acquérir une méthode de recherche et de travail d’écriture de scénario sur le plan méthodologique et formel en vue de la réalisation de supports vidéo numériques.

1.2 Objectifs immédiats

  • Mettre en œuvre un module intégré Planification participative, communication sociale et réalisation de support vidéo.
  • Donner aux acteurs de développement, les outils nécessaires pour acquérir des méthodes de travail d’écriture et de développement d’un projet de film (documentaire) sur le plan méthodologique et

Contribuer au renforcement des capacités des jeunes en planification et gestion de projets de communication pour le développement, par la vidéo numérique.

1.3 Objectifs de développement

Créer les conditions d’un partenariat et d’un dialogue constant et démocratique entre les jeunes réalisateurs, les populations et les décideurs autour des recherches de solution aux problèmes de développement communautaire et local.

1.4 PROGRAMME

Module 1 THEORIE ET HISTOIRE

  • Introduction générale aux études du développement (rôle et place des organisations de la société civile dans le développement durable
  • Introduction générale à la Communication

Objectifs pédagogiques

  • Comprendre les concepts théoriques
  • Comprendre les enjeux de la communication
  • Comprendre les fondements de la communication sociale
  • Faire la différence entre la communication sociale et les autres formes de communication

Programme

  • Processus de communication
  • Obstacles à la communication
  • Champs d’application de la communication
  • Enjeux de la communication dans le monde
  • Genèse de la communication sociale
  • Spécificités de la communication sociale
  • Rôle légitimité et acteurs de la communication sociale

Méthodes Pédagogiques

Alternance théorie / pratique

Supports pédagogiques

Spots, extraits de documentaires, affiches etc..

Formateurs (2)

Spécialistes de la communication, de l’IEC.

Nombre de participants 20

Durée 9 mois

ETUDE THEORIQUE DES DIFFERENTS COURANTS ARTISTIQUES

  1. Etude détaillée des arts visuels

Les icônes, le portrait, la peinture, l’architecture, l’art photographique, utilisation de la lumière, de la couleur; la perspective etc.

  1. Histoire du cinéma international
    1. Analyse de films
    2. Visionnage de films
    3. Genres de films

Module 2 Initiation à la micro-informatique

Ce module permet d’acquérir les connaissances néces- saires pour une parfaite utilisation de l’ordinateur notamment le traitement de texte.

Programme

  • Les Composantes de l’ordinateur
  • Créer et travailler sur un document
  • Comptabilité et finance sur un ordinateur

Module 3 – Communication sociale Planification participative de projet de Communication sociale

Il s’agit d’initier les étudiants aux méthodologies et outils de recherche et de planification participative en vue de l’élaboration d’une stratégie de communication sociale.

Programme

  • Approche méthodologique
  • Connaissance du milieu
  • Les outils de collecte
  • Les outils d’analyse
  • Catégorisation socio-économique
  • Planification d’une MAR
  • Analyse des problèmes
  • Analyse des opportunités
  • Élaboration de Projet de communication sociale

Module 4 – FORMATION AUDIOVISUELLE POLYVALENTE

Objectifs pédagogiques

Concevoir et réaliser un sujet de type reportage, maga- zine ou documentaire et fiction.

Programme

  • Étude du langage audiovisuel contenu informatif et esthétique des images et des
  • Élaboration de la narration audiovisuelle le temps du plan, le raccord des plans, l’interaction image / son, l’articulation des séquences, .
  • Bases techniques vidéo, audio et technologies de la chaîne de production vidéo, réglages techniques des
  • Entraînements en sous groupes
  • A la prise de vues
  • A la prise de sons
  • A la mise en œuvre d’un éclairage d’appoint
  • Au montage
  • Points de repères sur la gestion et l’organisation de la
  • Réalisation en équipes de sujets par les

Méthodes pédagogiques

  • Cette formation comporte majoritairement des activités
  • Le cours se déroule sous forme de travaux dirigés à complexité croissante, dans les différents domaines de la production audiovisuelle. Les participants réaliseront des sujets de fin

Matériels utilisés

  • Ensembles de prises de vues, matériels d’éclairage.
  • Stations de montages
  • Cellules de post production

Ateliers

  • Expression visuelle
  • Psychologie sociale
  • Marketing social
  • Photographie
  • Écritures documentaires

STAGE 2. REALISER UN DOCUMENTAIRE EN DV

La caméra DV comme outil pour une approche docu- mentaire.

Objectifs pédagogiques

  • Reconnaître à travers des exemples de l’histoire du documentaire les différentes pratiques du cinéma direct et du documentaire de création.
  • Mettre l’accent sur la présentation et la structure d’un projet dans le lien entre l’écrit et l’image.
  • Mesurer l’adéquation entre les outils numériques et la démarche
  • Prendre en compte l’enjeu sonore jusqu’à la phase du
  • Finaliser un court document sous la forme d’un “croquis documentaire”.

Formateurs

Ce cours est animé par des professionnels de l’audiovisuel réalisateurs de documentaire, chefs opéra- teurs de prise de vues et de prise de son, monteurs.

Contenu

  • Les règles de la conception dans le passage de l’idée au
  • La notion du point de vue et du
  • La construction au tournage avec la caméra
  • Sensibilisation au son, notion de prise de
  • La pratique de l’entretien dans le rapport sujet caméra.
  • Le montage avec
  • Les règles propres au montage documentaire – à partir de documents de référence – ou d’exercices filmés par les étudiants.

Méthode pédagogique

  • Le cours est basé sur une progression d’exercices pratiques tenue de la caméra DV, prise de son, montage numérique.
  • Les “croquis” documentaires seront réalisés par groupes de
  • Afin de favoriser l’échange sur le fond, la forme et la

Matériel utilisé

Caméras DV et accessoires son (perche et micro). Unités de montage Avid.

Nombre de participants 10 Durée 3 mois + STAGE 

STAGE 3 INITIATION A LA PRISE DE VUES VIDEO

Objectifs pédagogiques

Acquérir des compétences dans les techniques de prise de vues en vidéo.

Contenu pédagogique

Maîtriser la mise en œuvre d’un caméscope

  • Bases de la vidéo; le signal, l’enregistrement magnétique
  • Technologies et mise en œuvre des matériels (caméscopes, moniteurs, batteries, pieds …)
  • Réglages techniques des matériels (balance des blancs et des noirs, niveau de noir, gain, tirage optique, mise au point, diaphragme)

Filmer en tenant compte des différents paramètres entrant en jeu dans la composition du plan (sens et esthétique)

  • Règles de composition des images (perspective, masse, couleur, lumière)
  • Relation entre valeur de plan et axes de prises de vues; entre focales utilisées et profondeur de champ
  • Langage de l’image (découpage, raccords,…)

Travaux pratiques

  • Cadre fixe, raccords
  • Mouvements de caméra panoramique, zoom, travelling
  • Continuité image
  • Cadre et mouvement de caméra en situation de tournage

Méthodes pédagogiques

  • Cours théoriques
  • Analyse d’images
  • Enregistrement et analyse des exercices
  • Constitution de groupes de 2 ou 3 personnes

Matériel utilisé

  • Salle de cours
  • Ensemble de visionnage
  • Caméscopes numériques, matériel d’éclairage
  • Salles de montage

Nombre de participants 10 Durée 1 mois + 15 jours de stage

STAGE 4 INITIATION A LA PRISE DE SON ET AU MIXAGE

Programme GENERALITES

Présentation du métier

Parmi les 5 sens l’audition Sortie écoute

Ressentir et exprimer Échanges

Écoute comparative oreilles/micros

Le son et l’image

Captation sonore en TV /Cinéma Le travail en équipe

“Vendre” le son Mise en situation

ITV / FICTION

L’image et la lumière Types de micros Notion de stéréo Câblage des micros Mise en situation

ITV / FICTION

Application des notions abordées Synchronisation image et son Les différents niveaux audio Notion de bande passante

Les systèmes de mixage en reportage Les magnétophones

Sons d’ambiance

Enregistrements sur différents supports Plusieurs groupes

Écoute et échanges

Protection du matériel Maintenance de base

Prise de son Intérieur / Extérieur

Évaluations

Nombre de participants 10 Durée 1 mois + 15 jours de stage

 

STAGE 5 FORMATION AUDIOVISUELLE POLYVALENTE

Objectifs pédagogiques

Concevoir et réaliser un sujet de type reportage, maga- zine ou documentaire et.

Programme

  • Étude du langage audiovisuel contenu informatif et esthétique des images et des
  • Élaboration de la narration audiovisuelle le temps du plan, le raccord des plans, l’interaction image / son, l’articulation des séquences, .
  • Bases techniques vidéo, audio et technologies de la chaîne de production vidéo, réglages techniques des
  • Entraînements en sous groupes
  • A la prise de vues
  • A la prise de sons
  • A la mise en œuvre d’un éclairage d’appoint
  • Au montage
  • Points de repères sur la gestion et l’organisation de la
  • Réalisation en équipes de sujets par les

Méthodes pédagogiques

  • Cette formation comporte majoritairement des activités
  • Le cours se déroule sous forme de travaux dirigés à complexité croissante, dans les différents domaines de la production audiovisuelle. Les participants réaliseront des sujets de fin

Matériels utilisés

  • Ensembles de prises de vues, matériels d’éclairage.
  • Stations de montages
  • Cellules de post production

Nombre de participants 12 Durée 4 mois + 15 jours de stage

  

STAGE 6 ECRITURES DOCUMENTAIRES

Objectifs pédagogiques

  • Définir les traits spécifiques de la narration
  • Analyser les modes de passage de l’idée au sujet, des thèmes au récit.
  • Acquérir des méthodes de travail d’écriture sur le plan méthodologique et

Formateurs

Réalisateurs – Documentaristes

Programme

  • Historique du film documentaire
  • Analyse comparative d’extraits de documentaires de création et de sujets de magazine la rhétorique de l’objectivité, la question du
  • Perception première de la réalité, décrire le visuel et son organisation
  • La narration documentaire, l’accroche, l’exposition du thème principal, les fils conducteurs, la structure narrative, la continuité scénariste, la relation réel /
  • Le scénario documentaire, question de style et de présentation, intelligibilité du Enjeu, histoire et contexte, démarche, mode de traitement dans le choix et les partis pris, exemple concret mis à l’épreuve.
  • Le commentaire, le texte à la première
  • La question de l’entretien et de sa mise en scène, le rapport sujet / caméra
  • Critique de films réalisés par les stagiaires
  • Exercices sur les thèmes.

Méthodes pédagogiques

  • Atelier essentiellement orienté sur la pratique, travail en groupes
  • Participants en situation de réalisateurs à la fin de l’atelie

Matériel utilisé

  • Ensemble des reportages professionnels
  • Films documentaires
  • Unités de montage et post-production

Nombre de participants 10 Durée 1 mois

 

STAGE 7 MONTAGE VIRTUEL

Objectifs pédagogiques

  • Acquérir des concepts de base du montage virtuel
  • Maîtriser la pratique du montage du montage numérique sur Avid

Formateurs

Chefs monteurs

Contenu

  • Généralités la chaîne de production off-line / on- line, les systèmes virtuels, l’ordinateur
  • Présentation du système, l’application Avid Xpress DV
  • Création d’un projet, dérushage, et organisation du matériel, numérisation
  • Démarrage d’un montage, les outils de montage, modification des raccords
  • Fonctions spécifiques du montage son calage, réglage des niveaux, pré-mixage
  • Les effets
  • Montage multicaméra
  • Création de la liste de montage
  • La conformation
  • Sortie bande
  • Sauvegardes

Méthodes pédagogiques

  • Apprentissage complet de la machine à l’aide d’exercices évolutifs qui permettront de parcourir l’ensemble des fonctions nécessaires au montage et à la finition des
  • Montage de sujets

Matériel utilisé

  • Salle de cours
  • Stations Avid

Nombre de participants 10 Durée 1 mois + 15 jours de stage

 

INFORMATIONS 

CENTRE CULTUREL REGIONAL DE DAKAR CENTRE CULTUREL BLAISE SENGHOR (CCBS)

Le centre culturel Blaise Senghor (CCBS) de Dakar est une structure décentralisée du Ministère de la Culture et du Patrimoine historique classé, chargée de l’exécution de la politique culturelle de l’Etat, à vocation régionale.

CONTACTS BP

7001 Dakar – Médina Directeur Papa Baba NDIAYE Tél / Fax (+221) 824 98 39

PRESENTATION DU CENTRE CULTUREL BLAISE SENGHOR

Ministère de la Culture

Conseil régional de Dakar Gouvernance de Dakar

Centre culturel Blaise Senghor Service régional

SPECIFICITE DE LA REGION

Le CCBS est créé en 1976. Il est situé au 6, boule- vard Dial Diop, entre les quartiers de Fass, Colobane, Grand Dakar, Ouagou Niaye, de la zone A et B. Le Centre culturel Blaise Senghor est implanté au cœur de la capitale du Sénégal, Dakar, qui regroupe en son sein des entités culturelles diversifiées. Un tiers de la population du pays vit à Dakar. Toutes les ethnies y sont représentées. La capitale regroupe le plus grand nombre de professionnels de la culture, dans le secteur de la danse, de la musique, de la peinture, etc.

Le programme culturel régional est divisé en 4 phases. Chaque trimestre, un programme est élaboré, tenant compte de l’expression des besoins des artistes, des acteurs culturels et des populations.

LES RESSOURCES MATERIELLES
La bibliothèque

Le Centre culturel Blaise Senghor dispose d’une bib- liothèque qui possède 12.700 ouvrages.

Elle est divisée en deux secteurs
  • le secteur enfants qui regroupe des ouvrages composés d’albums, de contes, des bandes dessinées, des documentaires, du théâtre, de la poésie, des revues notamment planète-jeunes et planètes-enfants.
  • le secteur adulte qui regroupe les ouvrages généraux, de philosophie, de religion, de littérature, de géographie, d’histoire, des collections, des romains de conte, de poésie et de théâtre;
L’unité audiovisuelle

Le Centre possède une unité audiovisuelle qui est com- posée d’une cabine de montage, qui comprend:

  • la configuration qui supporte les appareils
  • une table de montage
  • 3 moniteurs et 1 quatrième enregistreur
  • une partie d’effets et une partie son
  • l’éditeur qui sert à faire le montage
  • 2 unités de caméra bétacam
  • des pieds

L’unité audiovisuelle sert à aider les artistes notamment les talents nouveaux, à monter des clips vidéo. Elle con- tribue à la visibilité culturelle au niveau national. Elle a eu à faire des documentaires sur les journées culturelles de Sédhiou, sur la musique traditionnelle telle que le “taxuraan”, sur le Festival des Minorités de Kédougou, sur les danses “djalonké”, “bédik”, “boudik”. Elle utilise un matériel analogique qui est en place depuis 1999, don de la coopération japonaise.

Le Studio de Répétitions

Le Centre culturel Blaise Senghor dispose aussi d’un studio de répétition qui n’a pas les possibilités d’enregistrer. Le matériel est composé:

  • d’une table de mixage de 16 pistes
  • d’un amplificateur de 300 watts
  • de deux enceintes
  • de deux hauts-parleurs de 38 cm
  • d’une batterie
  • de 3 micros

Le studio a soutenu des artistes musiciens, devenus célèbres aujourd’hui au Sénégal dans leur carrière mu- sicale tels que Alioune Mbaye NDER, Marie Ngoné DIONE, Tidiane Dieuf DIEUL, le groupe CEDDO des HLM, des groupes de rap etc. Le plus souvent, pour aider les musiciens dans leurs séances de répétition, le centre ne demande qu’une somme forfaitaire pour le défraiement du technicien son.

La Salle d’Imprimerie

Le C.C.B.S. possède une salle d’imprimerie qui dispose d’une machine de marque gestener 354. La salle est gérée par un imprimeur de formation assisté de 3 aides. L’imprimeur travaille en partenariat avec le Centre culturel. L’imprimerie produit des affiches, des jackets de cassettes, etc.

LES RESSOURCES HUMAINES DU CENTRE CULTUREL REGIONAL

Le personnel du CCBS se compose de 25 agents répartis comme suit:

  • 6 fonctionnaires
  • 14 contractuels
  • 4 stagiaires
  • 2 bénévoles.
LES INFRASTRUCTURES

Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor comporte en son sein un certain nombre d’infrastructures dont un jardin, deux podiums extérieurs, une cour intérieure, une salle de spectacle d’une capacité de 300 spectateurs, et un patio. Tous ces locaux abritent des spectacles de musique, de danse, de théâtre ou servent de lieux de répétitions aux différents ballets affiliés au C.C.B.S. et aux compagnies de théâtre. Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor possède aussi une salle d’exposition réservée essentiellement aux artistes plasticiens.

Les locaux du C.C.B.S. se répartissent comme suit 14 bureaux, 3 débarras, 1 chambre de gardien, 5 toilettes. A cela s’ajoutent une cour d’entrée et une arrière cour.

Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor compte aussi un restaurant dénommé espace Demba Ndiaye. Le per- sonnel du restaurant se compose d’une cuisinière, d’un serveur, et d’un caissier. Ce personnel peut être renforcé en cas de forte demande.

Cyberpop/Bombolong

Le Centre culturel Blaise Senghor abrite en son sein les bureaux de l’Ecopole de Dakar qui y occupent 3 salles. C’est un projet d’Enda Tiers Monde, avec un programme dénommé enda cyber POP. L’Écopole y est implanté depuis 1998. Le Cyberpop/Bombolong est né d’un partenariat entre l’Organisation non gouvernementale Environnement et Développement du Tiers monde (Enda Tiers Monde) et le Centre de Recherche pour le Développement international Canada (CRDI/ Canada) dans le cadre de l’initiative acacia « Commu- nautés et Sociétés de l’information en Afrique ».

Cyberpop/Bombolong est un programme d’appui aux dynamiques populaires qui vise:
  • l’accès universel aux savoirs et à l’information pour tous et toutes la démocratisation de l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) en les intégrant dans le tissu social sans oublier les populations les plus défavorisées
  • la valorisation des ressources de l’économie populaire par l’utilisation des supports multimédia pour rendre visibles les innovations sociales et techniques des groupes de base
  • la collecte et l’exploitation d’information pour la production de contenus endogènes sur les stratégies alternatives de lutte contre la pauvreté, pour un développement
Les objectifs sont les suivants:
  • décroissement des initiatives populaires pour un changement d’échelle des activités et des innovations sociales, culturelles et techniques
  • renforcement des capacités stratégiques et opérationnelles des organisations populaires pour négocier et faire valoir leurs visions et leurs actions dans le développement durable par la lutte contre la pauvreté.
Association FEST’ART

Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor abrite aussi le bu- reau de l’association FEST’ART.

Créée en janvier 2000 dans le souci d’impulser une nouvelle dynamique au théâtre sénégalais, l’association culturelle FEST’ART est un centre de création et de diffusion artistique. Elle regroupe en son sein d’éminents hommes de théâtre, issus de diverses com- pagnies et institutions aux fins de gérer des organisa- tions d’intérêt commun.

L’association a pour but de contribuer au développement du théâtre sénégalais. Le bureau exécutif est constitué de 6 membres et le conseil artistique de 8 membres.

Les orientations concernent les domaines suivants:
  • théâtre
  • diversité (promouvoir toutes les formes de théâtre)
  • professionnalisme
  • formation (acteurs, public, administration).
Les objectifs globaux visent à:
  • contribuer à la redynamisation du théâtre
  • élever dans les esprits des hommes les défenses de la paix par le théâtre.
Les objectifs spécifiques se résument à:
  • faciliter des rencontres entre porteurs de projets, acteurs, bailleurs, pour favoriser une expertise, une mise en réseau d’initiatives, une recherche de partenaires et toutes autres démarches susceptibles d’impulser une dynamique et un développement des projets
  • faciliter l’échange par la circulation des œuvres et des professionnels du théâtre, des connaissances, des découvertes et du travail en commun
  • participer à la formation des acteurs culturels des masses populaires à différentes formes de langages théâtraux
  • permettre au public si friand de représentations théâtrales de ne pas rester dans une ignorance totale de l’évolution de la vie théâtrale dans le monde
  • permettre aux décideurs d’étendre leur champ de vision et de cerner les vrais problèmes du théâtre
  • favoriser l’intégration des peuples,

De façon générale les locaux du Centre Culturel Régional sont propres et bien entretenus. Les locaux de grande capacité sont la salle de spectacle qui peut contenir jusqu’à 300 personnes, la bibliothèque qui possède 12.700 ouvrages, la salle d’exposition d’une capacité de 200 personnes, la cour intérieure de même capacité. Les deux podiums extérieurs peu- vent contenir chacun 1000 personnes. La patio a une capacité de 50 à 60 places assises et est surtout utilisé pour les séances dénommées « les rendez-vous de Blaise Senghor » ou « JATAAYU Blaise » organisés le plus souvent les vendredis et qui permettent aux troupes folkloriques d’avoir une première prestation scénique au Centre Culturel.

LES SERVICES ET PRODUITS CULTURELS PROPOSES PAR LE CCR
Les services culturels proposés par le Centre Culturel

Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor propose un certain nombre de services culturels à son public et à ses popu- lations ciblés.

  • C’est ainsi que les musiciens émergents peuvent utiliser le studio de répétition pour préparer leurs spectacles contre une contribution symbolique de 1.000 FCFA/heure.
  • Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor offre la possibilité à sa clientèle de filmer ses manifestations, de réaliser des documentaires et clips grâce à son unité audiovisuelle à des prix promotionnels.
  • Les élèves des lycées et collèges de Dakar et de la banlieue peuvent s’abonner à sa bibliothèque qui comporte 700 ouvrages se rapportant à divers domaines de la science, de la littérature, etc.
  • Le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor loue souvent ses espaces pour la clientèle qui veut organiser des séminaires, des conférences, des spectacles à entrée Mais aussi aux particuliers qui veulent organiser des soirées dansantes, etc.
  • Le Centre Culturel régional établit des accords de partenariat avec les artistes pour co-organiser des festivals tels que le “fest’art”, “kaay fecc”,
  • L’espace restaurant du Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor propose des menus diversifiés et à des prix abordables, une cuisine de qualité gérée par des
Les produits culturels proposés par le Centre Culturel Régional

Dans le but de mieux faire connaître ses activités, le Centre Culturel Blaise Senghor établit chaque trimes- tre un programme d’activités destiné à ses partenaires et à ses usagers.

L’agenda est très diversifié, il comprend
  • des spectacles pour enfants
  • du folklore notamment les rendez-vous du vendredi après-midi à Blaise Senghor autrement appelés « JATAAY BLAISE »
  • de la musique avec des concerts à entrée gratuite
  • des conférences avec les lycées et collèges environnants
  • l’organisation de journées internationales comme celles de la danse et du théâtre
  • des expositions d’art plastique
  • des séances de contre
  • des projections de
LES REALISATIONS RECENTES DU CCR
  • le projet d’animation audio-visuelle avec les S.C. des quartiers environnants (Fass, Diecko, Fann…). L’objectif du projet vise à décentraliser les activités du C.C.R. et de disposer de relais culturels dans les quartiers
  • l’élaboration d’un calendrier de répétition pour les ballets affiliés au C.R qui assure également l’accompagnement des initiatives privées des différentes journées mondiales, notamment avec les Fest’Art, “Kaay Fecc”, Banlieue Rythme, etc.
CONTACTS DES DIRECTEURS DE CENTRES CULTURELS REGIONAUX DU SENEGAL
  1. Dakar Baba NDIAYE Tél 77 634 73 40 Email [email protected]
  2. Thiès Ibou SENE 77 421 71 37 / 77 948 23 32 Email [email protected]
  3. Kaolack Ndeye SAGNE tel 77 552 67 89 / [email protected]
  4. Fatick Sira BA tél 77 657 35 92 /[email protected]
  5. Matam NdeyeNgor NIANG tél 77 566 65 80/ [email protected]
  6. Saint-Louis tél Aloyse DIOUF 77 794 53 91 / [email protected]
  7. Kolda Omar BADIANE tél 77 540 37 46/ [email protected]
  8. Tambacounda Aissatou BODIAN tél AissatouBODIAN/[email protected]
  9. Diourbel Ibrahima NGOM Tél 77 522 08 40/ Email [email protected]
  10. Ziguinchor Abdoulaye BA/ tél 77 351 42 01 / Email [email protected]
  11. Louga Oumar Ben Khatape DANFAKHA Tél 77 556 78 01/ [email protected]
  12. Sédhiou AliouKéba BADIANE Tél 77 557 33 02/Email [email protected]
  13. Kaffrine NgakaneGning DIOUF/Tél 77 651 50 70 Email [email protected]
  14. Kédougou Bba KONATE Tél 77 711 60 90 Email [email protected]
DIRECTION DE LA CINEMATOGRAPHIE
Missions
  • Mettre en place le régime desactivités cinématographiques (cadre législatif et réglementaire)
  • Elaborer et exécuter un programme de réalisation d’infrastructures et d’équipements techniques destinés à appuyer la promotion de la production cinématographique et audiovisuelle
  • Assurer la tutelle technique des entreprises parapubliques exerçant dans le domaine du cinéma
  • Préparer les projets d’accords de coopération cinématographiques entre le Sénégal et les autres pays
  • Dresser les statistiques en matière de production, de distribution et d’exploitation cinématographiques
  • Instruire les demandes d’autorisation de tournage de films et documents audiovisuels sur le territoire national
  • Elaborer un plan pluriannuel de formation dans les métiers du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel
  • Mettre en place et animer la commission de contrôle des films cinématographiques et audiovisuels
  • Examiner les demandes d’octroi de bourses de formation et de perfectionnement dans les métiers du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel; veiller au respect de la réglementation relative à l’exercice des métiers de la cinématographie et de l’audiovisuel
  • Organiser la diffusion du film cinématographique et audiovisuel à des fins culturelles et non lucratives par divers supports dont notamment les ciné-bus
  • Examiner les demandes d’autorisation de projection de films organisée par des particuliers à des fins d’animation culturelle
  • Etudier les demandes d’implantation de salles de cinéma et d’exploitation de cinéma ambulant sur le territoire national
  • Préparer et organiser les “journées” ou “semaines” du film sénégalais à l’étranger et des films étrangers au Sénégal
  • Apporter un suivi à l’exécution des accords de coopération cinématographique conclu entre le Sénégal et les autres pays
  • Réaliser des films de documents audiovisuels d’information, de sensibilisation, de formation et de vulgarisation sur divers sujets relatifs notamment à la culture, au tourisme et aux loisirs
  • Constituer et conserver un patrimoine filmique comprenant notamment les réalisations filmiques et audiovisuelles sénégalaises et également les œuvres significatives de la cinématographie africaine et internationale
  • Acquérir les droits non commerciaux des films et documents audiovisuels dont elle assure la diffusion à des fins non lucratives et pour les besoins d’animation culturelle, de formation et de sensibilisation
  • Acquérir toute publication et document relatifs au cinéma et à l’audiovisuel
  • Gérer les archives filmiques des “actualités sénégalaises”
  • Mettre en place un centre de conservation des films comprenant une salle de projection multifonctionnelle, dotée d’un espace d’exploitation capable de recevoir un marché de films, des programmes T.V., un musée du cinéma, une banque de données informatisées sur le cinéma
  • Instruire toutes questions liées à la gestion du Fonds de Promotion de l’Industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle (aide à la production, à la distribution, à la création, à la modernisation de salles …)
  • Contrôler la tenue de la billetterie nationale de la cinématographie
  • Tenir le registre public de la cinématographie et de l’audiovisuel
  • Gérer le dépôt légal de la cinématographie et de l’audiovisuel
  • Organiser les Rencontres cinématographiques de Dakar (RECIDAK)
  • Mettre en place et coordonner les activités du Comité sénégalais de Sélection des Films et des Projets liés à l’industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle
  • Elaborer et exécuter un programme national d’animation cinématographique.

 

DISTRIBUTION

FONDS DE PROMOTION CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE

Ce fonds est une structure prévue par la loi n° 2002- 18 du 15 avril 2002 portant règles d’organisation des activités de production, d’exploitation et de promotion cinématographiques et audiovisuelles.

Tenant compte de l’importance du secteur de l’audiovisuel dans la communication, la formation et la culture, le gouvernement de la République a pris des initiatives et mis en place ce mécanisme qui est une opportunité pour soutenir et autofinancer les activités de l’industrie cinématographique par la modernisation des structures et équipements techniques.

Ce fonds permet à l’Etat d’apporter un concours finan- cier conséquent pour la production, la coproduction, la promotion du cinéma national et aidera les associations de cinéastes et de l’audiovisuel par la formation.

Les bénéficiaires de ce fonds sont les entreprises de production, post-production, de distribution, de forma- tion et de promotion de cinéma et de l’audiovisuel.

Un comité de gestion présidé par le Directeur de la Cinématographie et des membres nommés par arrêté.

 

SOON S.A., AfricaCultureTechnologies (ACT) et nos partenaires

Le projet mobiCINE a débuté le 1er août 2009, à l’initiative de la société française IDmage (Paris), mai- son mère de SOON S.A. (Sénégal), en partenariat avec Studio Sankara (Sénégal) et Sarama Films (Mali)

  • avec l’appui du Groupe des Etats Afrique Caraïbe Pacifique,
  • sur financement de l’Union européenne, de la France, de la Coopération Suisse au Mali, et des fondations hollandaises Doen, Jan Vrijman et Hubert
  • avec le soutien des Ministères de la Culture et de l’Education du Mali et du Sénégal, (en particulier Direction du cinéma du Sénégal et Centre national du cinéma malien -CNCM) et des Villes de Dakar et

mobiCINE Education est un programme à but non lucratif de SOON S.A. (Sénégal), en partenariat avec Sarama Films (Mali).

SOON S.A. est une société anonyme de droit sénégalais dont les actionnaires sont

  • Enrico CHIESA, 47 ans; diplômé HEC Paris; ancien dirigeant du circuit Bac Majestic (50 salles en France), puis DG de la Confédération internationale des cinémas art & essai (3.000 écrans indépendants dans 29 pays), organisateur de formations à la distribution de films
  • Vincent LAGOEYTE, 48   ans; diplômé HEC Paris; Business Affairs dans le secteur des musiques africaines (Africa Fête, Dona Wana); concepteur et directeur artistique en communication événementielle; expert en technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC)
  • Didier AWADI, 42 ans; artiste hip hop, menant aujourd’hui une carrière solo après avoir été membre du célèbre groupe Positive Black Soul; entrepreneur (Studio Sankara) et producteur de films documentaires
  • Salif TRAORE, 57 ans; Diplômé de l’Institut National des Arts (INA) à Bamako; fondateur gérant de Sarama Films; réalisateur (Faro, reine des eaux, sélectionné au Festival de Berlin) et producteur (Duel à Dafa, Les Rois de Ségou, ); Secrétaire de l’Union nationale des cinéastes maliens – UNCM.

mobiCINE est membre de l’association AfricaCultureTechnologies (ACT) L’association AfricaCultureTechnologies (ACT)

regroupe des opérateurs culturels (Tringa Musiques et Développement « AfricaFête », Bureau Export des Musiques Africaines, SOON S.A., Studio photo Youri Lenquette, etc.) menant, chacun dans sa filière (mu- sique, film, photo, etc.) des projets TIC (technologies de l’information et de la communication).

Elle gère à Dakar le mediaLab Villa ACT, espace de rencontres et de travail entre les acteurs TIC (agences web, développeurs informatiques, etc.) et les diffuseurs / créateurs de contenus.

La charte mobiCINE – Education
Le Comité de surveillance

mobiCINE est placé sous le contrôle d’un comité de  surveillance composé de représentants de

  • Observatoire culturel Groupe des Etats ACP (Afrique-Caraïbe-Pacifique)
  • Union européenne
  • Fondation Lettera 27 – WikiAfrica
  • Fondation Al Tarab – Festival du film africain de Cordoue (fondé en 2004)
  • Fondation Nigrizia – Festival du film africain de Vérone (fondé en 1970)
  • Fondation DOEN (Pays-Bas)
  • Ville de Dakar
  • Ville / Gouvernorat de Bamako
  • Centre national du cinéma malien
  • Direction du cinéma (Sénégal) et de personnalités distinguées.

Le comité de surveillance examine les rapports statis- tiques d’activité, s’assure de l’équilibre de la program- mation et de l’équité de la répartition des recettes. Il est le garant de la charte mobiCINE Education.

La Charte les grands principes de mobiCINE Education

  1. La programmation de mobiCINE Education est établie en collaboration avec les autorités de tutelle de l’éducation dans les pays concernés. Elle exclut tout film à caractère violent, religieux ou politique.
  2. Les projections mobiCINE Education sont suivies d’une discussion animée par les enseignants. Ceux-ci sont conviés à des projections préalables et reçoivent une fiche pédagogique pour chaque film.
  3. mobiCINE Education est une initiative de pédagogie par l’image, dont la gestion budgétaire respecte strictement les règles d’un programme à but non lucratif. Le budget de mobiCINE Education est financé par des mécènes (entreprises, ONG, institutions de coopération, collectivités locales, etc.) dans le cadre exclusif des offres de partenariat présentées dans le dossier- mécénat de mobiCINE.
  4. Toute forme de publicité (spot publicitaire, promotion-produit, etc.) est prohibée pendant les séances.
  5. La visibilité des partenaires est assurée uniquement au moyen de supports créés par mobiCINE (jupe d’écran, logos projetés à l’écran, ) ou suivant les directives communiquées par mobiCINE. Des objets utiles aux élèves (ex cahiers) peuvent être distribués, avec un siglage discret.
  6. Un partenaire peut proposer un avant-programme (court-métrage, ..) d’information ou sensibilisation sur des thématiques citoyennes (droits de l’homme, des femmes, enfants, minorités, civisme, santé, hygiène, etc.) d’une durée inférieure à 10 minutes, dont la diffusion est soumise aux mêmes règles et contrôles que les films (notamment validation autorités, dossier pédagogique).
  7. En cas de doute, l’interprétation de la charte relève du Comité restreint (Lettera 27, Al Tarab, Nigrizia).

 

CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS

RADIODIFFUSION TELEVISION SENEGALAISE (RTS)

Directeur Général Babacar Diagne

Adresse Triangle Sud, Avenue Malick SY, BP 1765 Dakar

Tel. (00221) 33 849 12 00 / 67

Fax (00221) 33 822 34 90

E-mail [email protected]

(SN2) (HEBERGE TV5 MONDE AFRIQUE)

GROUPE AN MEDIA

Directeur Général Mamadou Vieux Aidara

Adresse Rue Elhadj Amadou Assane Ndoye

Tel. (00221) 30 101 98 85 / (00221) 33 823 87 24

Fax. (00221) 33 823 87 24

E-mail [email protected]

GROUPE WALFADJRI WALF TV

Président Directeur Général Sidy Lamine Niasse

Adresse Route du Front de Terre, BP 576 Dakar

Tel. (00221) 33 869 10 74

Fax. (00221) 33 869 10 83

GROUPE EXCAF TELECOM

Président Directeur Général Ben Bass Diagne

Adresse Sodida Rue 14 Prolongée HLM Domaine

Tel. (00 221) 33 865 66 66

Fax. (00221) 33 864 14 57

e-mail [email protected]

GROUPE FUTURS MEDIAS

Directeur Général Mamoudou Ibra Kane Médina, Rue 15 X Corniche, Immeuble Elimane Ndour – Dakar

Tel. (00221) 33 869 91 82 / (00221) 33 849 16 40

Fax. (00221) 33 8491645

e-mail [email protected]

GROUPE D-MEDIA

Président Directeur Général Bougane Gueye Dany

Rue 23 x Corniche Dakar

Tel. (00221) 33 822 77 11 / 33 842 46 45 / 33 842 46 00

Fax (00221) 33 824 26 91 / 33 822 77 00

SEN TV

Directeur général Pedre Ndiaye

Sacré Cœur 3, BP 5759 Dakar Fann

Tel (00221) 33 860 77 30

Fax (00221) 33 860 77 31

E-mail [email protected] www.groupegma.com

SUNU-TV.COM

Le Senegal en direct sur internet

TSL TELEVISION DE SAINT-LOUIS

GROUPE LAMP FALL COMMUNICATION

Directeur général Alioune Thioune (00221 – 77 417 57 67)

Adresse VDN immeuble Africatel avs, Mermoz exten- sion lot 19 – Dakar

Tel (00221) 338251070 / 33 976 01 77 /

Fax (00221) 33 864 55 41 / 33 825 6169

CITIZEN MEDIA GROUP

Adresse 21 Rue Victor Hugo, BP 2905, Dakar Sénégal

AFRICA 7

21, rue Joseph Gomis

DAKAR

CANAL+ HORIZONS SENEGAL

Tél. (221) 889 50 50 31 avenue Albert Sarraut BP 1390 Dakar – Sénégal

E-mail [email protected]

[email protected]

 

FESTIVALS

RELANCE DES RECONTRES CINEMATOGRAPHIQUES DE DAKAR (RECIDAK) 2014

La direction de la cinématographie, sous l’autorité du ministère de la Culture organise, depuis hier et pour deux jours, un atelier destiné à réfléchir sur les moy- ens de relance des rencontres cinématographiques de Dakar (Recidak). Le ministre Abdou Aziz Mbaye qui a présidé l’ouverture de cette rencontre a annoncé un budget de 71 millions pour reconduire ce rendez-vous du cinéma.

Dans la salle, tout le beau monde qui tourne autour de la cinématographie était présent, avec au présidium le ministre de la culture Abdou Aziz Mbaye. Ce dernier, de prime abord, a dit sa joie de voir cette rencontre se tenir pour réfléchir sur la reprise des Recidak, qui per- mettront d’accompagner l’embellie que connait le 7ème art sénégalais.

De plus, le ministre de la culture a soutenu que les Recidak sont en droite ligne de la politique de l’Etat concernant la promotion de la diversité culturelle, en amenant le cinéma dans les contrées les plus loin- taines de notre pays. C’est dans ce sens qu’Abdou Aziz Mbaye a annoncé 71 millions pour relancer les Reci- dak, mais « il faudrait d’abord au cours de cet atelier, mener une réflexion profonde sur les modalités de relance des Recidak, car la scène cinématographique a beaucoup changé ». Le 7ème art est un domaine qui doit être accompagné a assuré le ministre. Son opinion est que l’Etat ne peut pas tout faire et dans ce sens, il a rappelé des projets privés visant la création de salles de cinéma, mais aussi la production de films.

Mécanismes et stratégies favorables à la reprise

Le maître d’œuvre de cet atelier Hugues Diaz directeur de la cinématographie, est revenu sur l’historique des Recidak, qui ont été « une manifestation biennale d’envergure nationale et internationale, qui regroup- aient les acteurs et permettaient de favoriser l’amitié, la coopération, la diversité ainsi que la promotion et la distribution des films sénégalais».

De 1990 à 1996, rappelle M. Diaz, les 7 premières édi- tions ont été organisées, avec générosité, par le Con- sortium de communication audiovisuelle en Afrique (Cca), de Mme Annette Mbaye D’Erneville. Depuis 1997, les Recidak étaient dorénavant organisées par le ministère, mais pour Hugues Diaz, « les attentes n’ont pas toujours été probantes et ce fut un échec mana- gériale dans la pérennisation des Recidak ». Depuis 2002, ces rencontres n’avaient plus lieu. Mme Annette Mbaye D’Erneville, à qui un vibrant hommage a été rendu, a déclaré avec conviction « ensemble, nous allons réfléchir pour relancer les Recidak ».

Durant ces deux jours, lors des panels, il sera ques- tion de trouver les meilleurs mécanismes et stratégies favorables à la reprise de l’organisation des Recidak en 2014.

Trois thèmes seront développés dans ce but : iden- tification des forces et faiblesses ; un nouveau type de structuration et d’organisation des Recidak : quel format pour sa pérennisation. Un second groupe de travail va réfléchir sur l’interaction entre les Recidak et les manifestations cinématographiques nationales et internationales. Un dernier sujet s’intéressera à une approche novatrice de financement, de marketing et de communication des Recidak.

par Amadou Maguette NDAW

http://www.lesoleil.sn/index.php?option=com_conten t&view=article&id=30220:soutien-au-cinema-abdou- aziz-mbaye-annonce-71-millions-de-fcfa-pour-les- recidak-2014&catid=44:movies&Itemid=109

C’est un «Label phare» qui a connu un arrêt depuis dix ans. Les Rencontres cinématographiques de Dakar (Recidak) seront à nouveau inscrites dans l’agenda cul- turel du Sénégal en 2014. C’est une directive de l’Etat avec des partenaires comme la ville de Dakar. Mais déjà, au prochain Festival panafricain de Ouagadougou (Fespaco), cette manifestation jugée «fédérateur» dans les années 90 sera promue lors de ce rendez-vous du cinéma africain. Selon le directeur de la cinématogra- phie Hugues Diaz, des affiches et autres supports de communications seront diffusés dans les plus grands festivals du monde pour informer de sa reprise.

Ceci viendra après l’atelier «Diagnostic sur les Re- cidak» prévu les prochains mois. «Nous allons voir ensemble pourquoi ce projet n’a pas pu être pérennisé», indique Diaz. Tous les partenaires qui intervenaient dans ces rencontres seront conviés à cet atelier de deux jours. Même les précurseurs qui sont des privés, car les Recidak ont été récupérées par l’Etat, verront s’il faut créer un autre statut pour les Recidak ou conserver les mêmes. Des perspectives seront dégagées et un comité scientifique installé immédiatement.

Après l’atelier de Saly sur le cadre législatif et régle- mentaire du cinéma sénégalais, la direction de la cinématographie travaille sur la promotion du 7e art au Sénégal et à l’étranger. «C’est une des recomman- dations première pointée du doigt. La promotion est un mal profond de notre cinéma», souligne le patron du secteur. Selon lui, la promotion du cinéma ne peut se faire qu’avec le concours des privés et de l’Etat.

Aujourd’hui, selon l’Union nationale des exploitants de salles de cinéma au Sénégal, il n’existe que huit salles qui n’ont pas connu une réaffectation. Elles n’ont pas été transformées en églises ou centres commerciaux.

La dernière manifestation des Recidak remonte en 2002. Elle a eu lieu grâce à une subvention accordée par la chaîne Canal plus. C’était du temps de l’ancien directeur de la cinématographie Amadou Tidiane Nia- gane et du ministre de la Culture et de la Communica- tion de l’époque Abdou Fall.

— F. K. Sene

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@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Niger

Masterclasses

SYNTHESE

LE CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE NIGERIEN

 

Le Forum de Films Documentaires

A la différence des autres festivals et bien que le film soit le moteur de l’événement, de nombreux pro- grammes de formation, échanges, ateliers, conférences, colloques sont organisées dans le cadre du festival.

Chaque festival a un thème bien précis par exemple l’année dernière le thème était “cinéma et patri- moine”. Une exposition sur le patrimoine matériel, sur l’architecture traditionnelle du Niger a été organisée.

Des cours de formation, un atelier de montage pour les cinéastes, des débats ont également été mis en place.

Des films sur les différents aspects du patrimoine cul- turel immatériel et matériel ont été montrés. Le Forum existe depuis sept ans et permet d’assurer la relève des pionniers du cinéma africain. Un système de formation non académique et informel a été créé.

Formation de cinéastes pluridisciplinaires

Des cinéastes ont été formés, ils ne savent rien faire d’autre que des films. Le marché africain actuel ne permet pas de vivre de son travail. C’est une erreur à ne plus faire. Une nouvelle procédure de formation a été menée, où des jeunes travailleurs, des jeunes fonction- naires, des étudiants de l’université en deuxième année dans différentes disciplines, ont été formés à travers les ateliers, pour qu’à la fin de leurs études universi- taires, ils puissent avoir une formation en cinéma, en technique audiovisuelle. Le cinéma devient une valeur ajoutée à leur formation de base. Par exemple un jeune agronome, fortement passionné par le cinéma, est devenu cinéaste. C’est actuellement son activité princi- pale, bien qu’il soit agronome.

Autre exemple un jeune médecin, un gynécologue a fait d’emblée un film sur le sujet de sa thèse après l’avoir soutenue. Il y a des jeunes journalistes, des gens d’horizons différents. L’option prise est de faire en sorte que le cinéma ne soit pas le métier principal. Cela peut devenir une activité principale, mais reste un métier secondaire d’activité, afin d’offrir aux personnes cette valeur ajoutée. Actuellement, on ne peut pas évoluer dans quelque domaine que ce soit sans l’appui des ma- tériels audiovisuels, pour mieux expliquer son passé, ses recherches, sa démarche.

Ministères et partenaires

Le partenaire principal est le Ministère de la Culture du Niger, et selon les années, selon les possibilités, selon le dynamisme, différents partenaires du secteur privé ou de la coopération internationale sont contactés. Il y a des sociétés commerciales comme Sonidep et Areva, l’Unesco, le Ministère des Af- faires Etrangères français qui sont partenaires. C’est la particularité aussi de l’Afrique, parce qu’en occi- dent, les gens ont la culture des projets, la culture des idées. En Afrique nous avons la culture du concret, de la pratique. Il est important d’apprendre aux pro- moteurs culturels à se débrouiller par leurs propres moyens, avant de demander un appui à l’Etat. Mais lorsque l’Etat prend note du bon fonctionnement, il doit vous appuyer, dans cette perspective, l’appui de l’Etat prend sons sens.

Nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication

Il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma, mais aujourd’hui l’audiovisuel est un instrument important, à la fois pour la sensibilisation, l’éducation, le loisir, la formation.

Qu’est-ce qui remplace le cinéma aujourd’hui? C’est la télévision. Les spectateurs qui allaient au cinéma sont la nouvelle clientèle, devenus téléspectateurs. Les canaux de distributions aujourd’hui, passent par la télévision. Aujourd’hui, grâce aux nouveaux outils, de l’information et de la communication, et au numérique, il est plus facile de faire un film, d’abord, parce que les coûts sont divisés par dix, et ensuite parce que la distri- bution est immédiate.

Avec un film nigérien, malien, burkinabé, etc., vous pouvez toucher un million de personnes, à travers la télévision. Donc, il faut changer cette mentalité là.

Les africains doivent produire pour les africains

Pour pouvoir aider les cinéastes, il faut avoir des contrats avec les télévisions, c’est ce qui donne une certaine légitimité à la dépense publique, et il faut ab- solument que les films soient vus. Sinon, cela ne sert à rien de faire des grands films, montrés à Cannes, et qui ne sont pas distribués chez nous par manque de salles de cinéma.

Télévision du Niger

Au Niger il y a dix chaînes de télévision, dont deux chaînes nationales publiques. La télévision privée s’est beaucoup développée et avec la libéralisation, monter une chaîne de télévision est relativement aisé.

Comme toujours, comme dans toute autre activité, ce sont ceux qui ont fait preuve de plus de dynamisme qui mobiliseront le plus de moyens et pourront survivre.

Télévision satellitaires

D’après mes recherches qui se se sont déroulées locale- ment, les personnes concernées, réalisateurs et pro- ducteurs, m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai faites que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont le potentiel de diffuser les films documentaires, mais ne le font quasi- ment jamais, de même que les télévisions nationales.

Cela est compensé par les accords faits avec les chaînes Francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la gestion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AFRIQUE, CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE) Les contrats de coproductions pas- sés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL propose des “packages” aux chaînes africaines dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documen- taires produits soit en coproduction, soit en pré-achat.

 

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR INOUSSA OUSSEINI AMBASSADEUR DU NIGER AUPRES DE L’UNESCO A PARIS, ANCIEN MINISTRE DE LA CULTURE DU NIGER
KDO: Nous sommes à l’Unesco, dans le bureau de l’Ambassadeur du Niger, Monsieur Inoussa Ousseini, an- cien Ministre de la Culture de son pays, et l’organisateur du Forum Africain du film Documentaire au Niger. Est- ce que, brièvement, vous pouvez nous dire votre parcours et nous expliquer ce qui vous a amené à organiser le forum Africain du film documentaire au Niger?

IO: Je suis arrivé au cinéma par l’animation. J’étais animateur de ciné-club quand j’ai éprouvé le besoin de faire du cinéma moi-même, et par la suite j’ai réalisé quelques films en Afrique et même en France. Puis j’ai été plongé dans les affaires administratives et com- merciales du cinéma. Je me suis retrouvé distributeur de films en Afrique à partir de Ouagadougou et sur Paris, et comme on ne choisit jamais son destin, je suis arrivé un jour à la politique, j’ai été député à l’Assemblée Na- tionale, puis Ministre de la culture et aujourd’hui Am- bassadeur à l’Unesco. Ce qui compte pour un Ambas- sadeur à l’Unesco — qui est l’organisme spécialisé dans le domaine de la culture au sein des Nations-Unis —, c’est la valeur ajoutée de l’expérience et pour moi cette valeur ajoutée devait être la suite de mon cheminement. Je suis moi même documentariste, ancien ami et élève de Jean Rouch, alors j’ai voulu prolonger cette école du documentaire et la meilleure manière de le faire, c’est de créer s’abord un cadre de diffusion parce qu’il faut diffuser des films pour que les gens les voient et qu’ils aient envie de faire des films à leur tour. Il faut ensuite renforcer leurs capacités à travers des ateliers d’écriture, de réalisation, et de production etc.

Et c’est tout cela qui m’a amené à la création du Forum de Films Documentaires et à la différence des autres festivals, nous ne sommes pas qu’un festival de films.

Même si le film est le moteur de l’événement, nous or- ganisons surtout des cours de formation, des échanges, des ateliers, des conférences, des colloques, et même des expositions. Chaque festival a un thème bien précis par exemple l’année dernière le thème était “cinéma et patrimoine”, cela nous a permis de faire une exposition sur le patrimoine matériel, l’architecture traditionnelle du Niger. Nous avons fait de la formation, comme toujours, un atelier de montage pour les cinéastes. Nous avons organisé des conférences, des débats et naturel- lement, nous avons présenté des films sur les différents aspects du patrimoine culturel immatériel et matériel. Cela, nous le faisons depuis sept ans bientôt, et pour permettre d’assurer la relève, des pionniers du cinéma africain, nous avons créé un système de formation non académique et informel.

Vous savez, le danger, en Afrique, c’est qu’on a formé des cinéastes qui ne savent rien faire d’autre que des films, et malheureusement, le marché africain ne permet pas de nourrir son bonhomme. Ca c’est une erreur à ne pas faire. Donc moi j’ai déjà eu cette expéri- ence, j’ai préféré chercher soit des jeunes travailleurs, des jeunes fonctionnaires, ou surtout des étudiants de l’université, qui sont en deuxième année dans différen- tes disciplines, et auxquels nous donnons chaque année une formation, à travers les ateliers, pour qu’à la fin de leurs études universitaires, ils aient aussi une formation en cinéma, en technique audiovisuelle, et que le cinéma soit une valeur ajoutée à leur formation de base.

Nous avons par exemple formé un jeune agronome, qui s’est tellement intéressé au cinéma qu’aujourd’hui le cinéma est devenu sont activité principale, bien qu’il soit agronome. Un jeune médecin, un gynécologue que nous avions formé, a fait un film sur le sujet de sa thèse après l’avoir soutenue. Nous avons aussi des jeunes journalistes, enfin des personnes d’horizons différents. Le souci c’est que le cinéma ne soit pas le métier principal. Cela peut devenir une activité principale, mais le seul fait d’avoir un métier secondaire à l’activité principale peut permettre aux gens d’avoir cette valeur ajoutée. Je ne crois pas qu’aujourd’hui, on puisse évoluer dans quelque domaine que ce soit sans l’appui des ma- tériels audiovisuels, pour mieux clarifier son passé, ses recherches, sa démarche. Voilà ce qu’on essaye de faire.

KDO: Quels sont vos partenaires pour organiser ce forum de films documentaires africains? 

IO: Notre partenaire principal c’est le Ministère de la Culture du Niger. Evidemment, selon les années, selon les possibilités, selon le dynamisme dont nous pouvons faire preuve, nous avons différents partenaires du secteur privé, ou des partenaires de la coopération internationale.

Nous avons l’Unesco comme partenaire, le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Français, des sociétés commer- ciales comme Areva, comme Sonidep etc. Comme je le dis souvent, les Africains sont des Saint Thomas, parce qu’ici en occident, les gens ont la culture des projets, la culture d’idées, en Afrique nous avons la culture du concret, de la pratique. C’est la particularité de l’Afrique. Quand vous allez dire à quelqu’un que vous avez un excellent projet etc, on n’a jamais confiance. Les gens veulent d’abord voir. Alors ils disent “Faites, ensuite on verra bien.” C’est pour cela que je pense qu’il est important d’apprendre aux promoteurs culturels de se débrouiller avec leurs propres moyens, avant de demander un appui à l’Etat. Mais lorsque l’Etat voit que ça marche, l’Etat est obligé de vous appuyer. Et là, l’appui de l’Etat a un sens, sinon vous obtenez une aide au gré des ministères, au gré des ministres, ce n’est pas une bonne chose.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parlez brièvement des documentaires que vous avez réalisés?

IO: J’ai commencé ma carrière au Niger, étant socio- logue à l’institut de recherche en sciences humaines de Niamey, et j’ai eu la responsabilité du département audiovisuel de l’institut de recherche qui avait été créé il y a longtemps par Jean Rouch. Dans ce cadre là, j’ai réalisé une bonne dizaine de films sur le patrimoine culturel nigérien. Quand j’étais en France aussi, j’ai réalisé deux court métrages de fiction, voilà ma carrière de cinéaste en tant que telle.

KDO: Vous m’avez dit que vous avez fait un peu de dis- tribution de film à Ouagadougou et ici en France?

IO: C’est une longue histoire. Vous savez, à partir des années 1980, les pays francophones de l’OCAM ont décidé de réaliser un marché cinématographique africain. Une société a été créée le Consortium Interafricain de Distribution Cinématographique dont j’ai eu la responsabilité pour approvisionner les quatorze pays de l’Afrique francophone. Quand vous voulez faire de la distribution, vous êtes obligé d’avoir une base à Paris, donc nous avons créé un bureau d’achat à Paris. Ce bureau d’achat a pour objet d’appréhender des droits, de les acquérir, de faire le tirage des copies, et d’envoyer ces copies et le matériel publicitaire en Afrique, pour que la distribution physique puisse se faire. Donc nous avons notre siège à Ouagadougou, nous avons un bu- reau d’achat à Paris, et dans chacun des quatorze pays, nous avons soit un partenaire, qui est la société natio- nale quand elle existe, soit une agence quand ce n’est pas nous-même. Voilà comment se fait la distribution.

KDO: C’étaient des films français?

IO: Non, non, ce sont tous les films, des films français, américains, indiens, italiens…

KDO: Et aujourd’hui, est-ce que vous pouvez me parler de ce que vous disiez en début d’entretien, c’est à dire l’apport des nouvelles technologies numériques. Est-ce que vous pensez que c’est un véritable avenir, et une véritable ouverture, pour les gens en Afrique qui veulent faire du documentaire?

IO: D’abord, vous savez, le malheur de l’Afrique, du cinéma africain, c’est que nous avons toujours des ré- flexes à retardement. Quelle est la situation aujourd’hui du cinéma en Afrique? C’est qu’il n’y a plus de salles.

En Europe non plus. Prenons la France, qui a fait un effort extraordinaire dans ce domaine. Quand vous sortez de l’après-guerre et jusqu’à maintenant, il y a eu beaucoup de changement, beaucoup de salles ont disparu. Les gens se sont adaptés en créant des multi- salles, des mulitplexes, donc il faut s’adapter. Malheu- reusement, nous avons hérité des salles de la période coloniale, nous avons nationalisé et nous nous som- mes appropriés ces salles mais nous n’avons pas suivi le mouvement. Beaucoup de pays comme la France, se sont adaptés à plusieurs niveaux. Au niveau admi- nistratif, par une espèce d’allégement fiscal, au niveau commercial, les gens ont compris que les grandes salles de mille places, six cent places, ne correspondaient plus à rien, donc il fallait faire de petites salles, avec du matériel nouveau. Maintenant, pourquoi les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communica- tion sont déterminantes pour l’Afrique? Il ne s’agit pas de pleurer sur le passé, cela ne servirait strictement à rien. Il faut regarder la situation en face. La situ- ation en face c’est que premièrement, on n’a pas de salles de cinéma. Mais aujourd’hui l’audiovisuel est un instrument important, à la fois pour la sensibilisation, l’éducation, le loisir, la formation. Donc qu’est-ce qui a remplacé le cinéma aujourd’hui? C’est la télévision qui a remplacé le cinéma. Parce que le cinéma, c’est la distribution, il ne s’agit pas de faire des films que vous gardez dans des boîtes, mais il faut qu’ils aillent aux consommateurs, à la clientèle, et aujourd’hui, la clientèle, c’est tous les téléspectateurs. Donc les canaux de distribution aujourd’hui, ce sont les télévisions.

Aujourd’hui, grâce aux nouveaux outils de l’information et de la communication, et grâce au numérique, il est plus facile aujourd’hui, de faire un film. D’abord parce que les coûts sont divisés par dix, et ensuite, vous avez une distribution immédiate. Avec un film malien, burkinabé, etc, vous pouvez toucher un million de personnes, à travers la télévision. Donc, il faut changer cette mentalité là. Aujourd’hui, il faut que les Africains produisent pour les Africains. Quand on veut produire pour les Africains, il faut tenir compte de ces canaux de distribution. Ceux de la télévision. L’Union européenne a très très bien compris ça, parce que l’Union europée- nne avait une politique d’aide aux cinéastes africains. A un moment donné ils se sont dit « A quoi cela sert d’aider un cinéma s’il n’y a pas de salles? »

Donc pour pouvoir aider les gens, il faut avoir des con- trats avec les télévisions, c’est ça qui donne une certaine légitimité à la dépense publique, et que les films soient vus. Sinon, cela ne sert à rien de faire des grands films qui sont vus à Cannes, et qui ne passent pas chez nous.

KDO: Aujourd’hui, au niveau des télévisions du Niger, combien y a-t-il de télévisions publiques et existe-t-il des télévisions privées?

IO: Au Niger vous avez dix chaînes de télévision. La télévision privée s’est beaucoup développée un peu comme la radio. Avec la libéralisation, monter une radio, ce n’est rien du tout, une chaîne de télévision, ce n’est rien du tout. Et comme toujours, et comme dans toute activité, avec le temps ce sont ceux qui ont fait preuve de plus de dynamisme qui mobiliseront le plus de moyens, et qui pourront survivre. Il y en a qui vont échouer, ça c’est évident, mais aujourd’hui, nous avons une bonne dizaine de chaînes de télévision au Niger, et deux chaînes nationales publiques.

 

FESTIVALS

8ÈME EDITION DU FORUM AFRICAIN DU FILM DOCUMENTAIRE DE NIAMEY FAFD

Alain Gomis, lauréat de l’Etalon d’or au Fespaco 2013 sera à l’honneur.

Sani Magori, co-organisateur précise “Ce geste du gouvernement sénégalais honore notre profession et en même temps nous donne une forte et grande envie de faire mieux et de mériter aussi la confiance de notre pays le Niger pour qu’il crée un fond semblable chez nous. Nous avons l’honneur d’accueillir à Niamey le frère Omar Sall le producteur sénégalais du film Tey qui a accepté malgré ses multiples occupations du moment de venir à Niamey nous soutenir dans notre combat.”

Le Forum c’est aussi un espace du donner et du rece- voir. Des débats, des conférences avec des réalisateurs et des documentaristes, et des projections de films sont au programme de cette huitième édition.

Master Class concernant la réalisation et la production de TEY (Alain Gomis, Sénégal/France) : par Omar Sall, producteur du film.

Autres invités (réalisateurs et producteurs documen- taristes d’Afrique de l’Ouest) : Awa Traoré, Mariama Sy Coulibaly, Simplice Ganou, Adama Sorgho, Ad- ama Konkonbo, Soumaila Diallo, Andrey Diarra Joel Tchedre, Faissol Fahad Gnonlonfin, Mamounata Nikiema. Ils présenteront leurs films respectifs.

LIEUX DE PROJECTION :

Centre Culturel Franco Nigérien Jean Rouch, IFTIC, IPSP, Université de Niamey, place Toumo de Niamey et à Alternative espace citoyen.

Directeur du festival : Inoussa Ousseini

Délégué Général : Sani Elhadj Magori

FESTIVAL INTERNATIONAL DU FILM POUR LES DROITS DE L’HOMME (FIFIDHO)
1ère Edition à Niamey (Niger) du 6 au 13 octobre 2012 films à déposer avant le 30 aôut 
FIFIDHO “Niamey 2012”

Premier festival international cinématographique et videographique du Niger traitant spécifiquement des droits de l’Homme

  • Voir règlement intérieur
  • Télécharger le formulaire d’inscription

Ce festival a pour objet la promotion des films africains ou produits en Afrique, consacrés à la promotion et au respect des droits de l’homme.

Peut faire l’objet de sélection tout film documentaire ou fiction, court ou long métrage, réalisé par un réalisa- teur africain ou tourné en Afrique, traitant spécifique- ment des droits de l’homme et ou de leur protection (droits de l’enfant, de la femme, des minorités, droit à la bonne gouvernance, à la sécurité, à l’éducation, à l’alphabétisation, à la protection, à un environnement saint, droits à toutes les libertés fondamentales, etc.) ou tout autre film qui incite à l’abandon des pratiques néfastes. Les films doivent être déposés en format DVD ou DVCAM, enregistrés et sélectionnés selon les critères définis par l’appel à Film. Un comité de sélec- tion de 5 professionnels visionne l’ensemble des œuvres proposées et en dégage les meilleures pour la compé- tition officielle.

Le festival consacrera trois prix compétition

  • Le Grand prix “Jean Rouch” pour les films documentaires long métrage.
  • Prix “Oumarou Ganda” pour les films fictions long métrage.
  • Le prix “Damouré Zika” pour les films fictions ou documentaires court métrage.

Les films primés vont faire l’objet d’une large diffu- sion suivie de débat avec le public dans les régions et zones du Niger où des violations spécifiques des droits de l’homme sont constatées; ceci dans un but pure- ment éducatif et non lucratif sur une période d’un an à compter de la date de clôture du festival.

Contact

[email protected]

Tel + 227 96.89.29.09 / +227 90.51.18.17

DIFFUSEURS
LES CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS AU NIGER

Télévisions Nationales ORTN

Tel: (227) 96 98 05 49

Contact: Ousmane Laouali

Email: [email protected]

 

Télé Sahel et Tal TV

BP 309 – NIAMEY – NIGER Tel: (227) 20 72 31 63

(227) 20 72 35 48

Email: ornt[email protected] [email protected]

 

Télévisions Privées

Dounia TV

elL: (227) 20 74 00 51

Email: radiotélè[email protected]

 

Télévision Ténéré

BP 13600 – NIAMEY – NIGER

Tél: (227) 20 73 65 74 & 20 73 65 76

Fax: (227) 20 73 77 75

Email: tener[email protected]

 

Télévision Bonferey

Tel: (227) 20 74 38 38

 

Télévision Canal 3 Niger

Tel: (227) 20 74 01 80 / (227) 20 74 01 66

Email [email protected]

 

Télévision Saraounia

Tel: (227) 20 73 45 61/20 73 34 20

Email: [email protected]

 

Télévision Niger 24

Tel: (227) 96 97 64 40

 

Télévision Labari

Représentée par Ali Idrissa

Email: [email protected]

 

Télévision Tambara

BP 13294 – NIAMEY – NIGER Tel: (227) 20 73 84 87

 

EXPLOITATION
SALLES DE PROJECTIONS DISPONIBLES AU NIGER

Centre Culturel Oumarou Ganda

Centre Culturel Franco-Nigérien

Palais des Congrès

Jangorzo Djado Sékou

LA SALLE DE CINEMA JANGORZO

Il n’existe qu’une seule salle de cinéma encore fonctionnelle

STUDIO JANGORZO

Nombre de place 500.

Gérant: EMANUEL EKABA

[email protected]

 

DOCUMENTATION

INFORMATIONS NIGER

 

1. Bureau Nigérien du Droit d’Auteur (BNDA)

Le Bureau Nigérien du Droit d’Auteur est un établisse- ment Public à caractère Professionnel, placé sous la tutelle technique du Ministère chargé de la culture et sous la tutelle financière du Ministère des finances.

Adresses http://www.bnda.ne.wipo.net ,

B.P. 215 Niamey,

téléphone (227) 20 74 31 23

Le BNDA a pour mission de protéger et de défendre les intérêts patrimoniaux et moraux de ses membres au Niger et à l’étranger, d’encourager la créativité natio- nale, de percevoir et de répartir les redevances de droit d’auteur, de lutter contre la piraterie. Il est le représent- ant légal de toutes les sociétés d’auteurs étrangères, du seul fait de son adhésion le 15 octobre 1997 à la Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d’Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC).

  1. Ecoles de formation
  • Institut de Formation aux Techniques de d’Information et de Communication Ecole de formation professionnelle et technique, au statut d’établissement public à caractère administratif, l’IFTIC a fêté ses trente ans en 2007. www. Iftic.net.fr, www.iftic gmail.com IFTIC
    Rue de Corniche Yantala
    BP: 10701 Niamey Niger
    Tel: (227) 20 73 37 07
  • Studio Ecole Inter média Monsieur Bakabé, le promoteur contact:
    Tel: 96 03 65 11
    Email: [email protected]

 

LISTE DES FILMS VIDEOS DEPOSES AU CNCM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nometprénom

 

 

 

 

Maisonde- production

 

 

 

Titresfilms

 

 

 

Duréedufilm

 

 

 

Contacts

 

 

 

Genre

 

 

 

Observation

1 Zamza et Papa Hijira Maryam 1h 3mn 96 52 59 58 ;

 

93 82 46 55 ;

94 84 46 27 ;

96 98 17 15

  DVD Bon
2 Oumoulhair

 

AMADOU

M.D. Digital Vidéo Madame Courage 12mn 55s 96 03 76 56;

 

96 04 93 97

  DVD Bon
3   MUSABAHA Nasiha 1h 17minutes     DVD Bon
4 Moussa Amadou DJINGAREY Inter Image Le chemin de l’intégration 13mn 02s     DVD Mau-

 

vais

5 Adamou SADOU ADAM’S Production Cheick Kotondi 21mn 33s 96 97 81 59   DVD Moyen
6 Adamou SADOU ADAM’S Production Denkè-Denkè 50mn1 0s 96 97 81 59 Documen- taire DVD Mauvais
7 Zongo Gaston COMBASSET   Les grandes figures africaines 28mn 05s     DVD
8 Moussa Amadou DJINGAREY M.D. Digital Vidéo Hassia 1h 8mn   Fiction DVD Mauvais
9 Adamou Gado SALAMATOU FIFEN Changer de peau 6mn 29s     DVD Bon
10 Mohamed ABDOULKADER FIFEN Quoté-Quota 11mn 50s     DVD Bon
11 Elh. Mamane

 

ABDOULAYE

FIFEN En attente d’un changement 13mn 55s     DVD Bon
12 Garba Mamoudou NOUHOU FIFEN Nanou 13mn 58s     DVD Mauvais
      1        
13 Lamine BACHAR   Koyoka Bauta 12mn 33s     DVD Bon
14 Malam

 

SAGUIROU

Christian LELONG Un africain d’ANNECY 46mn 4s     DVD Bon
15 Malam

 

SAGUIROU

PNUD La chèvre qui broute 49mn 08s     DVD Bon
16 Beïdari YACOUBA   BALLA champion du monde 36mn 56s     DVD Moyen
17 Elh. Sani MAGORI   Pour lemeilleur et pour l’oignon 52mn 28s   Documen- taire DVD Bon
18 Malam

 

SAGUIROU

  La robe du temps 52mn 27s     DVD Bon
19 Mossa Amadou DJING AREY D.A.M Production 4ème nuit noire 1h 38mn     DVD Bon
20 Moussa Amadou DJINGAREY D.A.M Production Paysage de sable 24mn 5s     DVD Bon
21 Aborak Kandin- eADAM C.R.P.F Niamey Le biram, la harpe du Lac Tchad 13mn 23s     DVD Bon
22 PHENO Studio Kountché Diffa 2009 comme si vous y étiez 49mn 25s     DVD

 

Mauvais

23 OumarouGANDA   Wazzou Polygame 35mn 56s     DVD Bon
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Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Mali

Masterclasses

SYNTHÈSE

CINÉMA DOCUMENTAIRE MALIEN
  1. Réaliser des documentaires engagés dans une situation politique compliquée, état des lieux.

Une relève de documentaristes pourraient réaliser des films engagés politiquement liés aux événements de 2012. Regarder aussi dans le passé aiderait à interpréter les tensions actuelles.

Il faut que les réalisateurs proposent des documentaires. Au Mali tout le monde veut faire de la fiction. Pour- tant, pour ce qui concerne le documentaire, il y a beau- coup de choses à élaborer et à écrire, on peut procéder à des recherches dans tous les domaines. Aujourd’hui, étant donné la situation, une occasion rare se présente aux cinéastes maliens pour réaliser des documentaires, car ce qui se passe dans leur pays est difficile à ap- préhender. Les artistes ont un regard critique et peu- vent pénétrer la société par le biais du réel. Cela ne veut pas dire que la fiction n’est pas importante. Le genre fiction nécessite de moyens importants, alors qu’avec une petite caméra, beaucoup de motivation, de la passion et l’amour envers son propre pays, un regard aigu, et encore, beaucoup d’ambition, le documentaire devient possible. De jeunes réalisateurs passent à l’acte: Awa Traoré, Moustapha Diallo, Youssouf Cissé, et bien d’autres. Ce qui est possible, c’est de renforcer la formation des jeunes qui font du reportage. Ils peuvent passer au documentaire de création après une expéri- ence de terrain. Les contacts sont pris avec AfricaDoc, et les jeunes font des stages au Sénégal, à leur retour, ils sont aptes à la réalisation de documentaires.

 

  1. Compromis de coproduction avec la télévision nationale du Mali

Le CNCM cherche des accords et tente de collaborer avec la Télévision Nationale du Mali pour mettre en place des compromis de coproduction. Des pourparlers sont en cours. Les deux ministères sont séparés ; le Centre National du Cinéma fait partie du Ministère de la Culture et la télévision fait partie du Ministère de la Communication.

 

  1. L’engagement unilatéral, suppression du monopole de la télévision?

C’est le combat mené depuis 2005 au niveau de la télévision pour un contrat de partenariat. Les produc- tions sont faites au niveau national ; le public malien mérite de voir ce qui est produit et d’apprécier les films. Aujourd’hui, l’heure est arrivée où le monopole de la télévision va disparaître. Les télévisions vont s’ouvrir au public malien et il y aura de nouvelles propositions, dans le cadre d’une vision nationale de la production audiovisuelle et cinématographique, avec le CNCM et les autres structures privées. Par le biais de ces compro- mis il est possible d’élever la production nationale tout en améliorant la productivité et la qualité des œuvres. Le CNCM seul ne peut pas le faire, les sociétés privées et les sponsors seuls non plus, la collaboration est donc essentielle entre tous les secteurs.

 

  1. Partenariat avec le CNCM

Pour ce qui est des actions externes, le matériel tech- nique du Centre National du Cinéma est à disposi- tion. Une unité de vidéo-projection est disponible avec écran, lecteur DVD et matériel son. Selon les cas une lettre officielle est adressée au Directeur qui convient d’une date pour la projection. Le partenariat avec le CNCM est très encourageant, il procure néanmoins une envie d’indépendance. Un complément de matériel devrait être acquis pour des projections à la demande, en direction du public.

 

  1. Les conditions de production pour des projets spontanés.

Il faut considérer les difficultés rencontrées lors du démarrage d’un projet de production de films documen- taires. Même si le documentaire est beaucoup moins onéreux que la fiction, les moyens manquent, et il n’y a pas beaucoup d’opportunités financières au Mali pour le prendre en charge. Soutenir les jeunes documentaristes maliens est difficile. Il faut commencer par l’écriture avant de penser aux coproductions avec accès aux fonds européens. La commission européenne demande des critères précis, qui ne sont pas souvent à la portée des pe- tits producteurs. Le documentaire est parfois spontané, proche du réel, cela demande de travailler au quotidien sans qu’il y ait préalablement ni une grande scénarisation ni un énorme système de financement.

 

  1. La distribution des films au Mali

Quelques cinémas ouvrent selon les circonstances, et les deux cinémas de Bamako ne font plus de programma- tions continues, mais présentent des films ponctuelle- ment, à des dates définies, avec la présentation d’avant- premières et d’autres événements.

LE FAR:

La distribution et l’exploitation se font aussi dans le cadre du réseau: FAR (Film Afrique Réseau), organisa- tion qui regroupe le Sénégal, le Burkina Faso et une association française.

Des kits de projection sont utilisés (avec des véhicules, des vidéo-projecteurs et une sélections de films) dans l’optique d’organiser des événements autour d‘un film. Le cas du Mali est un peu difficile car il y a peu de structures de distri- bution et d’exploitation, il faut donc améliorer ce secteur.

MOBICINE:

Le programme Mobiciné a été initié, avec des pro- jecteurs, et un catalogue de films africains. Des franchi- sés ont été formés afin d’organiser des projections dans les écoles et dans les villages. Les spectateurs présents, les films sont projetés dans les foyers, des espaces habi- tuellement destinés aux jeunes.

C’est très positif de pouvoir reconquérir le public avec un cinéma de proximité qui vient à lui. Chaque fran- chisé a la responsabilité de marquer sa commune par ses projections. La fidélisation avec le public est importante et elle se réalise à travers la ponctualité du rendez- vous et une bonne promotion d’accompagnement.

 

  1. Rénovation des salles, LE PADESC

Cinq salles sont classées patrimoine à Bamako, à Mop- ti, et à Ségou. La réhabilitation de ces salles est prévue pour des projections futures de meilleure qualité. Au CNCM, il a été décidé de renouveler les salles. Mais parallèlement on a demandé de gérer ces salles aux opérateurs privés.

Les exploitants doivent déposer des dossiers au PADESC, le Programme d’Appui au Secteur Culturel de la Culture du Mali. Il y a également des opérateurs qui ont décidé de prendre des salles et de les rénover parallèlement à l’action de l’État.

 

  1. Projections de documentaires dans les écoles et les lycées

Les spectateurs de demain sont dans les écoles. Il faut donc s’adresser à ce public, tout en le formant, dès le plus jeune âge.

Des projections sont organisées suivies de débats en- tretenus avec des jeunes, provenant des associations ou des lycées. La culture des documentaires destinés aux jeunes est primordiale. Il faut donc trouver des solu- tions afin de développer ce secteur, qui sous-entend que ces jeunes seront les spectateurs de demain.

 

  1. Une initiative rare à Bamako, les projections de films dans la prison des femmes

Des projections de films documentaires ont débuté en 2011 dans une prison féminine de Bamako. Étant don- née la situation sociale particulière, l’idée est d’amener un film documentaire qui ait un lien avec les femmes. Les documentaires sélectionnés peuvent apporter à ces femmes un apprentissage et une différente manière de voir les choses.

L’édition, qui est annuelle s’est reproduite en 2012, toujours dans le cadre du 8 mars, pour la Journée de la Femme. Ces deux séances se sont extrêmement bien passées. C’est un projet à reproduire plus d’une fois par an. Cela pourrait devenir une action pérenne, en souhaitant que cela se fasse une fois par mois, au lieu d’une fois par an.

Les projections pour les femmes détenues sont des initiatives avec des conséquences sociales et culturelles importantes mais sans véritable économie.

Une autre opération importante, c’est l’initiative Ciné- Grin. Cela se passe à la Pyramide du Souvenir, une place publique de Bamako, où chaque mois un film documentaire est proposé en plein air, avec par la suite des débats ouverts aux spectateurs.

 

  1. Portée de l’image

La portée de l’image n’est pas comprise, même si cer- taines personnes pensent que ce privilège-là est réservé aux fonctionnaires de l’État. Ce qui complique plus ou moins la tâche des producteurs privés. La télévision nationale ne met pas un franc dans les productions et les films sont diffusés gratuitement. Et quand les films sont prêts, très généralement CFI et TV5 les diffusent.

Les diffusions sont parfois offertes gratuitement à la té- lévision, car pour véhiculer notre message, c’est l’unique voie, il n’y a pas d’autres choix.

Les dirigeants n’ont pas saisi la porté des projets. Tout bon projet de développement, quand il n’est pas axé sur la culture, est voué à l’échec.

 

  1. Télévisions satellitaires

D’après mes recherches entreprises localement, les personnes concernées, tant les réalisateurs que les producteurs, confirment que les télévisions satelli- taires africaines ont le potentiel pour diffuser les films documentaires. Malheureusement, cela n’est quasiment jamais appliqué, tout comme pour les télévisions natio- nales. La diffusion est compensée par les accords faits avec les chaînes francophones qui passent en Afrique, mais qui sont gérées depuis Paris (CANAL+ AF- RIQUE,    CANAL     FRANCE     INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE).

Les contrats de coproductions stipulés entre les pro- ducteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spéci- ficités: par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNA- TIONAL propose aux chaînes africaines des packages de programmes dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documentaires produits, soit en coproduction soit en pré-achat.

 

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE ABDOULAYE ASCOFARE
REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR

 

LES FILMS DE LA DUNE ROSE
KDO: Je vais faire un entretien avec M. Aboulaye ASCOFORE, qui dirige la société de production “LES FILMS DE LA DUNE ROSE” et nous allons commenc- er par son parcours et voir ce qui l’a amené à la réalisa- tion de films documentaires.

AA: Je suis né à Gao, en 1949, où j’ai fréquenté l’école primaire et plus tard, il y a eu un bref séjour au lycée de Tombouctou. Par la suite, j’ai obtenu un diplôme d’acteur et de mise en scène théâtrale à l’Institut National des Arts. J’ai travaillé environ sept ou huit ans à la radio et j’ai fait des mises en scène théâtrales à Bamako. Puis j’ai publié un recueil de poèmes intitulé “Domes- tique et le Rêve” et une pièce de théâtre qui a participé à un concours inter-africain dans les années 70. En 1978, je suis allé faire des études de cinéma à Moscou, qui ont abouti par un Master d’Art que j’ai obtenu en matière de réalisation avant de revenir au Mali.

KDO: À quel institut à Moscou?

AA: Le VGIK, l’Institut d’État de la Cinématographie de Moscou. La même école que Souleymane Cissé et Abderrahmane Sissako. À mon retour au Mali, je suis entré au Centre du Cinéma où j’ai fait quelques documentaires dont « la Sonatam » et un sur le PEV, le Programme Élargi de Vaccination. Il y a environ une dizaine d’années, j’ai réalisé un film sur Aminata Dramane Traoré. En matière de fiction, j’ai réalisé mon film « Faro, une mère des Sables », qui a connu un cer- tain succès au Festival de Cannes présenté dans le cadre de la Semaine de la Critique. J’y avais obtenu le prix « Coopération Française ». Actuellement, je travaille sur un documentaire qui s’appelle « ZABOU, MANNE- QUIN DES SABLES».

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler de ce documentaire?

AA: “ZABOU” raconte l’aventure d’une certaine Zabou- méga qui au début des années 70 a connu un certain suc- cès. De Gao jusqu’à Bamako et de Bamako à Paris, où elle est entrée au Crazy Horse Salon. C’est la première africaine noire au Sud du Sahara à être entrée au Crazy Horse après Josephine Baker. Elle a dansé au Crazy Horse de Paris. Zabou est passée par beaucoup de pays comme l’Angleterre, l’Allemagne, le Japon, et par la plu- part des capitales européennes. Au début des années 80 sa chute a commencé à cause de la drogue et de l’alcool. Le film est mené comme une enquête sur sa vie. Elle re- vient à Gao, et ayant perdu la raison, elle rentre chez elle avec ses deux grands chiens, une simple valise. Le film raconte son itinéraire depuis sa ville natale, Gao. Elle se rendra à Dakar, et ensuite en Europe via la Jamaïque.

Le film essaye de réfléchir sur ses faits de gloire comme sur sa décadence. Aujourd’hui, si vous allez à Gao, vous pouvez la voir, elle a plus de soixante ans, elle porte plus d’une vingtaine de bagues aux doigts, plus d’une soixan- taine de colliers au cou et se déplace comme une star.

KDO: Et maintenant parlons plus globalement de la prob- lématique du documentaire au Mali. Avez-vous sollicité la télévision du Mali pour que votre film soit diffusé?

AA: J’ai sollicité la télévision malienne. Pour cette production, je n’ai pas reçu de financement particulier. Cela ne veut pas dire qu’ils n’ont pas accordé d’aide à d’autres personnes.

Je sais également que le film terminé, la télévision va demander à le visionner, et va peut-être le diffuser.

KDO: La télévision fait des participations en coproduc- tion, pour l’apport de matériels, de choses comme ça?

AA: Moi, je n’en ai pas bénéficié, mais le Centre du Ci- néma a participé à hauteur de 25% du budget du film.

KDO: Et vous avez reçu une aide de l’extérieur outre les 25% du Centre National du Cinéma?

AA: Oui, puisque j’ai reçu l’aide de l’Union Europée- nne, de l’OIF, de Multi TV Afrique, une petite divi- sion de Canal Plus, de l’UMOA, de la Présidence de la République du Mali qui a apporté 3 millions CFA, ce qui est correct.

KDO: En ce qui concerne uniquement le documentaire, que peut-on penser et imaginer pour l’avenir vu qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma en Afrique? Dans les années 70, il y avait une vingtaine de salles dans chaque capitale africaine. Mais aujourd’hui nous n’avons qu’une ou deux salles par pays qui fonctionnent véritablement. Est-ce qu’on peut imaginer un autre avenir ou une autre visi- bilité pour les films documentaires?

AA: Je voudrais dire d’abord qu’il ne faut pas désespérer. Même en France les salles ont été un peu désaffectées, et il a fallu ce petit retour effectué grâce aux initiatives de Jack Lang et petit à petit on a ouvert à nouveau les salles, et des aides ont été accordées. J’ai vu la même chose se passer au Maroc. Il fut un temps où les salles ne marchaient pas du tout. Mais maintenant cela s’améliore. Nous allons sortir un jour des formules an- ciennes germées à partir à l’époque du cinéma colonial et néocolonial. On a traversé une période de crise mais il est certain qu’on reviendra aux salles. Ceci dit, les réalisateurs continuent de se battre, pour la vidéo, pour la télévision. Le documentaire va continuer de vivre, la fiction également, mais tout va changer.

C’est vrai qu’il y a une volonté de la part de la télévi- sion malienne et du Centre National du Cinéma. Il faut peut-être aller voir du côté des grosses sociétés qui pourraient s’impliquer financièrement.

KDO: Malgré les efforts du Centre National du Cinéma et de la télévision malienne, vous pensez qu’il faudrait que les producteurs se dirigent aussi vers un mécénat d’entreprise?

AA: Il y a peu d’argent au Mali, nous sommes un pays pauvre mais nous pouvons essayer de nous exprimer beaucoup plus culturellement. Il y a des gens qui peu- vent encore donner de l’argent. Il faut que les réalisa- teurs ou les producteurs frappent à d’autres portes pour trouver des personnes ayant les capacités d’investir dans la culture et d’aider le cinéma. Si les producteurs tra- vaillaient plus, ils trouveraient des sources de finance- ment. Il y a des exploitations de mines d’or au Mali, des usines, des entreprises qui peuvent financer. Peut- être que ce mécénat là est un créneau à ne pas négliger.

 

INTERVIEW DE ASSANE KOUYATE
REALISATEUR
KDO: Je rencontre au CNCM, au Centre National de la Cinématographie du Mali, M. Assane KOUYATE, réalisateur de film de fictions et de documentaires. Cette interview veut surtout définir les raisons qui l’ont amené à faire du cinéma documentaire.

AK: Vous m’avez posé la question: « Pourquoi le docu- mentaire? ». J’ai suivi une formation de réalisation et mise en scène de films de fiction à l’Institut de Cinéma de Moscou, le VGIK, de 1983 à 1990. J’ai récemment réalisé un long-métrage, “EKABALA”, dont on a parlé un petit peu. Et je veux parler à présent du problème essentiel que nous avons sur le continent africain: le financement des films. Nos états ne s’occupent pas beaucoup du cinéma. Il y a des pays qui font des efforts, mais en général ce n’est pas une activité très soutenue. Si nous regardons d’un peu plus près les génériques de nos productions, on s’aperçoit que les financements proviennent de l’Union européenne, de la coopération française, de la Francophonie et de l’OIF (Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie). Nos états soutien- nent les films que très rarement.

Le documentaire est un domaine où, avec l’avènement du numérique, il est possible de réaliser un film avec une petite caméra, et avec l’aide de deux ou trois tech- niciens. Je viens de réaliser un documentaire juste avec mon cameraman.

Nous avons pu faire trois documentaires à la suite. Les avantages technologiques dont nous disposons de nos jours nous poussent à en produire.

Pourtant le manque de moyens et d’infrastructures reste un des problèmes essentiels.

Une autre question d’actualité est aussi, qu’avec la démocratisation de nos pays, l’audiovisuel s’est gé- néralement privatisé.

Il y a l’éclosion des télévisions privées qui s’intéressent beaucoup à la production de documentaires. Elles s’adressent à des réalisateurs en marge de structures publiques. Mais c’est dans le cadre du secteur privé que moi, j’ai pu réaliser des documentaires institutionnels.

Souvent sur des problèmes d’environnement, sur la transmission des savoir faire et des connaissances, de la mutation de nos traditions, etc. J’ai travaillé sur ces thèmes là, et je crois que c’est une très bonne chose. Habituellement, depuis les indépendances, de 1960 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, nous étions majoritairement habi- tués à voir des documentaristes étrangers, occidentaux, japonais, chinois, etc., traitant de nos réalités à travers leur regard.

KDO: À travers leur point de vue?

AK: Leur point de vue exactement. Je crois qu’il est temps qu’avec notre cinéma africain qui a 50 ans au moins, qui est un cinéma adulte, que les cinéastes africains aussi produisent des choses à partir de leurs points de vue, à partir de leurs sensibilités, de leur intelligence, et de leur culture. Tout cela est très important. C’est pour cela que je tiens à faire des documentaires. Je sais que nos sociétés sont en muta- tion aujourd’hui, et que nous sommes dans la mondi- alisation. Senghor disait: « Le rendez vous du donner et du recevoir ». C’était le terme qu’il a utilisé pour exprimer que chaque peuple peut apporter quelque chose. Nous, en tant que cinéastes, ce que nous pouvons apporter, c’est notre regard sur nos propres réalités grâce au documentaire. La fiction aussi peut le faire, grâce à la réalité recomposée.

Mais le documentaire est le meilleur moyen pour que le cinéaste africain trouve sa place et contribue à une nouvelle expression.

KDO: De votre point de vue, les cinéastes africains doivent faire des documentaires avec leur regard, leur sensibilité et surtout leur identité par rapport à la société dans laquelle ils vivent?

AK: Nous sommes face à un problème identitaire car il y a une forme d’agression, de plusieurs points de vue. Dans les grandes villes africaines d’aujourd’hui, les toits de toutes les maisons sont hérissés d’antennes de télévision. Les productions étrangères nous arrosent de leurs émissions.

Économiquement, socialement et culturellement, il faut que nous formions notre propre défense. Je crois qu’un des meilleurs moyens c’est de produire selon notre propre regard. Avec notre culture, notre identité, c’est uniquement ainsi que nous pourrons rectifier la défor- mation que nous apporte le regard de l’autre.

KDO: Lors de ma tournée dans les cinq pays de l’ouest francophone, j’ai eu à constater, que les réalisateurs de documentaires se plaignent que les télévisions nationales diffusent très peu de documentaires.

L’autre constat c’est qu’il y a de moins en moins de salles de cinéma, de moins en moins de structures de diffusion. Est-ce qu’on peut imaginer une au- tre approche pour diffuser nos documentaires? Un renforcement des diffusions par les télévisions? Aller au devant d’un public africain d’une autre manière qu’avec les salles de cinéma? Qu’est-ce qu’on peut imaginer, pour innover en Afrique? Le public africain est très intéressé par l’évolution de sa société, com- ment voyez-vous les choses?

AK: Je pense tout d’abord qu’il faudrait voir du côté des télévisions nationales africaines francophones. J’ai eu une petite expérience avec la télévision nationale. Lorsque j’ai voulu réaliser mon premier documentaire, je leur ai soumis le projet. Ils ont été très réticents. Par la suite, je me suis rendu compte que les productions nationales ne les intéressaient pas.

KDO: Ils ne rentrent donc pas en coproduction?

AK: Non, car ils savent très bien qu’à travers l’OIF (l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie), à travers les télévisions partenaires européennes, jap- onaises, etc., ils ont accès à des stocks de documen- taires. Leur préoccupation est de remplir leur grille de programme. Il faut donc changer institutionnellement pas mal de choses. Dans les contrats que nous signons en tant que producteurs/réalisateurs, ce n’est qu’au bout de deux ans après la première sortie du film, qu’ils ont la liberté de donner nos produits aux télévisions franco- phones, cela tue le cinéma africain.

KDO: Et à leur donner gratuitement.

AK: Gratuitement! Ce qui fait que quand vous avez un projet et que vous leur demandez leur participation, ils se disent, non, mieux vaut attendre deux ans! Ainsi, ils reçoivent ton film gratuitement! Nous dénonçons ce phénomène depuis longtemps, et malheureusement les gens censés changer cette situation, jouent double jeu!

Ils savent bien qu’ils doivent investir de l’argent pour aider le cinéma africain à se développer. D’un côté, on leur dit qu’il ne se développe pas parce que les télévi- sions doivent participer aux productions. Mais ensuite vous leur donnez gratuitement nos produits! Il y a donc une énorme contradiction. Malheureusement cette situation perdure et c’est vraiment un gros problème.

KDO: Ce qui est contradictoire, c’est que les télévisions nationales ont accès à des documentaires produits depuis une quinzaine d’années. Or, les télévisions ne cherchent pas ces documentaires obtenus gratuitement et elles ne participent pas financièrement à leur production! Les documentaires sont très peu diffusés! 

AK: Ce qu’on leur demande c’est de participer réelle- ment, mais elles ne coproduisent pas.

KDO: Et vous pensez donc que des programmes comme National Geographic, des documentaires fournis gratu- itement, soit par la BBC, soit par TV5 ou CFI, empêchent aux télévisions nationales de participer à la production de documentaires de création au niveau national?

AK: Absolument! C’est cela, c’est bien résumé! Je crois que tant qu’on l’on ne portera pas à un coup à cette contradiction là, on risque de rester dans cette logique.

Ce n’est un secret pour personne qu’aujourd’hui, dans nos pays, il n’y ait plus de salles de cinéma. Ces salles ont été fermées pour des raisons que nous connaissons tous: la privatisation.

On s’est rendu compte que ces erreurs ont été com- mises au moment où les occidentaux nous disaient qu’il fallait privatiser. Les occidentaux ont un cinéma très fort; aujourd’hui le cinéma se porte merveil- leusement à Paris, aux USA, qui est le pays de la privatisation à outrance également, mais souvent ces salles ont été transformées soit en magasin soit en salles de jeux.

KDO: Et dans certains pays, en églises.

AK: En églises justement. C’est vraiment dommage car tout le monde connaît le rôle que joue le cinéma, qui est une école, un cours du soir, comme le dirait le doyen d’une université. Le cinéma comme fait culturel d’importance.

KDO: Je voudrais que l’on revienne sur la notion d’agression par rapport à ces antennes de télévision. À Bamako, la population a accès à une cinquantaine de chaînes de télévisions, grâce aux satellites. Au même moment d’une forte agression en terme d’images par le biais de la télévision, il n’y a pas de place à l’éducation nationale pour fournir aux écoliers et aux jeunes lycéens l’information nécessaire concernant l’importance et l’impact de l’image sur un individu. Pensez-vous que les pays africains n’auraient pas à y gagner en structurant des débats autour des documentaires dans les écoles? Et est-ce qu’un Centre National de Cinéma comme celui-ci n’aurait pas intérêt à s’associer avec l’Éducation Natio- nale pour donner des cours sur l’importance de l’image, avec une pédagogie pour les écoliers et les lycéens afin de créer justement une audience, pour l’avenir?

AK: Avant, l’enfance était surveillée d’une manière in- telligemment pensée: la première enfance, de un à sept ans, était sous la responsabilité de la mère, la deuxième enfance, de sept à quatorze ans, sous la responsabilité du père.

La troisième enfance était prise en charge par la société. Tout le monde sait aujourd’hui que les toutes premières créations d’images dans la tête d’un enfant se forment à travers les contes. Notre culture n’est pas une culture de l’image. C’est une culture de l’oralité et la base de cette oralité ce sont les contes, les légendes, etc. La personne qui était l’animatrice principale de cela, était la grand- mère. Autour du feu, le soir, elle disait des contes, faisait des devinettes à l’enfant.

J’ai bien profité de cela avec ma grand-mère, vers la fin des années 50. Je crois que beaucoup de ces grands-mères-là n’existent plus. Nos grands-mères actuelles sont modernes. Qu’est-ce qui a remplacé cette grand-mère-là? C’est la télévision! Aujourd’hui, à partir de six heures du soir, l’enfant se met devant la télé pour manger, pour faire quoi que ce soit! C’est malheureusement la télé qui a remplacé cette grand- mère, et le contenu de ce programme n’est pas con- trôlé par l’État ou par les autorités.

Dans nos pays où l’école ne fonctionne pas, où l’éducation ne marche pas, on se pose la question. Ef- fectivement aujourd’hui on est étonné par l’attitude de la jeunesse africaine qui ne sait rien de rien, mais la faute incombe aux autorités d’abord, et ensuite, à la famille qui s’est disloquée. Surtout dans les grandes villes. Les autorités ne font pas de contrôle ni au niveau des télévisions ni au niveau de l’école où il faut initier les enfants aux bienfaits de l’image tout autant qu’aux méfaits de l’image. L’image, c’est un couteau à double tranchant, qui peut jouer un rôle positif et négatif dans l’éducation de l’enfant. Il faut donc surveiller l’enfant dans son rapport avec l’image. Malheureusement l’ État ne fait rien, l’école n’arrive pas à contrôler et je suis sûr que dans les autres pays c’est à peu près la même chose.

KDO: Et que pensez-vous des ciné-clubs dans les écoles, dans les quartiers? Amener le cinéma soit documen- taire ou de fiction, dans des endroits publics, des endroits populaires, alors qu’il n’y a plus de salles de cinéma? Il y a quand même des stades et des salles communales qui permettent de créer de l’animation autour de films docu- mentaires projetés dans les écoles.

AK: L’expérience malienne est assez éloquente dans ce sens. Depuis l’indépendance, de 1960 jusqu’en 1968, sous la première République, d’obédience socialiste, on a vu se mettre en place tout ce que vous venez d’exprimer. C’est sous cette République que nous avons eu les ciné-clubs, à l’époque les ciné-clubs Askiano. Les premiers ciné-clubs maliens que beaucoup de cinéastes de la première génération ont bien connu.

KDO: Ciné-clubs, comment …?

AK: ASKIANO. Ensuite il y a eu d’autres clubs mais c’était vraiment le ciné-club de base. Ensuite, le cinéma ambulant a été mis en place. Il y avait des ciné-bus, qui allaient de village en village, un cinéma véritable- ment ambulant. Il y avait des salles sous l’époque du Président Keïta. Avec son ministre de la culture et de l’information, ils ont compris que l’image devait aller au village. Le socialisme de l’époque était un régime qui prônait cela. On ne va pas revenir à ce que Lénine avait dit par rapport à l’image. Avec la deuxième Ré- publique, de 1968 jusqu’en 1991, tout le monde a su ce qui s’est passé! L’école s’est détériorée, et quand l’école se détériore, c’est fini! Nous avons eu ces problèmes car l’école s’est désagrégée, la culture s’est désagrégée. Le sens moral de l’homme et nos valeurs également. Les idées politiques nous ont éloignés de nos propos. Mais c’est vers les années 1990-2000 que les choses ont un peu changé.

Il y a eu, par exemple, des tentatives: le CNCM a cherché d’implanter des ciné-clubs au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire. Il y a la réalisation d’un travail qui se perpétue mais qui régresse faute de moy- ens. Il y a eu aussi un projet financé par l’Union Européenne, il y a deux ans, trois ans, au niveau régional, au Mali, au Burkina Faso, au Sénégal. Une sélection de certains films a été faite. L’ Union européenne en a financé une partie. Il y a quelques projets qui se font ainsi, mais ce n’est pas suffisant. C’est une base de réflexion. La nature a horreur du vide, et ce vide là on ne peut pas l’oublier, car il risque d’être comblé par autre chose.

Les enfants ont besoin de références et si on ne leur en donne pas, ils vont jeter leur regard ailleurs. Il faut cette volonté au niveau des hommes de culture pour nous rac- crocher à nos valeurs, en faisant des documentaires et en allant vers la population pour leur montrer ces films.

 

INTERVIEW DE AWA TRAORE
REALISATRICE, DISTRIBUTRICE
BEKA FILMS DISTRIBUTION
KDO: Je suis en entretien avec Awa TRAORE, réalisatrice de documentaires, ayant beaucoup d’activités avec Afri- caDoc. Notamment, elle va s’engager dans la distribution de films. J’aimerais avoir une discussion avec elle sur son projet de distribution et ses projets de projections, ici, à Bamako. Awa, est-ce que tu peux présenter rapidement ton par- cours, et ensuite nous pourrons débattre de tes objectifs et de tes activités?

AT: Je suis arrivée dans le secteur du cinéma en 2006 après une maîtrise en sociologie. Il y avait une résidence d’écriture organisée pour les jeunes intéressés par les documentaires. À l’époque, j’écrivais mon mémoire de maîtrise. Je me suis dit que le cinéma pouvait être un outil pour parler de cette thématique qui m’intéresse beaucoup. J’ai saisi l’occasion pour postuler pour cette résidence en 2006 et je m’y suis inscrite. Je suis arrivée dans le cinéma par cette voie. En 2006-2007, j’ai écrit un projet en résidence avec AfricaDoc. En 2008, j’ai commencé la réalisation et puis le film est sorti officiel- lement le 2 mai 2009. « WAALUDU » est un film de 52mn qui parle de l’adoption traditionnelle des enfants au Mali. Après sa sortie, je suis allée à Saint-Louis du Sénégal, où AfricaDoc a mis en place un Master 2 en réalisation de films. Quand j’étais là-bas, le film était en cours de tournage. Le Master a coïncidé avec le film. Ensuite, j’ai commencé à m’intéresser à la distribution, car j’ai constaté qu’il n’y avait pas grand-chose en terme de distribution de film au Mali, surtout pour le documen- taire. Je voulais vraiment me spécialiser dans la distri- bution en plus de la réalisation. J’ai commencé à faire des recherches sur la distribution, et finalement je suis entrée en contact avec Doc Net Films en France. Doc Net Films édite et distribue des films documentaires, et a obtenu une subvention de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-africaine pour distribuer une col- lection de documentaires africains dans les huit pays de l’UEMOA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinée-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Sénégal, Togo). Le projet était piloté depuis la France mais j’ai été chargée de toute la coordination Afrique. Cela a facilité la création de ma société de distribution.

KDO: Pouvez-vous me parler de vos projections dans les prisons de femmes?

AT: J’ai réussi à mettre en place deux initiatives de projections. Une première initiative est la projection de films documentaires dans la prison de femmes, qui a débuté en 2011. Puis il y a eu une deuxième édition en 2012. Étant donnée la situation sociale particu- lière, l’idée est d’amener le film documentaire qui soit en lien avec les femmes. La plupart d’entre elles sont détenues en prison pour infanticide ou autre délit. On choisit spécifiquement des documentaires qui puissent apporter à ces femmes un apprentissage et une différ- ente manière de voir les choses. La deuxième édition était donc cette année. Cela se passe dans le cadre du 8 mars pour la Journée de la Femme: une fête offerte à toutes les femmes sans exception même pour celles qui sont en prison. D’ailleurs on dit que toute personne, quelque soit sa situation, a droit à la culture! On s’est dit que pour cette date-là il fallait amener la culture dans la prison et c’est grâce à cela que je peux faire ces projections. Ces deux séances se sont extrêmement bien passées, et c’est vraiment un projet que j’ai envie de reproduire une fois par an. Les femmes en ont grand besoin, et quand on annonce l’arrivée des films dans la prison, elles sont impatientes de les voir. J’aimerais bien que ce soit une action pérenne, qui se reproduise non pas une fois par an, mais plutôt une fois par mois. Tout dépend des moyens, cela va venir avec le temps.

La deuxième initiative sont les projections Ciné-Grin, qui se déroulent à la Pyramide du Souvenir, une place publique à Bamako. Nous proposons chaque mois un film documentaire. Des débats sur le contenu ont lieu avec les jeunes des associations ou des lycées. J’aimerais que les lycéens puissent développer aussi la rédaction. Il faut qu’ils se déplacent pour aller voir ces films. Ces deux projections sont gratuites. En effet, je ne crois pas qu’il faille demander aux femmes détenues de payer pour voir des films! Le Ciné-Grin aussi est gratuit, afin d’amener la culture du documentaire au niveau des jeunes. Après les avoir fidélisés, on pourra créer un petit système économique, mais au début, les premières saisons sont gratuites. Nous avons fais trois séances juste avant les problèmes politiques, la dernière séance a eu lieu en mars. On a envie de reprendre en juin.

KDO: Quel type de matériels utilisez-vous pour faire ces projections à la prison?

AT: J’utilise le matériel du Centre National du Ci- néma; c’est une unité de projection numérique avec vidéoprojecteur, écran, matériel son et lecteur DVD inclus, tout simplement.

KDO: D’accord, vous avez un technicien?

AT: Non, je n’ai pas de technicien. J’ai demandé un partenariat avec le Centre National du Cinéma, qui m’a été accordé sur ces séances. Au moins une semaine avant la date de projection, j’adresse une lettre officielle au Directeur pour signaler la programmation pour cette date là, et ils nous confient le matériel et les techniciens. On organise tout, matériel, chaises, et l’aménagement de l’espace. En ce qui concerne le matériel de projec- tion, c’est le Centre National du Cinéma qui le prend en charge. Cela se passe dans le cadre d’un partenariat avec le Ciné-Grin, un samedi par mois. Mais j’aimerais faire plus de projections pour le public malien.

KDO: Et vous êtes l’animatrice des débats?

AT: J’anime avec d’autres collègues, on ne demande pas d’animation spéciale. Le jour où l’on introduit le film, on laisse les gens regarder ; à la fin on prend le micro et on lance le débat. On donne la parole au public, les gens réagissent et il y a une interaction, et ça, c’est intéressant.

KDO: Quelles sont les difficultés que vous rencontrez lorsque vous démarrez un projet de production de films?

AT: La plus grande difficulté, c’est le côté financier. Quand on veut faire des films, il faut un minimum de moyens. Le documentaire est beaucoup plus accessible que la fiction, mais les moyens manquent. Il n’y a pas un système financier organisé au Mali pour prendre en charge le documentaire. Pour accompagner les jeunes maliens qui veulent faire du documentaire, on est tout le temps obligé d’être dans un mode de coproduc- tion pour accéder à des fonds. On passe forcément par l’écriture- je n’ai rien contre l’écriture -j’ai toujours écrit mes projets.

Souvent on passe beaucoup trop de temps à écrire pour des projets, car les commissions ont leurs critères. Le documentaire, c’est parfois spontané. Il faut juste avoir le moyen de faire un film sur le réel au quotidien. Sans passer forcément par une très grande scénarisation et un système de financement compliqué. Cela dépend des cas. Il y a des films qu’il est possible de réaliser sans que les fonds soient débloqués: j’ai envie de faire un film sur ma grand-mère, qui est la plus âgée du village aujourd’hui. Personne n’égale cette vieille dame! Elle a fait dix mater- nités, a perdu six de ses enfants. Elle en a quatre, main- tenant elle vieillit et chaque jour que Dieu fait, elle se dit: « Je ne serai plus là demain, je ne serai plus là! » Elle attend la mort. J’ai envie de filmer ma grand-mère dans ces moments là! Je n’ai pas besoin de m’asseoir, d’écrire tout ça pour aller chercher de l’argent, non! J’ai besoin du matériel rapidement, de techniciens que je peux amener sur le terrain, au village, pour filmer. Ce sont des films qui peuvent être des productions nationales, produits avec peu de moyens. Pour ce projet, j’ai juste besoin d’un cameraman et d’un preneur de son.

KDO: Parlez-moi de votre structure de distribution. Comment voyez-vous l’avenir concernant la distribu- tion de films à Bamako et dans les autres pays africains et quelles sont vos projections pour le futur?

AT: Dans l’avenir, il faut d’abord consolider notre ac- quis, à travers le projet de distribution de cette collec- tion. Et ce qui est acquis c’est la collection Afrique en Doc. Dans chaque pays, on ouvre une ou deux librairies qui vendent nos films. L’outil DVD c’est autre chose.

Le documentaire n’est pas connu, il n’est pas com- mercialisé. Dans l’avenir, je compte vraiment m’inscrire dans la logique de créer une véritable économie autour du cinéma documentaire. J’ai vu qu’il y avait une pos- sibilité pour la créer. Il faut avoir une forte volonté et une grande conviction pour faire cela.

KDO: Il faut créer une audience.

AT: En terme de projection, oui, et multiplier aussi les actions tels que le Ciné-Grin, et la projection pour les femmes détenues. C’est à travers ces actions que j’espère vraiment créer un système économique et aussi à travers les sorties en salles, et à travers la vente DVD.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez me parler de votre pro- chain projet, dans le cadre d’AfricaDoc?

AT: Après la réalisation de mon premier film, j’ai senti qu’il fallait beaucoup plus d’implication dans tout ce qui est collectif. Dans la résidence d’écriture, dans la distribution. Je me dis qu’il faut recentrer les actions, qu’il faut se pencher aussi un peu sur la question de l’actualité brûlante, qui inquiète tous les maliens. Je ne suis vraiment pas en marge de cette réalité là, ainsi j’ai décidé d’aller à cette résidence à Bobo-Dioulasso pour écrire un projet de documentaire sur la situation actu- elle de mon pays. Cela me fait beaucoup de peine de voir mon pays dans cette situation, et aussi, je crois que ce film peut apporter sa pierre dans la reconstruction du Mali et faire évoluer le débat d’aujourd’hui. Il faut reconnaître que les niveaux ne sont pas les mêmes ici au Mali sur cette question là. Les analyses diffèrent et il faut donner notre lecture. Un film reste un point de vue toujours personnel. Il peut être partagé ou pas, mais ce sera ma façon aussi de contribuer aux débats. Car je ne suis pas la seule à avoir ce point de vue là. Beaucoup de personnes, dont aussi les grands intellectuels de ce pays doivent pouvoir être soutenus dans leur combat.

Ils constatent la réalité, alors que le bas peuple est mas- sacré et est privé d’éducation, afin qu’il ne comprenne justement pas ce qui se passe, pour qu’il soit limité dans l’analyse. Cela bloque le changement!

KDO: Donc là, vous allez faire un film engagé politiquement?

AT: Vraiment! Je ne me suis jamais sentie assez engagée en fait politique, c’est la première fois. Avant, à part avec mon père, je ne soutenais pas de débats. À la mai- son, mon père aime beaucoup la politique. Je discute avec lui, je parle politique, mais là, depuis les derniers événements, je me sens à fond impliquée dans la politique et c’est naturel, voilà, c’est naturel! Et j’espère vraiment arriver à faire ce film.

 

INTERVIEW DE MAMADOU CISSE PRODUCTEUR ET REALISATEUR DE FILMS DOCUMENTAIRES
GERANT DE LA SOCIETE FARAFINA PRODUCTION
KDO: Je rencontre Mamadou CISSE, producteur, réalisa- teur de documentaires et gérant de la société de produc- tion “FARAFINA PRODUCTION”. Il va rapidement nous expliquer son parcours et nous parlerons ensuite des documentaires qu’il a produits et réalisés.

MC: Je réalise des documentaires de création dans des conditions extrêmement difficiles. Comme c’est le cas pour toute la production africaine.

KDO: Comment produisez-vous vos documentaires de création?

MC: Ce sont des autoproductions. Il faut que le sujet me plaise, et en fonction de ça je commence à faire un travail de recherche. Je filme parfois après avoir travaillé sur des dossiers de production pendant plus d’un an.

Nous sommes dans un pays où jusqu’à présent on n’a pas compris la portée de l’image. Certaines personnes pensent que ce privilège-là est réservé aux fonctionnaires de l’État. C’est ce qui complique notre tâche en tant que producteurs privés. Quand le produit arrive, au mo- ment de la diffusion, CFI et TV5 sont généralement nos potentiels diffuseurs. Ce qui est difficile, c’est que notre télévision nationale ne met pas un franc symbolique dans nos productions, et nos films sont diffusés gratuitement.

KDO: Vous dites que la télévision malienne ne met pas un franc, en tant que coproductrice, et en même temps, vos films sont récupérés par le biais de CFI et de TV5?

MC: C’est difficile à admettre, mais on préférerait que nos films soient d’abord diffusés à partir de notre té- lévision nationale, et ensuite par CFI et TV5.

À part ça, CFI achète les documentaires à prix très bas. À titre d’exemple, j’ai eu la chance de vendre un film à ARTE: alors que ARTE achète la minute à 500 euros, CFI est à 100 euros la minute, pour une diffusion dans tous les pays francophones.

KDO: Et TV5 achète au même tarif?

MC: TV5 achète au même tarif, donc voilà nos deux diffuseurs potentiels. On aimerait davantage que nos créations soient vues par nos propres populations, qui peuvent s’identifier parfois aux histoires racontées par nos films.

KDO: Quand vous faites des documentaires, la télévision nationale ne les diffuse donc pas?

MC: La télévision nationale diffuse à condition que tu cèdes ton documentaire gratuitement. Quand tu mets 5 ans à faire un film, cela est inadmissible pour un réal- isateur/producteur! Jusqu’à présent nos dirigeants ne l’ont pas compris. Tout bon projet de développement, quand il n’est pas axé sur sa culture est voué à l’échec.

KDO: Est-ce que le documentaire en Afrique a de l’avenir? Est-il possible de vendre vos films ailleurs qu’à CFI à TV5?

MC: La diffusion est très difficile, personnellement, je sous-titre en anglais, en espagnol, en portugais. J’aimerais beaucoup qu’il y ait dans ces différents pays des diffuseurs qui s’intéressent au documentaire africain.

KDO: Avez-vous un vendeur international qui s’occupe de vos films?

MC: Non! Pas encore!

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez pouvoir faire la diffusion de vos films en salles, ici à Bamako ou dans des ciné-clubs?

MC: Concernant les ciné-clubs, moi, je suis prêt à don- ner mes films gratuitement. Il y a besoin de changer les mentalités. Nous sommes prêts à offrir nos documen- taires pour les différentes couches de la population.

Parfois, on accepte les diffusions gratuites à la télévi- sion, car si l’on veut véhiculer notre message et que c’est l’unique voie, il n’y a pas d’autres choix.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez que la jeunesse malienne et la jeunesse africaine d’aujourd’hui est intéressée par le documentaire?

MC: La jeunesse actuelle qui est dans le cinéma s’intéresse beaucoup aux documentaires. Mais à un moment donné, les jeunes réalisateurs et producteurs décrochent, parce qu’ils ne voient pas d’issues.

On met parfois 5 ans pour faire un documentaire de 26 minutes! Cette patience-là, les jeunes ne l’ont pas en- core. Nous, nous l’avons, car notre passion est très forte. Si on ne fait pas ce métier, qui va le faire à notre place?

 

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR MOUSSA OUANE REALISATEUR DE FILMS DOCUMENTAIRES ET DIRECTEUR DU CNCM (CENTRE NATIONAL DU CINEMA MALIEN)
KDO: Nous sommes au Centre National du Cinéma Malien, en entretien avec Monsieur Moussa OUANE, directeur du CNCM et également réalisateur de docu- mentaires. Est-ce que vous pouvez brièvement nous expliquer votre parcours, et ce qui vous a amené à réaliser des documen- taires?

MO: Je viens de l’École Nationale des Arts du Mali. J’ai suivi par la suite une formation de cinq ans, à l’Institut Supérieur des Arts de Cuba. Nous avons eu la chance de vivre le mouvement culturel de l’époque, entre 1978 et 1985. Je me suis beaucoup intéressé au cinéma, et je faisais ma pratique à l’ICAIC (Institut Cubain d’Art et d’Industrie Cinématographique). J’ai pu assister à des critiques cinématographiques et voir beaucoup de films. J’ai participé au tournage de longs-métrages à Cuba. Après ma formation, je suis revenu au Mali, à l’ORTM (Office de la Radio et de la Télévision du Mali) et j’y ai travaillé en tant que réalisateur. J’ai constaté à mon re- tour qu’il y avait beaucoup à faire avec l’outil du cinéma et de la télévision. Je voulais au début me spécialiser dans le domaine de l’espace dramatique mais malheu- reusement, au niveau de la télévision, cela n’existait pas. Ayant reçu une formation de réalisateur, je faisais des documentaires en attendant que les conditions soient réunies pour faire des séries ou des sitcoms, etc…

À cette école de Cuba, on dit que la création artis- tique ce sont deux personnes: celle qui crée et celle qui recrée. Celui qui créé c’est l’artiste, celui qui recréé c’est le public. Pour moi, afin de porter un regard sur mon pays, la meilleure démarche était de faire du docu- mentaire. Cela nécessite de peu de moyens. J’avais une complicité avec les gens de la télévision nationale, les caméramans, les perchmans… On était tous engagés pour jeter un coup d’œil sur notre pays afin de com- prendre les choses. J’ai fait un film sur les Dogons, sur l’architecture etc …

Ce que j’ai réalisé ensuite, et qui a été apprécié à trav- ers le monde, c’est « l’Esprit de Mopti ». Avec ce film, j’ai voulu porter un regard sur mon pays, proposer au monde entier ce que nos ancêtres ont bâtit. Sur les relations humaines, sur notre philosophie, qui dit qu’il faut d’abord construire l’homme avant de construire autre chose. Je crois que le documentaire est le meilleur moyen de comprendre les choses sur son propre pays.

KDO: Aujourd’hui, en 2012, avec ce qui est en train de se passer au Mali, pensez-vous qu’il y ait une relève de documentaristes pouvant faire des films engagés politiquement, en relation avec les événements? Qui puissent porter un regard dans le passé pour expliquer les raisons des tensions actuelles?

MO: En étant au CNPC (Centre National de la Pro- duction Cinématographique), devenu par la suite CNCM (Centre National de la Cinématographie du Mali), je me suis évertué à dire qu’il faut que les réalisa- teurs proposent des documentaires.

Ce qui est condamnable c’est que chacun veut faire des longs-métrages de fiction, alors qu’il y a tellement de projets de documentaires à écrire, et des recherches à faire dans tous les domaines. L’occasion est unique pour les cinéastes de faire des documentaires, car nous vivons un coup d’état et des événements politiques inexplicables. Cela ne veut pas dire que la fiction n’est pas importante, mais cela nécessite de beaucoup de moyens. Actuellement avec une petite caméra, beau- coup de motivation, de l’amour pour notre pays, un certain regard, et de l’ambition, on peut vraiment faire du documentaire. Il y a des jeunes aujourd’hui qui en font: Awa Traoré, Moustapha Diallo, Youssouf Cissé.

Ce que nous pouvons faire, c’est renforcer la formation pour les jeunes qui font des reportages pour qu’ils puis- sent passer au documentaire de création. Nous avons donc pris contact avec Africadoc. Nous envoyons des jeunes faire des stages au Sénégal, afin qu’à leur retour ils réalisent des documentaires.

KDO: Quelles sont les stratégies à adopter pour que les documentaires faits par de jeunes cinéastes soient pro- grammés par les télévisions? Quels sont les moyens de créer de l’audience pour le documentaire en Afrique et au Mali en particulier?

MO: La télévision nationale du Mali ne diffuse pas de documentaires, car elle ne participe pas à la production. Les réalisateurs aujourd’hui se rapprochent de l’ORTM (Office de la Radio et de la Télévision du Mali) qui souhaite diffuser gratuitement ces documentaires.

Pourtant ce sont ces jeunes qui ont réussi à avoir des financements, qui se sont sacrifiés pour aboutir à leur documentaire, mais la télévision nationale malienne ne participe pas à l’effort de production.

KDO: Et donc elle ne participe pas à un achat pour la dif- fusion?

MO: Oui, et nous pensons que c’est déplorable parce qu’il faudrait un budget national, et que la télévi- sion participe tant à la production qu’à l’effort. Avec l’émergence des télévisions privées, l’ORTM est obligé de changer de démarche à cause de la concurrence, il y aura donc de la demande.

Des études ont montré que le public africain souhaite voir son image à la télévision. Ces jeunes qui réalisent actuellement des documentaires auront la capacité d’influencer les programmes des différentes télévisions.

C’est une perspective pour nous très intéressante, et à partir de cela, nous pensons qu’à travers la création du Studio-école « le Bourgou », avec la collaboration d’AfricaDoc et avec la création initiée au niveau du CIFAP ( CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE FOR- MATION AUDIOVISUEL PROFESSIONNEL) nous pouvons les regrouper. Ils obtiennent ainsi des outils indispensables pour créer des documentaires. La télévision doit réellement réaliser une propre mutation et encourager le développement de ce secteur. La meil- leure manière de définir notre identité culturelle, passe par le documentaire de création.

KDO: En tant que directeur du Centre National du Ciné- ma du Mali, est-ce que vous arrivez à passer des accords de coproduction avec la télévision nationale du Mali?

MO: C’est le combat que nous menons depuis 2005: avoir un vrai contrat de partenariat. Nous faisons des productions au niveau national. Le public malien mérite de voir ce que nous produisons et d’apprécier nos films. C’est ensemble que nous pouvons réellement améliorer la production nationale, la productivité, la qualité des œuvres. Le CNCM ne peut pas le faire seul, les privés tout seuls non plus, ni les sponsors nationaux; c’est vraiment ensemble que nous pouvons travailler. Donc nous souhaitons passer un contrat de partenariat avec l’ORTM.

Le monopole de la télévision va disparaître. Ce que nous souhaitons, c’est qu’il y ait une sorte de vision nationale dans le cadre de la production audiovisuelle et cinématographique.

KDO: Dans ce cadre là, ne pourrait-il pas y avoir plus de contacts entre le Ministère de la Culture et le Ministère de la Communication, des rapprochements et peut-être des budgets communs pour défendre le cinéma, le théâtre, la danse, et les arts plastiques?

MO: C’est le vœu que nous avons. Si vous considérez l’histoire du Centre National de Cinéma, nous som- mes soit rattachés au Ministère de la Culture, soit au Ministère de la Communication, soit au Ministère de l’Information.

KDO: Ça change…

MO: Selon le bon vouloir des politiciens du gouvernement. Il y a eu quand même une amélioration, nous sommes aujourd’hui une structure indépendante, avec un budget.

Nous pouvons initier un contrat de partenariat, avec tous les moyens légaux pour une complémentarité avec la télévision nationale. Nous avons déjà commencé les démarches, la télévision nous a proposé une émission régulière autour du cinéma, des arts plastiques, de la peinture et de la photographie et de toutes les activités artistiques et culturelles. Cette émission sera coproduite par le Ministère de la Culture et par le Ministère de la Communication. Ce sont les événements politiques actuels qui ont fait que cette émission n’a pas démarré.

Il faut que l’État accepte cette fois-ci de nous donner le fond d’aide à l’industrie cinématographie que nous avons sollicité il y a très longtemps.

Cela nous permettrait d’avoir une plus grande production nationale.

KDO: Nous constatons dans toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone la disparition des salles de cinéma dans chaque capitale africaine. Qui dit production de film, dit distribution et visibilité des films. Peut-on imaginer d’autres types de structures, que voyez-vous comme ac- croche possible?

MO: Effectivement, c’est un grand handicap au niveau du Mali. Avant, il y avait beaucoup de salles, les gens allaient au cinéma, c’était une véritable fête, les salles étaient envahies par un public enthousiaste. Ensuite il y a eu la fermeture et les ventes des salles. Cheikh Omar Sissoko étant ministre, nous avons pu sauver de la vente cinq salles de cinéma, qui font maintenant partie du patrimoine du Centre National de Cinéma.

Il faut faire en sorte que les opérateurs économiques soient prêts à se lancer dans les activités de distribution et d’exploitation.

Nous avons réhabilité une salle à Ségou, équipée en 35mm et en vidéoprojecteurs. Pendant une semaine nous y avons organisé un festival. Le cinéma devenu opérationnel, un public très nombreux était présent. Nous allons contacter le secteur privé afin de créer une synergie avec les opérateurs économiques. Nous avons un cinéma à réhabiliter aussi ici à Bamako. Nous faisons des efforts pour réhabiliter le secteur, et donner naissance à un tissu indépendant de distributeurs et d’exploitants.

KDO: Pour une audience du jeune public, serait-il intéres- sant de réhabiliter les projections de films dans les écoles, afin d’initier les jeunes au cinéma?

MO: Nous travaillons en collaboration avec Awa Traoré qui une fois par mois organise des séances publiques de documentaires, accompagnées de débats sur la place de la Pyramide, une place destiné aux jeunes. Nous avons des cinés-clubs dans les établissements scolaires, et égale- ment à l’université. Dans les établissements secondaires, il y des cinés-clubs un peu partout ; nous proposons ainsi une variété de films pour la jeunesse. Nous faisons des appels pour diffuser ces films et faire des débats.

Nous distribuons des films à environ quarante ciné-clubs de Bamako et de Ségou. Avec les cinés clubs, nous avons trois objectifs, le premier est celui d’inviter les jeunes à se déplacer pour aller au cinéma, à aimer le cinéma.

Le deuxième est d’identifier les jeunes talents qui s’intéressent vraiment au cinéma, pour les canaliser, et leur offrir des bourses en vue de parfaire leurs connais- sances et pour qu’un jour ils deviennent cinéastes.

Le troisième objectif c’est de déterminer parmi ces jeunes quels sont ceux qui veulent se consacrer à la distribution et à l’exploitation.

Nous proposons également nos archives pour intéresser les jeunes documentaristes, pour valoriser la mémoire de notre pays, et constater comment notre pays a évolué.

KDO: Pouvez-vous m’expliquer le Studio-école et son système de formation?

MO: Aujourd’hui au Mali beaucoup de jeunes ont des petites caméras, et qui, par de très faibles moyens mais beaucoup d’initiative, réalisent des films. Nous voyons que la passion est là, mais pas la technicité. Pour pal- lier à cela, nous avons créé le Studio-école dénommé “Le Bourgou”, doté d’un équipement très performant, avec salle de montage, caméra, lumière. Nous faisons des mises à niveau, des formations pour la qualité de l’image, et pour le son. Il y a des formations également pour la critique de scénario. Nous venons d’achever une série de cinquante-deux épisodes intégralement conçue par le Studio-école. De jeunes scénaristes du Burkina Faso, du Niger, du Togo et du Mali ont écrit le scénar- io. Ils ont tout fait, de la conception jusqu’à l’écriture fi- nale des cinquante-deux épisodes. Au Bénin, il y a deux jeunes que nous avons identifiés qui ont également la capacité d’écrire des scénarios. Ces jeunes comprennent aujourd’hui qu’ils peuvent gagner leurs vies avec ce mé- tier. Nous avons réussi à créer une synergie au niveau de la sous-région pour cette collaboration.

KDO: Et toute la postproduction a été faite ici au Mali?

MO: Toute la production a été faite au Mali et toute la postproduction également, nous avons l’équipement pour cela.

 

INTERVIEW DE MOUSTAPHA DIALLO
REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR

 

GERANT DE LA SOCIETE MACINA FILM
KDO: Je suis au CNCM, le Centre National du Cinéma Malien, pour interviewer M. Moustapha DIALLO, un jeune réalisateur malien. Il réalise des documentaires institutionnels et des documentaires de création.

MD: Je suis réalisateur indépendant et gérant de la so- ciété de production Macina film que j’ai créée en 2007. Je suis arrivé au documentaire par conviction, par plaisir et par amour. Pour moi, le cinéma était plus parlant que la photographie que je pratiquais. J’ai débuté dans le studio d’un photographe nigérian à Abidjan. Je suis malien né à Abidjan, et rentré au pays avec mes parents.

Étant à l’école et n’ayant pas les moyens nécessaires pour faire une école de cinéma, je me suis tout de suite mis avec les anciens qui réalisaient des films de fiction. Moi, je voulais faire du documentaire car il y a beau- coup de choses à dire avec ce genre.

Après le bac, sans la moindre bourse pour une école de cinéma, je suis d’abord allé au Burkina Faso, pour connaître les possibilités d’une formation plus ou moins académique. Cela m’a permis d’avoir une ap- proche plus scientifique au documentaire. Revenu au Mali, je me suis mis à la tâche: ayant beaucoup d’idées, il fallait que je puisse réaliser des films docu- mentaires. Mais comment vivre de ce métier? Heu- reusement, il y a beaucoup d’ONG (Organisations Non Gouvernementales) au Mali. Il y en a beaucoup qui commandent des films sur leurs actions. Il y a des appels d’offre, parce qu’ils connaissent nos compé- tences. J’ai travaillé dans tous les secteurs afin de ré- aliser des films institutionnels, cela m’a appris à mieux comprendre certains systèmes et à mieux appréhender mes futurs documentaires de création. Quand j’ai l’opportunité de réaliser des commandes de films in- stitutionnels, je prends aussi le temps de me consacrer à un documentaire de création.

KDO: Est-ce que vos documentaires ont été diffusés à la télévision nationale ici à Bamako?

MD: Deux documentaires ont été diffusés à la télévi- sion nationale: un court-métrage que j’ai dénommé « Enfant de Fer », fer comme F.E.R. qui présentait la situation des enfants qui travaillent dans les forges modernes de Bamako. Leurs parents expliquent que ces enfants doivent travailler car ils n’ont pas les moy- ens de les envoyer à l’école. Il se trouve que l’école est gratuite au Mali! J’ai réalisé ce documentaire qui a été diffusé à l’ORTM.

J’ai réalisé également “Au delà de la Musique”, un film sur le festival du désert, montrant comment le festival a brassé toute cette population du Sud et du Nord du Mali autour de la musique.

KDO: Ce festival a eu lieu quand?

MD: C’était l’édition 2007. Ces deux documentaires ont été diffusés à la télévision.

KDO: Vous êtes la première personne que je rencontre par- lant de diffusion de documentaires à l’ORTM. J’aimerais savoir si l’ORTM a participé à la production, et comment vous avez réussi à négocier leur diffusion?

MD: L’ORTM n’a pas participé à la production de ces documentaires, mais j’avais besoin de visibilité. J’ai donc déposé gracieusement mes films qui ont été dif- fusés à deux reprises.

KDO: Ils ne sont pas coproducteurs de vos deux documentaires?

MD: Non, ils ne sont pas coproducteurs.

KDO: Quels sont vos projets d’avenir?

MD: J’ai déjà plein de sujets. En ce moment je suis en train de filmer la situation actuelle du Mali.

KDO: Est-ce vous pouvez expliquer ce qui se passe au Mali aujourd’hui?

MD: Dans le Nord, les gens se sont vus abandonnés par l’administration. Actuellement les militaires veulent prendre le pouvoir, et il y a une partie de la population qui refuse cette situation.

KDO: Et vous voulez faire un documentaire sur ce sujet?

MD: Le sujet de ce documentaire traitera de la question: « Pourquoi en est-on arrivé là? »

KDO: Est-ce que vous avez des projets de production ou de produire d’autres jeunes réalisateurs de documentaires comme vous, ou bien votre structure ne vous permet aujourd’hui que de vous produire vous-même.

MD: Oui, MACINA Film est une petite structure, ce serait donc difficile de produire un autre jeune. Mais l’avenir nous dira s’il y a des possibilités dans ce sens.

KDO: Quel est l’avenir de la visibilité du documentaire en dehors de la télévision nationale? Et il y a si peu de salles de cinéma! Comment, vous, en tant que jeune réalisateur pensez-vous aller vers les spectateurs, au Mali? Envis- agez-vous des projections de films dans des salles commu- nales, sur des places publiques, dans des stades, comment voyez-vous les choses?

MD: Il faut d’abord créer des festivals. Faire en sorte que le public malien apprenne à regarder les films documentaires. Avec l’avènement de tout ce qui est production numérique, il faudrait faire en sorte que la diffusion du documentaire soit supportée par des initia- tives dans ce genre, pour une meilleure compréhension du public. Actuellement il y a deux salles acceptables à Bamako, le Babemba et l’Institut français. Ces deux salles ne sont pas suffisantes.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez que pour créer une audience, il serait intéressant de travailler éventuellement avec l’Éducation Nationale? Faire des projections de films dans les écoles primaires, les écoles secondaires et créer des animations, des débats? Ces enfants là, plus tard, seront des adolescents capables d’être une audience privilégiée parce qu’ayant acquis un langage cinématographique, ils connaîtront la valeur de l’image, pourront juger ce qui est positif ou ce qui est négatif.

MD: Si les élèves ont l’opportunité de regarder un docu- mentaire pour en débattre ensuite avec le réalisateur, cela peut créer un engouement. Et ces jeunes se trans- formeront peut-être en cinéphiles.

Mais il ne faut pas se limiter à l’école, beaucoup de gens, dans tous les secteurs de la société, sont intéressés par les films documentaires.

Je vais vous donner un exemple, j’ai fait des films pour la coopération suisse ; le dernier film, “Le Mi- rage Jaune”, parle de l’exploitation des mines pour l’orpaillage traditionnel. Le sujet relatait l’illusion des gens partant dans l’espoir d’être riche. Ils campent des années et des années au bord de leur mine et se retrou- vent sans un gramme d’or, sans argent, et ne peuvent pas revenir chez eux.

Le film a suscité beaucoup de débats. Dans les mines d’or les gens se sont posés la question: « On ne savait pas qu’on pouvait apprendre un métier plus rentable »!

 

INTERVIEW DE SALIF TRAORE
REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR
 
SOCIETE SARAMAFILM
KDO: Je suis au CNCM avec Salif TRAORE, gérant de la société de production Saramafilm. Il va nous expliquer son parcours, et la problématique du documentaire en Afrique.

ST: Effectivement, je suis dans le cinéma depuis 1978. Après une formation à l’université de Ouagadougou, à l’INAFEC, la première école de cinéma africain, je suis revenu à Bamako pour intégrer le CNCM, le Centre National du Cinéma du Mali.

J’ai travaillé ensuite comme assistant et producteur délégué sur tous les films de Souleymane Cissé. J’ai eu à gérer, à faire la délégation de production. C’est à cette époque que j’ai été initié à la production. Et j’ai com- mencé en tant que réalisateur, par un court-métrage et c’est là où j’ai compris les difficultés liées à la production.

L’instinct de producteur a pris le dessus sur ma fonction de réalisateur.

J’avais envie d’aider les gens à produire leurs films. Mais ce n’était pas facile, car il fallait sacrifier parfois ma fonction de réalisateur. C’est ainsi que j’ai produit des séries pour la télévision nationale, des films de fiction, des documentaires, des courts et des longs- métrages. « FARO, la Reine des Eaux » est mon dernier film en tant que réalisateur.

J’ai également produit des séries comme « d’Où la famille » avec un autre réalisateur et j’ai produit « Gami» de Maurice Kaboré. J’ai produit aussi les documen- taires: « Sous les traces de d’Ahmet Baba » et « Mon oncle Jules » actuellement en cours de réalisation

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler de vos deux projets de documentaires?

ST: Les recherches de documentation n’ont pas été faciles. Surtout pour « Sous les traces de d’Ahmet Baba». Il a fallu aller au Maroc mais on a réussi à recon- stituer certains documents. C’est un film de 52 minutes que j’ai produit. Malheureusement, aujourd’hui on a un problème de marché avec les films documentaires africains, car nous n’avons pas l’espace pour les montrer. Nous n’arrivons pas à les vendre.

Le second documentaire « Mon oncle Jules » concerne un homme politique d’avant-garde, qui fut le premier ministre de la culture du Mali. Il a créé l’Ensemble Instrumental, la Troupe Nationale de Théâtre au Mali et depuis le premier régime, il a été l’un des pion- niers pour ce qui concerne la valorisation de la culture du Mali. Il a d’ailleurs été emprisonné et il est mort en prison après le coup d’État en 1968. Il était de la famille du président Modibo Keita, arrêté la même an- née. C’est d’ailleurs quelqu’un qui, à l’époque, avait fait beaucoup de photographies et filmé certaines pièces de théâtres. Lors de ses voyages dans les campagnes, il faisait plein d’images qu’il a conservées. C’est à sa mort que l’on s’est rendu compte qu’il existait un lot d’images dont personne ne savait quoi faire.

Heureusement, son neveu, Sidi Becaye Traoré, travail- lait justement aux archives du CNCM et un jour, il a vu sa tante ranger les affaires de son oncle. Il a trouvé des diapositives, des négatifs, des films et il s’est dit: « Mais est-ce que mon oncle faisait du cinéma? ». Sa tante le voyait tourner des films qu’il avait conservés, et on s’est rendu compte qu’il avait filmé tout le parcours politique de son pays.

C’était dans un carton destiné à la poubelle! Becaye est venu me voir avec ces images d’archives, j’ai trouvé l’idée géniale. Je pense qu’il faut l’accompagner pour réaliser ce documentaire qui contient ces archives. Nous avons contacté les hommes politiques de l’époque, tous très âgés maintenant, et qui ont la mémoire de cette période. Nous espérons faire aboutir ce projet en 2013.

KDO: C’est une page d’histoire que vous tenez entre vos mains!

ST: Ce monsieur avait filmé le premier festival des Arts Nègres à Dakar et au Nigéria, ces images existent.

KDO: Quel est l’avenir du documentaire en Afrique, sur quoi nous baser pour aller à la rencontre des spectateurs?

ST: Je pense que la première chose à faire c’est d’intégrer un espace dans nos chaînes de télévision pour pouvoir montrer ces documentaires.

Quand je vois les familles devant la télévision pour des films documentaires venant d’autres pays, cela me don- ne l’espoir. Je pense qu’il faut cette opportunité pour créer du partenariat avec les télévisions locales, afin de les amener à coproduire nos films documentaires. C’est seulement une question de volonté politique.

Les télévisions sont habituées à recevoir des films par le biais d’institutions étrangères qui leur offrent des programmes tout finis, et gratuitement.

KDO: On va passer au volet d’Afrique Film Tv dont vous êtes partenaire. Est-ce que vous pouvez nous expliquer un peu le principe, et nous dire l’intérêt de diffuser en ligne sur internet des films africains et maliens?

ST: Nous sommes partis du constat que nous n’avions pas de marché, pas de distributeurs, c’est le véritable problème du cinéma africain. Pour remédier à cela, nous voulions commercialiser des DVD ou d’autres supports. Mais il y a des problèmes de piraterie. Une fois que quelqu’un achète un DVD, il passe de famille en famille, se multiplie et se vend sur le marché comme des petits pains. Pour pallier à cela on s’est dit qu’avec l’avènement des nouvelles technologies, avec l’ordinateur, avec le téléchargement, chacun peut avoir accès à ces films. Pourquoi ne pas organiser une vente en ligne? De là est venue l’idée d’initier ce programme AfricaTv, qui pour le moment, détient un certain suc- cès. Tous les producteurs à qui on a expliqué le fonc- tionnement et l’efficacité du système ont adhéré. Pour le moment en Afrique, nous n’avons pas la culture de l’achat par cartes bancaires, parce que nos banques ne sont pas outillées, mais ce problème sera résolu.

KDO: Pouvez-vous me parler de Mobiciné, ce système de diffusion de films dans les espaces scolaires et ailleurs?

ST: C’est le problème de la visibilité du cinéma af- ricain, les salles qui manquent. Nous avons initié le programme Mobiciné, avec des kits de projecteurs et un catalogue de films africains. Nous avons formé des franchisés pour organiser des projections dans les écoles et dans les villages. Les spectateurs sont présents, et nous projetons également des films dans les foyers en prenant l’espace occupé habituellement par les jeunes.

C’est une bonne initiative que de pouvoir conquérir à nouveau le consommateur, de l’attirer vers ce cinéma de proximité qui vient à lui. Nous fidélisons nos projec- tions et chaque franchisé a la responsabilité de marquer sa commune par ses projections. Cette fidélisation est importante car il ne faudrait pas que l’on se dise: «

Ah! Ils étaient là mais ils ne reviennent plus! » Il s’agit d’être au rendez-vous, dans un foyer, par exemple, tous les mercredis, avec une publicité à l’appui.

KDO: Et cela fonctionne bien?

ST: Oui, mais c’est petit à petit qu’on arrive à avoir notre clientèle. Malheureusement avec l’événement du 22 mars, le rythme s’est cassé, mais on espère reprendre une fois qu’il y aura la paix dans le pays.

KDO: Donc pour vous, le documentaire a quand même de l’avenir?

ST: Pour moi, le documentaire a peut-être plus d’avenir que la fiction. Je crois qu’il faut s’y mettre, car avant on se disait que les gens ne s’intéressaient pas aux documen- taires. Les films brésiliens ont pris l’espace sur nos écrans de télévision, ce sont des films qui ne parlent pas de nous. Cela a transformé notre jeunesse. Nous avons pour mission de briser ce système en imposant nos films.

KDO: Et pour cela il faut que les télévisions nationales reprennent leurs cahiers de charges et prennent leur responsabilités vis à vis de leur public.

ST: Même s’ils ne financent pas la production, ils ont la logistique, les véhicules, du matériel de tournage, ils peuvent donc participer.

KDO: Ils ont quand même la mission de diffuser les films!

ST: Surtout de diffuser, car la télévision a causé beau- coup plus de mal que de bien pour la jeunesse. Rien que pour le comportement vestimentaire, vous sortez dans la rue, vous voyez comment nos jeunes s’habillent maintenant, je m’excuse du terme, « les fesses en l’air»! Cela ne fait pas partie de notre éthique, ce sont des comportements calqués sur ce qui passe à la télévision.

L’habitude de l’enfant à la maison a également changé, la façon de parler aux vieillards aussi. Avant, dans un lieu public, les enfants se levaient pour te donner la place, maintenant ce n’est plus le cas. Ils ont accès à d’autres dimensions au travers de la télévision. Il faut reconquérir la télévision en s’ implicant.

 

INTERVIEW DE SANON SANOGO
DISTRIBUTEUR
 
GERANT DE LA SOCIETE DE DISTRIBUTION KENEDOUGOU-DISTRIBUTION
KDO: Nous sommes au CNCM, je fais une interview de M. Sanon SANOGO gérant de la société Kénédougou- distribution. Il va nous présenter son parcours et nous expliquer ce qui l’a conduit à faire de la distribution.

SS: Je suis venu à la distribution en créant cette struc- ture en 2004. Je faisais déjà de la distribution auprès de Conafilm, où j’étais administrateur chargé de la dis- tribution. Après avoir quitté cette société en 2004, j’ai créé Kénédougou-distribution pour continuer dans la même lancée la distribution de films africains.

KDO: Avec quels exploitants travaillez-vous ici à Bamako?

SS: À Bamako nous avons un grand problème, ce sont les exploitants. C’est un peu compliqué pour moi car il n’y en a quasiment plus.

Quelques salles ouvrent parfois, à part les deux salles qui ne font plus de programmations contin- ues, mais qui ouvrent plutôt les jeudis, vendredis, samedis et dimanches.

Je parle des salles d’Amadou Félix Diallo, et de Samba Diakité. C’est avec ces deux salles-là que j’ai eu à tra- vailler pour la sortie d’un film. Et puis j’ai travaillé dans le cadre d’un réseau que nous avons décidé de créer: le FAR (Film Afrique Réseau), en collaboration avec le Sénégal, le Burkina Faso et une association française.

Nous avons regrouper les synergies pour distribuer les films. Nous avions raison puisque les gens nous ont fait confiance et on a reçu beaucoup de films. Des films proviennent de Côte d’Ivoire. Nous avons un film dont on a payé les droits et que l’on doit sortir dans nos villes. Le Mali est en grande difficulté actuellement donc on n’arrive pas à le sortir. Il y a une synergie avec d’autres pays et ici au Mali avec le Bayemba, qui a sa propre structure de distribution. Les films viennent parfois directement de France. Mais toutes les fois que j’ai un film à sortir, grâce aux accords que nous avons passés, il sursoit sa programmation et il sort en priorité le film africain. Car le Bayemba fait la promotion des films africains programmés sur une ou deux semaines, c’est comme ça que nous collaborons.

KDO: Je voulais vous demander est-ce que vous envisagez de distribuer des films documentaires?

SS: Oui, il y a un film documentaire de Kal Touré « Vic- time de nos richesses », de Guinée. Nous avons les droits du film, pour la vente des DVD également. Cela se passe dans le cadre de FAR, de notre réseau. Le film est déjà sorti au Burkina, au Sénégal. Mais j’attends que la situation politique liée aux événements se décrispe pour pouvoir sortir le film et m’occuper de la vente des DVD.

KDO: En général, lorsque vous distribuez un film, est-ce uniquement sur Bamako? Ou est-ce vous faites une tournée en région?

SS: L’exploitation cinématographique est très compli- quée au Mali. Mais puisque vous posez la question, à part Bamako, pour sortir un film dans les autres villes, il faut avoir son kit (avec projecteur, films, véhicule). Je peux donc sortir mon film en région, mais à part Ségou qui est équipée, pour le reste du pays il faut que nous venions avec notre matériel de projection, que l’on fasse les installations pour présenter le film. Cela complique la sortie des films dans les régions.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’il est possible, d’organiser des distributions de documentaires avec débats?

SS: Quand nous avons décidé de nous fournir en kit de projection (avec projecteur, films, véhicule) c’était dans cette optique. Nos clients de demain sont dans les écoles et parmi le jeune public. Il faut donc créer ce mouvement et déclencher des débats afin de provoquer chez les gens le désir de venir au cinéma. Vous savez, le cas du Mali est un peu difficile, dans les autres pays on arrive facilement à inviter les réalisateurs pour qu’ils viennent parler de leurs films. Au Mali il n’y a aucune structure de soutien à la distribution, donc nous faisons tout nous-même.

KDO: Se peut-il qu’il y ait la réhabilitation de certaines salles? À Bamako beaucoup de salles ont disparu mais il existe cinq salles classées patrimoine à Bamako, à Mopti, et à Ségou. Pensez-vous qu’on arrivera à réhabiliter ces cinémas pour de futures projections?

SS: Au CNCM, il a été décidé de renouveler les ciné- mas et de demander aux opérateurs de les reprendre. J’en fais partie, j’ai pris la salle de Kati. Il faut rénover la salle actuellement, ce n’est pas acceptable pour les clients. Il est vrai que j’ai déposé un dossier que j’ai constitué pour le PADESC.

KDO: Le PADESC?

SS: Le PADESC est le Programme d’Appui au Secteur Culturel. J’ai toujours ce projet et j’attends la réponse. J’ai fait un appel à projet mais avec la situation actu- elle au Mali, cela s’est décalé. C’est ce qui fait que ma salle n’est pas encore rénovée. Mais d’autres opérateurs ont décidé de reprendre des salles et de les réhabiliter, parallèlement à l’action de l’État.

KDO: Vous avez une salle à Kati que vous allez rénover et faire des projections. Cela veut dire que vous croyez encore au cinéma, aux sorties de films en salle!

SS: Vous savez, pour moi, rien ne pourra tuer le cinéma, l’émotion que l’on a en salle on ne peut pas l’avoir sur un écran de télévision ou ailleurs. Je crois ferme- ment à la salle de cinéma, et à la distribution ciné- matographique en salle!

 

INTERVIEW DE YOUSSOUF CISSE
REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR, FORMATEUR
KDO: Je vais interviewer Youssouf Cissé, gérant de la société de production « Farafina-jâ ». Il a fait plusieurs documentaires qu’il a auto-produit et il propose des for- mations. Peux-tu justement nous en parler?

YC: Ma société de production créée en 2009 s’appelle « Farafina-jâ ».

L’objectif premier était de former les reporters de mariage qui sont les vidéastes du secteur informel. Quand j’étais très jeune, mes parents m’ont offert une caméra pour filmer les mariages, ainsi je pouvais me faire de l’argent de poche. J’ai vu que c’était lucratif et que ça me donnait une certaine autonomie, et j’avais la passion de filmer l’Autre. Je me suis rendu compte alors, qu’il était nécessaire de quitter ce côté informel et de le formaliser.

En Afrique, il n’y a pas beaucoup de structures de for- mations professionnelles et éducatives. Dans le secteur de l’audiovisuel, la base de la formation débute avec quelques notions à partir du lycée, pour ensuite devenir un objectif professionnel.

Pourquoi ne pas créer une société de production et de formation dans ce sens? Nous faisons de l’autoproduction et en même temps nous offrons les connaissances, nous partageons les acquis avec d’autres vidéastes. Nous sommes partis sur cette base en 2009, en faisant une série de formations avec le conservatoire et avec l’UCECAO, l’Union de Créateurs et Entrepre- neur du Cinéma, qui ont apprécié l’initiative.

Après, il y a eu le fond d’appui de la formation profes- sionnelle qui trouvait que le secteur devait s’améliorer et qui nous a accompagnés. À la date d’aujourd’hui, une soixantaine de personnes ont été formées.

Notre objectif a été de créer ce centre parce que la demande est très forte. Je pense qu’il n’y a pas besoin de faire deux ans de formation pour maîtriser cer- tains outils essentiels comme une chaîne de post- production. Donc, voilà pourquoi on a lancé cette formation-là.

KDO: Vous êtes partis du principe qu’il est plus intéressant de faire venir un formateur au Mali pour former ainsi plusieurs personnes?

YC: Quinze, vingt, trente personnes.

KDO: Plutôt que de payer un billet d’avion pour une seule personne pour qu’elle suive une formation en Europe?

YC: Il y avait des bourses pour quelques personnes ; je me suis alors posé la question du coût de la formation d’un étudiant. J’ai constaté que c’était excessif pour un pays comme le Mali qui a un budget limité pour le cinéma.

Il est préférable d’inviter un professionnel d’un centre de formation externe avec qui on travaille en parte- nariat, le faire venir au Mali pour qu’il partage un mois d’expérience avec nous. Faire venir le formateur afin qu’il connaisse le climat social, afin qu’il voie quel genre d’image nous concerne, quel type de montage nous faisons, et quelles sont nos sensibilités. On lui demande donc de s’adapter à notre environnement.

Je pense qu’il faut éviter que l’étudiant aille s’adapter à celui du pays étranger dont il ne va pas forcément tirer profit. La plupart du temps les formateurs sont des professionnels de grands centres, ayant l’expérience de cours de formation de petites durées, de formations pragmatiques et très concrètes.

KDO: Pouvez-vous nous donner votre filmographie dans le domaine du documentaire?

YC: J’ai réalisé six documentaires dont trois ont été sé- lectionnés à Montréal en 2008. Un s’appelle « Un autre regard sur l’Afrique » et c’est un portrait du photogra- phe malien Malick Sidibé.

J’ai eu aussi la chance de rencontrer une jeune femme photographe dont j’ai réalisé le portrait: « Wassa ». J’ai réalisé « Aminata Deh », l’enfant de Niaminance ; c’est l’histoire d’un homme qui maniait bien le Coran, un très grand religieux qui, à l’âge de sept ans, savait déjà lire le Coran. Intrigué par cela, j’ai réalisé un docu- mentaire sur cette personnalité.

Après, j’ai fait « Les berges de Ndjamena ». Ces docu- mentaires n’ont pas eu de succès mais cela reste des documentaires en tant que tels, d’une durée de cinq à six minutes.

Actuellement je me suis lancé sur des projets plutôt engagés.

KDO: Sur les changements politiques…

YC: Vingt ans de démocratie au Mali, avec ses boule- versements. Ce film est en attente de montage vue la situation actuelle liée aux événements. Et j’ai un autre projet sur la problématique du franc CFA. Ce sera un documentaire engagé. C’est très important pour moi d’avoir un regard personnel sur ces sujets.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler des difficultés que vous rencontrez aujourd’hui, en termes de produc- tion, pour ces deux derniers documentaires? Quels sont vos partenaires financiers? Et comment vous arrivez à produire ces films?

YC: Je n’ai jamais reçu de subventions pour aucun de mes projets. Mais comme je travaille comme monteur également, je peux me permettre de me financer.

J’ai eu la chance d’être un enfant du cinéma, j’ai été entouré par Cheikh Oumar Sissoko, par Souleymane Cissé, Ibrahima Touré, Moussa Ouane, le directeur du centre national de cinématographie.

En terme matériel, je bénéficie souvent de petites ca- méras pour aller tourner des séquences. Parfois, les films peuvent prendre un ou deux ans de tournage. Je connais donc des difficultés énormes en terme d’autonomie, mais j’arrive toujours à créer quelque chose de dynamique malgré les limites techniques et financières.

Le résultat n’est pas toujours ce qu’on attend. Nous avons besoin d’être plus performant, cela implique qu’il nous faudrait plus de moyens.

KDO: Comment vous envisagez, en tant que réalisateur de documentaire, l’audience dans les années à venir? Une audience africaine, malienne, tant pour les films docu- mentaires que pour les films de fiction?

YC: En terme de diffusion, je pense que les réalisateurs, les producteurs, et les distributeurs devraient compren- dre qu’il faut aller vers les autres, aller à proximité des spectateurs, car la plupart des cinémas ont disparu.

La diffusion, pour moi, peut se passer dans les cinémas, dans la rue, à la télévision. Il faudrait que toute la poli- tique soit centrée sur les diffuseurs, les exploitants, et qu’ils aient une vraie stratégie pour montrer nos films.

On ne peut pas être réalisateur, monteur, distributeur et exploitant, on ne peut pas tout faire. Si l’un se consacre à faire des films, il faut que l’autre prenne la décision de trouver les moyens de diffusion.

Et nous avons besoin que la population sache ce que nous faisons et qu’ils aillent voir nos films! C’est notre fierté pour nous les réalisateurs.

KDO: Peut-on imaginer par exemple, des projections dans un marché ou dans un stade? 

YC: Mais bien sûr, j’ai fait cette expérience récemment, au mois de décembre, en plein marché de Dibida. On a projeté à la population un travail collectif de jeunes talents, une série de films d’une à deux minutes. Les gens ont besoin de cela. Car la télé ne diffuse pas nos films. C’est un problème financier, parce que personne ne va donner son film gratuitement à une chaîne de télé qui gagne de l’argent avec la publicité. Et en retour, le réalisateur/producteur ne reçoit rien. Il faut donc changer de politique.

Pour moi chaque film a une cible, un auditeur, un spectateur.

Essayons seulement de nous canaliser dans cette optique, organisons les projections, ayons une bonne visibilité.

KDO: Et que pensez-vous de la possibilité de diffuser les films maliens dans les lycées et dans les écoles? Je pense que l’audience pour l’avenir, c’est la jeunesse. Il faut apprendre aux jeunes, dans les écoles, à lire un documen- taire, en débattre. Qu’est-ce un documentaire, un film de fiction, un dessin animé?

 

YC: Il faudrait initier un programme qui comprenne deux heures de cinéma, deux heures d’art plastique, deux heures de théâtre, de manière à ce que les gens arrivent à comprendre que la culture a aussi sa place dans l’éducation. Nous sommes des techniciens, des réalisateurs, des artistes et en même temps on a un devoir envers la société. Le fondement c’est l’école, l’enseignement, l’éducation de l’enfant, de manière à ce qu’il soit édu- qué culturellement.

KDO: Et donc le cinéma qui va à l’encontre des popula- tions peut faire renaître le désir de connaissances nou- velles?

YC: Aller vers les autres, partager les connaissances, être uni pour se battre pour notre métier.

 

ÉCOLES/FORMATION

FARAFINA-JA

Centre de formation

FARAFINA-JÂ est un centre de formation aux tech- niques de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma qui vise à dével- opper et à renforcer les capacités techniques et opéra- tionnelles des artistes et des techniciens de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma en Afrique de l’Ouest.

La formation s’adresse:

  • aux néophytes souhaitant s’initier aux techniques et aux moyens utilisés dans les métiers de la réalisation, de la production et de la postproduction ;
  • aux jeunes actifs désireux de se perfectionner et de se professionnaliser en acquérant l’expérience d’une pratique solide des outils professionnels utilisés dans le secteur de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma;
  • aux techniciens expérimentés qui souhaiteraient se perfectionner dans une technique audiovisuelle ou cinématographique précise.

La réalisation de cet espace audiovisuel a pour objectif principal la formation aux métiers et aux techniques de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma pour permettre aux élèves d’entreprendre des activités rémunératrices dans le secteur de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma, grâce aux NTIC (nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication).

Le centre entend œuvrer pour la reconnaissance des jeunes créateurs et techniciens maliens et africains et vise à accroître l’ancrage du secteur culturel dans la dynamique du développement économique et social et notamment en embauchant certains élèves sur les productions du centre. À travers ses créations docu- mentaires et de fiction, il souhaite mettre l’accent sur la richesse et la diversité culturelle et artistique du Mali aux plans nationaux et internationaux. Le centre est doté des moyens techniques et humains nécessaires pour offrir une formation de qualité aux jeunes stagi- aires d’Afrique souhaitant se professionnaliser dans l’audiovisuel ou le cinéma.

Le centre se donne pour mission d’affiner et de développer la sensibilité artistique des élèves qu’il formera, mais également du grand public, à travers des projections de films réalisés en cours de la forma- tion, et à travers des séminaires et des conférences sur l’audiovisuel en Afrique.

À travers ces actions le centre cherche à privilégier la valorisation et la transmission du patrimoine audiovi- suel et cinématographique.

 

DISTRIBUTION

KENEDOUGOU DISTRIBUTION SARL
FILMOGRAPHIE

Kénédougou distribution SARL est une société de distribution de films créée en août 2004. Au Mali et à l’étranger, elle a pour objectifs:

  • la distribution de films
  • l’exploitation des films
  • l’organisation de spectacles

et en général, toutes opérations financières, commer- ciales, industrielles, mobilières et immobilières pouvant se rattacher directement ou indirectement à l’objet ci- dessus ou à tous objets similaires ou connexes.

Son gérant est Sanon Sanogo et Aminata Tangara en est l’agent comptable.

Kénédougou distribution est partenaire de Films Afrique Réseau (FAR).

Contact:

Siège social: 1061, rue 104 Sogoniko

BP 2010 Bamako Mali

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Tel: 223 7 630 01 00

 

SARAMA FILMS
BAMAKO – DJOUMANZANA – BP. E . 2030 – MALI

TEL: 00 223 – 679 70 58 – 673 29 74

FAX: 00 223 – 221 77 62

E – MAIL: [email protected] [email protected]

G. I. E . Créé à BAMAKO – MALI le 23 Septembre

1996 et enregistré au registre du commerce sous le N°

10 294 – le 28 Novembre 1996

ADMINISTRATEUR DU G.  I.  E.  SARAMA

FILMS: SALIF TRAORE

 

DIFFUSION

AfricaFilms.tv – mobiCiné (2009)

Consortium de projet: IDMAGE (France), SOON (Sénégal) et SARAMA FILMS (Mali) En Afrique plus de 40% de la jeune population ne connait pas la salle de cinéma. La télévision l’abreuve d’images provenant d’Hollywood, de Bombay ou de télénovelas, qu’on achète aussi en copies piratées sur les trottoirs et qu’on regarde sur la télé du salon et bientôt sur les smartphones.

AfricaFilms.tv

AfricaFilms.tv est une plateforme numérique dédiée au film africain. Elle dispose d’un catalogue numérisé de films de fiction, documentaires, séries TV, sitcoms, animations…réalisés par des africains ou traitant de l’Afrique et de sa diaspora. Mode d’exploitation via la boutique VOD AfricaFilms.tv, sur internet puis sur les bouquets numériques.

MobiCiné

MobiCINE est un projet de renforcement de la filière audiovisuelle ouest-africaine: un nouveau circuit de projection, itinérant, urbain, payant. Il a pour ambition de faire renaître l’expérience collective du film vu sur grand écran.

AfricaFilmstv-mobiCiné ont pour objectif d’aider le film africain à:

  • Prendre pied sur le marché numérique – être accessible au niveau mondial
  • Renouer avec le public africain
  • Améliorer la montée de recettes aux ayants droit africains
  • Contribuer à une régénération de la filière audiovisuelle africaine
  • Se doter d’une expertise numérique en Afrique

Sur BAMAKO et sur DAKAR

7 unités par capitale pour faire revivre le cinéma là où les salles ont fermé.

 

INDUSTRIES TECHNIQUES / CNCM

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA CINEMATOGRAPHIE DU MALI (CNCM)

Moussa Ouane, Directeur Général

Rue 127 – Porte 54 Av. de la Marne Kibaru Bozola

(Derrière Hotel de l’Amitiè)BP: E 4075

Bamako Mali

tel. 1+223 20 21 59 13 fax: +223 20 21 77 62

http://www.cncmali.com

Statut actuel

E.P.S.T.C. Un Etablissement Public à Caractère Scientifique, Technique et Culturel (E.P.S.T.C.) à votre service; une équipe de 31 agents pour vous ac- compagner dans vos réalisations, un équipement haut de gamme.           Le Centre National du Cinéma du Mali a pour mission de concevoir et de réaliser toute pro- duction cinématographique à caractère publicitaire et d’actualité, à caractère documentaire et artistique. La loi N.98-037P-RM du 20 juillet 1998 lui confie la réglementation, le contrôle et la régulation de tous les secteurs de la cinématographie nationale. Les textes de relecture relatifs à cette nouvelle mission sont à l’étude.

  1. STATUT

Créé par la loi N. 79-4/AN-RM du 29 novembre 1979, le Centre National de Production Cinématographique (CNPC) est un service public.

  1. MISSION

Le CNPC a pour mission de concevoir et de réaliser toute production cinématographique à caractère pub- licitaire et d’actualité, à caractère documentaire et artistique. La loi N.98-037P-RM du 20 juillet 1998 lui confie la réglementation, le contrôle et la régulation de tous les secteurs de la cinématographie nationale. Les textes de relecture relatifs à cette nouvelle mission sont à l’étude. Les activités cinématographiques recouvrent les quatre domaines suivants: * la Production ; * la Distribu- tion ; * l’Exploitation ; *les Entreprises techniques du cinéma. Toute personne physique ou morale exerçant une des professions citées ci-dessous ne peut exercer son activité que si elle est titulaire d’une autorisation d’exercice délivrée par l’autorisation chargée du guichet unique. Il s’agit de: * Production de films ; *Importateurs de films cinématographiques ; * Importateurs – distributeurs de supports enregistrés ; * Distributeurs de films cinématographiques ; * Exploitants de salles de spectacles cinématographiques de toutes catégories; * Exploitants de cinéma ambulant ; * Exploitants de vidéoclubs ; * Entrepreneurs des industries techniques: studios, laboratoires, auditorium ; * Fabriquants de maté- riels et de fournitures cinématographiques.

Le CNCM a succédé en mars 2005 au Centre national de production cinématographique (CNPC), service public créé par la loi du 29 novembre 1979.

Le Centre national de la cinématographie du Mali dispose d’un studio école baptisé “Le Bourgou” inau- guré le 12 septembre 2006. Installé dans le bâtiment du CNCM, il dispose d’une salle de formation polyva- lente, d’une salle de postproduction et de bureaux. Le studio école propose des formations aux différents pro- fessionnels du cinéma (réalisateurs, scénaristes, scriptes, cadreurs, techniciens du son et de la lumière, comédi- ens, décorateurs, maquilleurs, costumiers et régisseurs). Il est organisateur de la Semaine Nationale du Film Africain de Bamako.

Équipe Dirigeante du CNCM

Directeur Moussa OUANE

Directeur Sidy DIABATE

Directeur Adjoint Alou KONE

Directeur Studio École Bourgou Ladji DIAKITE

Chef Département Production Abdoulaye ASCOFARE

Chef Section Scénario Assane KOUYATE

Chef Département Documentation et Archives  Léopold TOGO

Administration Sidy Bécaye TRAORE

Adjoint Département Documentation et Archives Ibrahima TOURE

Chef Section Post Production Marie Rose MAIGA

Secrétaire de Production Mohamed L. TOURE

Directeur Photo Fatimata N. TRAORE

LE BOURGOU
ATELIER AFRICAIN DE PROMOTION DES INSTRUMENTS ET DES LANGAGES DE LA CREATION CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE

Le Studio École – LE BOURGOU – est un atelier professionnel pour la création audiovisuelle, notamment les genres en épisodes: séries, feuilletons, sitcoms, films d’animations, etc. Équipé pour la production et la post- production, avec des salles de formation, il propose aux organismes de cinéma et de télévision du Sud, des sessions qui répondent aux besoins d’apprentissage et de perfec- tionnement de leur personnel artistique et technique:

Scénaristes, Réalisateurs, Compositeurs, Comédiens, Directeurs de la Photographie, Caméramans, Cadreurs Ingénieurs et Preneurs de Son, Désigners Décors et Costumes, Scripts, Assistants, Régisseurs, Maquilleurs, Machinistes, Éclairagistes, Monteurs et Mixeurs, Dessinateurs et Infographistes animateurs.

ACCÈS AU STUDIO

Le Studio évalue le coût des prestations demandées, et propose au porteur de projet un contrat de production déterminant les modalités d’exécution de la commande. Les professionnels du public comme du privé, intéres- sés par un module de formation, font acte de candida- ture. Les fiches d’inscription pour la participation aux sessions sont disponibles par téléchargement. Un pro- gramme annuel des sessions est également disponible.

PRISE EN CHARGE

Les porteurs de projets adressent leurs dossiers aux partenaires financiers disponibles. Dans l’éventualité d’une coproduction, le CNCM peut proposer un ap- port en industrie. Pour la formation, la couverture des frais est négociée auprès du service employeur, des services de coopération et des agences spécialisées.

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Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Guinée

Masterclasses

SYNTHESE GUINEE

CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE GUINEEN
  1. Les salles de cinéma à Conakry

Disparition des salles de cinéma dans un pays comme la Guinée, où il y a eu jusqu’à 92 salles, et même plus au niveau national. Nous faisons aujourd’hui un con- stat il ne reste plus que 3 salles de cinéma à Conakry. Les jeunes de moins de 30 ans ignorent qu’il y a eu de grandes salles de cinéma à Conakry. Les commerçants ont tout simplement acheté les salles de cinéma, bien souvent transformées en magasins et en boutiques. Il restait une trentaine de salles. Ces cessions de salles ont été faites avec l’aval de l’Etat. L’Etat n’a jamais compris l’intérêt de préserver ces salles de cinéma.

  1. Les archives

Archives d’actualités cinéma

Le patrimoine des archives en Guinée: à partir du début des indépendances, c’est à dire 1958, les actuali- tés de l’époque étaient tournées en 35 millimètres, en 16mm, en super 16mm, en inversible. La Guinée n’a plus ces archives-là. Où est-ce qu’on pourrait retrouver les archives pour que la jeunesse guinéenne s’approprie ce patrimoine? Etudier la possibilité de monter des documentaires basés sur des images d’archives, com- mentés par des gens vivants héritiers de cette période là? Cela pourrait-il expliquer un peu la société, le social de la Guinée aujourd’hui? En Guinée en 2012, on s’aperçoit qu’un jeune de 30 ans ne connaît pas les trois quarts de son histoire. Il n’y a pas eu de préservation du patrimoine. Si on accompagnait la jeunesse pour regarder le passé depuis la période de Sékou TOURE jusqu’à aujourd’hui il y aurait éventuellement une prise de conscience au niveau culturel.

Archives de la télévision

Incapacité de situer ces archives, même des années ‘90. Au niveau de la télévision, il y a eu l’abandon du format U-MATIC pour les BETACAM. Aujourd’hui il n’est pas sûr de retrouver les archives en U-MATIC. Pour une intervention, une conférence de presse donnée par Sékou TOURE à Paris était nécessaire. La télévision nationale ne retrouvait pas l’archive correspondante. Il a fallu un communiqué à la radio, afin de prendre con- tact avec des gens dans la cité qui avaient des archives chez eux en VHS!

  1. Concurrence entre Ministères

Il y a plusieurs entités, et le problème vient aussi du fait que la télévision est sous tutelle du Ministère de la Communication. Que le sort du cinéma soit sous tutelle du Ministère de la Culture, ça c’est un con- stat fait en général dans plusieurs pays africains. Or, nous savons que la télévision a un budget relativement important, que souvent le cinéma a un faible budget, et que du coup il n’y a pas de communication entre les différents antagonistes alors que normalement il devrait y avoir collaboration. Il n’y a pas du tout de collabora- tion entre les directions du cinéma et les directions des télévisions. Chaque fois que les télévisions publiques ont besoin de documentaires, la télévision produit elle- même, et passe rarement par le cinéma.

  1. Les nouvelles télévisions de Guinée

Aujourd’hui il y a déjà 3 télévisions privées, la 1ère GANGA-TV, la 2ème Evasion Guinée et puis la 3ème Diversity-TV, il y en a d’autres sur liste d’attente, at- tendant l’agrément du gouvernement pour émettre. Il y a une possibilité de collaboration avec ces télévisions privées dans justement la diffusion de films documen- taires guinéens. Il faut avoir conscience de l’importance de ces documentaires, savoir ce que cela représente pour les télévisions publiques. Ce qui intéresse actu- ellement, ce sont les longues déclarations des Chefs d’Etat et là bien évidemment, il n’y a plus de place pour d’autres programmes. Mais les télévisions privées ont effectivement besoin de ce contenu là pour fonctionner. La porte au niveau de ces chaînes de télévisions privées est ouverte.

  1. Projets de restructurations

Tout reste en attente, dans le contexte des élections législatives à venir. Au niveau des archives, au niveau de la formation, au niveau de ce qu’il faut restruc- turer en Guinée.

Personne ne s’intéresse aux archives. A part la Radio- Télévision Guinéenne, il y a toutefois un espace où les documents sont sauvegardés, mais sans véritables moyens de conservation, les numériser ou d’en faire quelque chose.

Sans aides de l’Etat, il est difficile de demander des aides de l’extérieur. Il faut attendre une nouvelle poli- tique culturelle et de sauvegarde du patrimoine, une réelle volonté du gouvernement. Aujourd’hui, il n’y a pas d’interlocuteur, cela ne les intéresse pas.

  1. Recherche de mécénat

Il est possible de commencer aujourd’hui à chercher mal- gré tout du mécénat, pour mettre en place la structure.

En Guinée, ceux qui sont en place, sont les deman- deurs, ils ne sont pas là pour aider à développer les projets. Il faut être prudent, pour ne pas se retrouver dans des problèmes de corruption ou autre.

Si vous montez un projet, soit il y a des contraintes, parce que ceux qui sont en place n’ont pas leur part, soit ils essayent de faire la même chose sans avoir la voca- tion et les connaissances, et ça risque de mal tourner.

  1. Résidence d’écriture Dubréka

L’année dernière, s’est créée la résidence d’écriture, à Dubreka.

5 premiers projets sont sortis de cette résidence d’écriture, ces 5 projets seront produis en Guinée,

Après la résidence, il y a 8 projets qui ont été révélés, trois films de 52 minutes, dont 2 documentaires, et 5 courts-métrages, d’à peu près 10 minutes.

Ce que produit Gahité FOFANA avec sa société BAFILA Films, d’une manière autonome, en Guinée, ce sont les 5 courts-métrages plus deux documentaires en coproduction avec des sociétés françaises.

Au Fespaco, au Burkina Faso, il y a une sélection pour les films d’école, sachant que ces films sont réalisés en coproduction avec l’ISAG, l’Institut Français, et BAFILA Films.

  1. Collaboration avec AfricaDoc

La résidence d’écriture à DUBREKA est en collabora- tion avec AfricaDoc.

Un mécénat est fait avec la radio Espace FM. Espace FM ayant le projet de monter une télévision. Il faut compter sur cette télévision pour la diffusion des films documentaires.

  1. Télévision satellitaires

D’après mes recherches qui se se sont déroulées localement, les personnes concernées réalisateurs producteurs, m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai réalisées, que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont peut-être le potentiel pour diffuser les films documentaires, mais ne le font quasiment jamais, de même que les télévisions nationales. Cela est compensé par les accords faits avec les chaînes francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la gestion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AFRIQUE, CANAL FRANCE IN- TERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE) Les contrats de coproductions passés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL propose des programmes aux chaînes africaines, qui sélectionnent parmi ces “packages” des programmes dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documentaires, produits en coproduction, ou en pré-achat.

 

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE YAMOUSSA SIDIBE ANCIEN DIRECTEUR DE LA TELEVISION NATIONALE, ANCIEN DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE LA TELEVISION PRIVEE « EVASION GUINEE», ACTUELLEMENT A LA TETE D’UNE AGENCE CONSEIL EN COMMUNICATION « INTERFACE GUINEE COMMUNICATION »
KDO: Je me trouve à Conakry et je vais faire une inter- view de Yamoussa SIDIBE qui est l’ancien directeur de la radiotélévision de la Guinée, qui est aussi réalisateur et qui va essayer de créer une télévision privée. M. Sidibé, pourriez-vous vous présenter et parler de votre parcours.

YS: Alors je suis Yamoussa SIDIBE, ancien directeur de la télévision nationale, ancien directeur général de la télévision privée “Evasion Guinée”. Actuellement je suis à la tête d’une agence conseil en communication qui s’appelle “Interface Guinée Communication.”

KDO: Et je voulais vous poser des questions à propos des documentaires. Comment explique-t-on le fait dans toute l’Afrique – ce n’est pas particulier à la Guinée- , que nous ayons des réalisateurs de documentaires, documentaires de création, documentaires pour la télévision, mais qu’ils soient si peu diffusés au niveau des télévisions nationales.

YS: Vous savez, ce problème se remarque surtout au niveau des télévisions publiques, le problème c’est qu’au niveau des télévisions publiques il y a surtout des fonctionnaires, des fonctionnaires qui ne compren- nent pas tout l’intérêt de diffuser le documentaire. En général, ils ne les regardent même pas. Ce qui intéresse le plus les gens de la télévision publique ce sont les déclarations du gouvernement, les longues déclara- tions du Chef de l’Etat, le match de football. Voilà. Les documentaires qui permettent de restituer la culture nationale, qui pourraient permettre aux jeunes de comprendre leur culture, de s’identifier dans ce monde- là ne représentent pas grand-chose pour eux. C’est ça le problème, ils ne comprennent pas encore l’intérêt de diffuser le documentaire.

KDO: Effectivement, on s’intéresse à former la jeu- nesse. Mais ne pensez-vous pas que, du fait qu’il y ait plusieurs entités, que la télévision soit sous tutelle du Ministère de la Communication alors que le sort national du cinéma soit sous tutelle du Ministère de la Culture – un constat récurrent dans les pays africains -, ne facilite pas la collaboration.

YS: Effectivement, il n’y a pas de collaboration. Il n’y a pas du tout de collaboration entre les directions du cinéma et les directions de télévision, il n’y a pas du tout de collaboration. En fait chaque fois que les télévisions publiques ont besoin de documentaires, ils les produisent eux-mêmes et rarement ils passent par le cinéma. Il est vrai qu’il y a des cinéastes. Par exemple à Conakry, il y a de grands noms comme Gahité Fofana. Il y a encore Cheikh Camara, je crois et vous-même qui êtes guinéenne. Il y a des productions mais c’est vrai qu’il manque cette interconnexion entre les deux directions, entre les deux entités, qui permettrait à l’une de travailler pour renforcer les capacités de l’autre. C’est ça le grand problème. Le ministre de la com- munication et le ministre de la culture ne se sentent pas complémentaires mais se sentent plutôt comme en compétition. Voilà donc l’une refuse de travailler pour l’autre chacun veut qu’à la fin les palmes soit pour lui malheureusement

KDO: D’un autre côté, comment expliquer la disparition des salles de cinéma dans un pays comme la Guinée où il y a eu jusqu’à 90 salles 92 salles et même plus au niveau national et il ne reste plus aujourd’hui que 3 salles de ci- néma à ma connaissance à Conakry. Comment explique- t-on la disparition totale des salles de cinéma?

YS: Trois salles à Conakry? Je ne les connais même pas. Les salles de cinéma ont complètement disparu, les jeunes de moins de 30 ans ignorent qu’il y a eu de grandes salles de cinéma à Conakry. Qu’est-ce qui s’est passé? Les commerçants ont tout simplement acheté les salles de cinéma. Les maisons qui abritent les salles ont été tout simplement achetées par les commerçants et transformées en magasins et en boutiques. Dans tout Conakry, il y avait, disons, une trentaine de salles de cinéma. Toutes ces salles de cinéma ont été rachet- ées par des commerçants, et avec le soutien de l’Etat malheureusement. En fait, l’Etat n’a jamais compris l’intérêt de préserver ces salles de cinéma. L’Etat, lui-même a encouragé la vente, l’achat de ces salles de cinéma par les commerçants, c’est ce qui s’est passé en Guinée. Aujourd’hui le problème, c’est que les jeunes regardent les films, mais à la télévision, il n’y a pas de salles de cinéma, ils ignorent qu’il y en a eu en Guinée. J’étais à une conférence, j’ai parlé d’une rencontre des jeunes étudiants guinéens en France qui se sont réunis à Conakry pour décider de l’indépendance de la Guinée au cinéma RIALTO. Les étudiants ne savaient pas où se situait ce cinéma RIALTO. Ils l’ignoraient tous. L’Etat a accompagné les commerçants qui voulaient des maisons, qui voulaient des magasins, qui voulaient des boutiques pour quelques sous et puis c’est fini quoi, toutes les salles de cinéma ont disparu.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez me dire aussi votre senti- ment, puisqu’on parle du patrimoine des salles dispa- rues, qu’en est-il du patrimoine des archives en Guinée. On sait que dans les années 1960, à partir du début des indépendances, c’est à dire 1958, on sait que des actualités de l’époque étaient tournées en 35 millimètre, en invers- ible, en super 16. Aujourd’hui la Guinée n’est plus en pos- session de ces archives-là. Où peut-on les retrouver pour que la jeunesse guinéenne s’approprie son patrimoine. Est-ce qu’il y a possibilité de récupérer des archives, monter des documentaires basés sur des images d’archives, commentées par des gens vivants, de cette période là? Cela pourrait expliquer un peu où en est la Guinée aujourd’hui? Je pense que, lorsqu’on vient en Guinée en 2012, et qu’effectivement un jeune de 30 ans ne connaît pas les trois quarts de son histoire parce il n’y a pas eu de préservation du patrimoine, ça pose problème, et que si on accompagnait une jeunesse pour revoir le passé depuis la période de Sékou TOURE jusqu’à aujourd’hui il y aurait éventuellement une prise de conscience, en tout cas au niveau culturel.

YS: Mais vous avez fait l’état des lieux vous-même, c’est exactement ce qui se passe, je suis incapable de vous dire où on peut trouver ces archives! Je suis incapable de vous dire avec assurance qu’on peut encore trouver des archives datées des années 90 même! Par exemple au niveau de la télévision, quand on a quitté les U- Matic pour les BETACAM, aujourd’hui je ne suis pas sûr que vous retrouviez les archives en U-MATIC, je ne suis pas du tout sûr. Imaginez un peu qu’on a eu besoin d’une intervention, une conférence de presse donnée par Sékou TOURE à Paris. La télévision nationale avait besoin de ces archives-là, on ne les avait pas. On a été obligé de faire un communiqué à la radio, pour prendre contact avec des gens dans la cité qui avaient des archives chez eux en VHS! C’est ce qui nous a permis de reconstituer ces images-là. Au niveau de la télévision à ma connaissance, non, au niveau des archives nationales je ne penses pas que vous puissiez retrouver ces images d’archives, je ne pense pas.

KDO: Ça c’est incroyable. J’ai appris récemment – c’est valable pour les 8 pays d’Afrique francophone que je couvre, que pour le cinquantenaire des indépendance des pays africains, certaines archives de l’INA en France ont été restituées et notamment remises aux ministères de la communication des pays concernés. Apparemment, le ministère de la culture n’était pas informé de cette donation. Beaucoup de pays ont répondu positivement en disant qu’ils étaient d’accord pour récupérer les archives mais que pour le moment ils n’avaient aucun lieu de conservation, aucun lieu de stockage des archives, donc les archives restent à l’INA. Nous savons que depuis plus d’un an, chaque pays peut s’approprier une partie de ses archives qui pourrait servir à monter des documentaires, en complément avec des images actuelles. J’ai l’impression que les différents ministères de la communication n’ont pas fait circuler l’information.

YS: C’est une première nouvelle, je n’étais pas informé, c’est vrai qu’aujourd’hui, ce dont on a besoin, c’est la formation dans l’archivage. On a besoin de connaître les nouvelles techniques, les nouvelles technologies utilisées ailleurs pour conserver la mémoire nationale. On en a besoin parce qu’ici les archivistes sont formés dans l’archivage de documents écrits. Si vous prenez les archives de la RTG (la Radio Télévision Guinéenne) vous trouverez des cassettes en U-MATIC. Mais il n’y a pas de magnétoscope pour lire ces cassettes et donc elles restent dans cet état-là poussiéreux, et puis finalement le jour où vous en aurez besoin, où vous aurez un magnéto- scope pour les lire, vous ne trouverez aucune image. Les cassettes s’abîment. Donc on a besoin de formation, on a besoin d’utiliser les nouvelles technologies pour archiver ces images là pour les mettre sur des cartes mémoires, sur CD et consort. En tout cas on a besoin des nouvelles techniques d’archivage, on a besoin de ça, on a vraiment besoin d’une formation dans ce sens-là. Je vous dis avec certitude, je vous le dis, les Guinéens, les archivistes guinéens n’ont pas bénéficié de formation depuis plus de 20 ans, ils n’ont pas bénéficié de formation, ils ne savent pas comment ça se passe ailleurs!

KDO: Et tout simplement parce que je pense que les dif- férents ministères ne font pas leur travail. Parce que, comment expliquez-vous que j’ai rencontré des gens au Burkina Faso, dans d’autres pays, gens qui ont été amenés en Chine. Moi je peux vous montrer, j’ai des images d’une Dame du Bénin qui a été formée en Chine. Elle m’a mon- tré des DVD de sa formation d’archivage au niveau de la Chine et ça a été pris en charge. Ça veut dire que leur institution fait la démarche pour que les gens de la télévi- sion, les gens du cinéma soient formés, et tout est pris en charge dans ces pays.

YS: Le problème de la Guinée c’est que ceux qui di- rigent ces départements ministériels ne comprennent pas l’intérêt d’archiver, ne comprennent pas l’intérêt de faire des documentaires, ne comprennent pas qu’il faut passer par ce chemin là pour…

KDO: Préserver!

YS: Préserver la mémoire nationale, pour permettre aux jeunes d’aujourd’hui de comprendre ce qui s’est passé avant eux et de se projeter dans l’avenir. Ils ne comprennent pas l’intérêt. Donc ils ne s’investissent pas dans ce sens-là, c’est ça le problème. S’ils comprenaient tout l’intérêt qu’il y a dans ce sens-là, ils auraient pu s’investir, mais ils ne comprennent pas. Donc, peut- être qu’ils auraient besoin de séminaires de formation eux-même pour comprendre ce qui se passe et travailler à trouver des moyens de formation de leurs agents pour archiver les documents.

KDO: Pour finir, est-ce que vous pouvez me parler des té- lévisions privées qui sont en train de s’ouvrir en Guinée?

YS: Oui, aujourd’hui il y a déjà 3 télévisions privées, la 1ère GANGA-TV, la 2ème Evasion Guinée et puis la 3ème Diversity-TV, ce sont les 3 télévisions privées qui sont là et il y en a beaucoup qui sont sur le parvis, qui attendent l’agrément du gouvernement pour se lancer sur la scène nationale.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’il y aurait une possibilité de collaboration avec ces télévisions privées pour assurer la diffusion de films guinéens que ce soit des films de fic- tions ou que ce soit des films documentaires?

YS: Je crois oui. Eux ils sont conscients de l’importance de ces documentaires et de ces films, ils sont conscients, en fait ils savent ce que ça représente pour eux, alors que la télévision publique comme je l’ai dit ne com- prend pas. Il n’y a plus de place apparemment après les longues déclarations des chefs d’Etat. Mais au niveau des télévisions privées ils ont effectivement besoin de ce contenu là pour fonctionner. Donc je crois que la porte au niveau de ces chaînes de télévisions est ouverte.

 

INTERVIEW GAHITE FOFANA
REALISATEUR, PRODUCTEUR
KDO: J’ai en face de moi Gahité Fofana, qui a une société de production à Conakry qui s ‘appelle Bafila film. Mon- sieur Gahité Fofana, est-ce que vous pouvez rapidement me tracer votre parcours dans le domaine du cinéma parce qu’aujourd’hui, vous êtes réalisateur/ producteur, mais je sais que vous avez démarré dans le montage.

GF: Moi, je suis sorti de l’ESRA, (Ecole Supérieure de Réalisation Audiovisuelle) à Paris. A partir de la deux- ième année, j’ai fait des stages de montage à ATRIA. J’ai travaillé avec André Davanture pendant 7 ans, en tant qu’assistant monteur. Ensuite j’ai fait un premier film documentaire, TANOUN, un film sur mon grand-père. On tournait en super 16mm, gonflé en 35 mm. Ensuite, j’ai fait un court-métrage de fiction de 10 minutes, TEMEDI; puis UNE PAROLE, UN VISAGE un documentaire de 26 minutes; MATHIAS, LE PRO- CES DES GANGS, un documentaire de 52 minutes; un téléfilm pour Arte IMMATRICULATION TEM- PORAIRE, 77 minutes; un deuxième téléfilm pour Arte UN MATIN BONHEUR, 74 minutes. Ensuite j’ai fait 28 SEPTEMBRE, ANNEE ZERO, film documentaire de 52 minutes. Ce sont des films tournés en Guinée. Et récemment, j’ai fait mon dernier film HISTOIRE DE SOUVERAINETE MONETAIRE. J’ai aussi produit un film de Seida DIALLO en 2004, un peu comme LES YEUX DANS LES BLEUS, qui s’appelle SUR LA TROMPE DU SILLY. En 2007-2008, j‘ai été nommé Directeur Adjoint du Cinéma en Guinée, le 23 mars, si je me souviens bien. Ce qui m’a permis de créer un centre de ressources audiovisuelles en Guinée, qui s’occupe d’un cinéma ambulant- qui devrait s’occuper , car c’en est toujours au stade de projet -et d’une cinémathèque pour récu- pérer les archives. Beaucoup de films ont été tournés en Guinée sous la première République, juste après la décolonisation, films qui ne sont pas en Guinée, film en 35 ou en 16 mm. Ils sont dans les laboratoires un peu partout dans le monde, mais on ne peut pas les voir en Guinée. C’est donc la première priorité du Centre, et la troisième partie s’est s’occuper de formation. D’où des organisations de résidence d’écriture, de documentaires, essayer de faire en sorte que les gens se forment.

KDO: Est-ce que dans le cadre de la création de votre Centre, vous avez approché l’Etat Guinéen, en ce qui concerne le domaine des archives?

GF: Oui, mais le problème, c’est qu’aujourd’hui, on est toujours dans une phase de transition au niveau de l’Etat Guinéen, en tous cas du gouvernement. Tous les minis- tres qui sont là, le sont plus pour des raisons électorales, que pour travailler dans un domaine collectif, donc il n’y a pas de répondant. C’est à dire que pour l’instant, la politique n’est pas culturelle, elle est juste électorale, et l’objectif, c’est de passer, d’avoir le maximum de postes. Alors cela devient de la politique au moment des législa- tives, donc en ce moment les ministres qui sont en poste ne sont pas des interlocuteurs, puisque leur seul prob- lème, c’est de faire en sorte de ramasser le plus de voix possible pour être majoritaires aux législatives.

KDO: Quelles sont les difficultés que vous rencontrez pour produire des documentaires en Guinée?

GF: Moi, je n’ai pas eu vraiment de difficultés. J’ai eu pas mal de chance parce qu’étant entre la France et la Guinée, en général je trouve les financements en France. En Guinée nous n’avons pas d’aide, rien n’existe, mais au moins, on ne nous empêche pas de filmer.

KDO: En terme de production, est-ce que la Télévision Nationale Guinéenne co-produit, est-ce qu’on peut imag- iner un partenariat de coproduction dans le cadre de la réalisation de documentaires?

GF: Je ne cherche même pas à imaginer, je ne suis pas dans ce cas de figure. On ne s’attend pas à ce que la télévision verse des droits d’auteur, et encore moins participe dans les coproductions, ou quoi que ce soit.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’avec les nouvelles chaînes privées qui sont en train de s’installer, il y aurait des pos- sibilités de faire des coproductions, ou de collaborer plus facilement, à l’avenir?

GF: Je l’espère, mais le problème c’est qu’aujourd’hui, c’est un peu comme les radios, ceux qui font de la radio comme ceux qui s’occupent des chaînes, en général, ce sont des commerçants, qui ont beaucoup d’argent. Et il n’y a pas de ligne éditoriale, il n’y a pas de réflexion par rapport à une programmation, ni par rapport à une production. Mais je pense qu’en leur expliquant et en insistant, peut-être qu’on peut leur faire comprendre que s’ils produisaient, ils auraient des programmes qui seraient un peu plus originaux. Sachant aussi qu’il y a de nouvelles chaînes, maintenant qui vont se créer, et qu’ils pourraient, peut-être, essayer de produire des programmes qui leur appartiennent.

KDO: Est-ce que brièvement, vous pouvez nous parler maintenant de vos projets personnels, en ce qui concerne votre projet de Centre au niveau des archives, au niveau de la formation, au niveau de ce que vous voulez faire, en attendant que les législatives soient votées en Guinée?

GF: Pour l’instant, je suis un peu en stand-by, puisque je me sens un peu seul, personne ne s’intéresse aux archives. Au niveau de la RTG, il y a quand même une salle où ils essayent de garder les documents qu’ils diffusent, mais eux-mêmes n’ont pas les moyens de les sauvegarder, de les numériser ou d’en faire quelque chose. Tant qu’on n’aura pas d’aides de l’Etat, ce sera difficile de demander des aides de l’extérieur. Pour l’instant, j’attends que s’instaure une nouvelle politique culturelle et de sauvegarde du patrimoine, une volonté au niveau du gouvernement. Aujourd’hui, il n’y a pas d’interlocuteur, cela ne les intéresse pas.

KDO: L’année dernière, vous avez fait une résidence d’écriture, à Dubreka. Il y a 5 projets qui sont sortis de cette résidence d’écriture, et sur ces 5 projets que vous allez produire en Guinée, j’aimerais savoir quand va démarrer la première production, et comment vous allez organiser la mise en place de ces 5 projets de documentaires?

GF: Après la résidence, il y a 8 projets qui sont sortis. Il y a trois films de 52 minutes, dont 2 documentaires, et 5 courts métrages d’à peu près 10 minutes. Ce que je produis d’une manière autonome, en Guinée, ce sont les 5 courts métrages, plus deux documentaires en coproduction avec des sociétés françaises. On espère finir ces 5 courts métrages, – sur ces 5, il y en a 4 qui sont issus de l’école de Dubreka – l’ISAG, afin de les présenter au Fespaco. Car au Fespaco, il y a une sélec- tion pour les films d’école, sachant que ces films on les fait en coproduction avec l’ISAG, l’Institut Français, BAFILA Films.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler brièvement de votre collaboration avec Africadoc?

GF: AfricaDoc, pour moi, c’est grâce à Dominique Ollier avec qui j’avais travaillé dans le cadre du Centre de Ressources Audiovisuelles. On avait rendu hom- mage à Moussa Diakité, en restaurant 4 anciens films, entre 1968 et 1979. Alors travaillant avec AfricaDoc, et organisant une séance d’écriture, c’est lui qui m’avait proposé de faire une résidence d’écriture à Conakry, et c’est ainsi que nous avons pu monter le dossier.

KDO: La résidence d’écriture à DUBREKA est en col- laboration avec AfricaDoc.

GF: Nous avions reçu également un mécénat de la radio Espace FM. Espace FM qui va monter aussi une télévision, et je compte aussi sur eux, pour la diffusion de ces 5 court- métrages, qui sont issus de la résidence d’écriture.

KDO: Est-ce que vous allez continuer la collabora- tion avec AfricaDoc, dans le cadre, soit des résidences d’écriture, soit une autre forme de collaboration? 

GF: Disons que personnellement, moi, je n’ai pas l’énergie de le faire. Mais je pense que les premiers qui sont sortis de cette première résidence, l’idée, si j’ai bien compris, c’est plus à eux de prendre le relais, par leur association, à travers le lien avec Africadoc, de faire en sorte de monter une deuxième résidence.

KDO: Ce serait plutôt les jeunes, qui on fait la résidence d’écriture, ce serait à eux de remettre en place une forme de collaboration avec les gens d’AfricaDoc.

GF: Si pour eux, l’expérience était concluante, c’est à eux de faire en sorte que cela se pérennise.

 

OLIVIER BARLET AVEC LE CINEASTE MOUSSA KEMOKO DIAKITE
DE SEKOU TOURÉ À AUJOURD’HUI Entretien
MKD: Comment le cinéma a-t-il démarré en Guinée?

OB: Le cinéma a démarré en même temps que ceux du Sénégal et de l’Algérie, et ce furent les trois pays leaders en la matière. En 1970, la Guinée a été envahie par l’armée portugaise, car elle était point d’appui de la guerre de libération en Guinée Bissau et au Liberia. Nous étions une dizaine de cinéastes à avoir fait leurs études aux Etats-Unis, en Union Soviétique, en Yougo- slavie, en Pologne et moi-même en Allemagne fédérale. Notre directeur avait fait ses études à l’IDHEC en France. La presque totalité de ces cinéastes furent en- fermés au Camp Boiro, certains pendant six à huit ans. J’ai eu la chance de n’y rester qu’un an.

MKD: Pourquoi avez-vous été enfermés?

OB: La Guinée était un régime totalitaire dictatorial, au même titre que l’Union soviétique. Tous les intel- lectuels étaient considérés comme suspects. Nous avions des fréquentations “douteuses” avec les étrangers. Quand mes camarades sont sortis de prison, certains ont dû changer de métier pour survivre car leur vue avait trop baissé… Sinon, ceux qui sont sortis ont fait des documentaires pour participer à l’endoctrinement de la population et célébrer la supériorité de la Guinée sur les pays dits néocolonisés. J’ai évolué avec Hafia et surtout Naïtou, à partir d’un conte de Birago Diop qu’il avait appelé “La cuiller sale” où c’est la conscience du village qui punira la mauvaise femme. Depuis, la Guinée a changé de régime et une nouvelle génération est apparue avec Cheick Doukouré, David Aschkar, Gahité Fofana, Cheick Fantamady Camara, Mohamed Camara, des cinéastes qui se battent pour s’exprimer malgré les difficultés de financement.

MKD: Un cinéma populaire en vidéo s’est-il développé? Quel est l’enjeu du cinéma aujourd’hui en Guinée?

OB: Beaucoup de jeunes se lancent dans le cinéma dans des productions légères sans argent et sans maîtrise de la technique, et sans diffusion. Mais si certains continuent en amateurs d’autres apprennent la technique à l’Institut des arts. Il leur faudrait tous se cultiver davantage pour mieux maîtriser le langage cinématographique. Les nouvelles technologies ne dispensent pas de faire com- prendre une histoire avec des images.

MKD: Ces jeunes cinéastes devraient-ils voir les films de leurs anciens et notamment les vôtres?

OB: Lorsque Gahité FOFANA a été nommé directeur adjoint du cinéma guinéen, on lui a confié le Centre de ressources audiovisuelles de Guinée (CRAG). Il a cherché les films dans les laboratoires, notamment les miens. Autrefois, en pays socialiste, ceux qui termi- naient leurs études devenaient automatiquement fonctionnaires nous réalisions les documentaires demandés par le parti d’Etat. Mais à la longue, cela développait la paresse parmi les cinéastes. Aujourd’hui, ce sont les finances qui manquent. Il leur faut persévérer et amé- liorer la technique.

MKD: A voir vos films, j’ai eu l’impression d’une évolu- tion dans le traitement et les contenus.

OB: Les documentaires étaient des films commandités. Les arts et la culture étaient soutenus mais encadrés. Il fallait être attentif à la transmission du message. Castro était un ami et il fallait montrer qu’ils étaient sur la même longueur d’onde avec Sékou Touré, mais il fal- lait aussi montrer que le peuple était en phase avec ses dirigeants. On ne nous disait pas précisément ce qu’il fallait faire on le déduisait de l’idéologie ambiante.

MKD: Hirde Dyama a été co-réalisé avec l’Allemand Gerhard Jentsch — quelle était votre coopération?

OB: Nous avons fait deux versions. Il était en charge de la version allemande, sous-titrée en anglais, et moi de la version guinéenne, directement commentée en français. La version présentée à ce festival est la première, le laboratoire cherche encore la seconde.

MKD: Hirde Dyama et Castro ont un commentaire qui donne le “la” de ce qu’il faut penser. Dans Hafia, la propagande est encore présente mais le commentaire de Pathé Diallo ose des expressions nettement plus libres.

OB: Oui, parce que c’était un match de football qui met deux équipes en jeu. Hafia n’était pas moins dirigé que les autres on essayait de montrer la mobilisation du public et ensuite la remise de la coupe par Sekou Touré. Sa vision panafricaine est mise en avant, notamment à propos des conflits fraternels il voulait transcender ce qui se passait en Guinée pour emprunter un adoucisse- ment du régime, ce qu’il a fait à partir de 1978 où il a cherché à dépasser les tensions avec les pays voisins et une meilleure relation avec la France. Son discours re- pris par le film était ainsi un moyen de lancer des ponts avec Senghor et Houphouët.

MKD: Vos films mettent systématiquement en avant le panafricanisme. Etait-ce votre choix?

OB: Que ce soit mon choix ou non, c’était celui du parti. Chaque film devait mettre en avant ses grandes lignes directrices: le panafricanisme, le soutien aux mouvements de libération, etc.

MKD: Une équipe de foot peut-elle être comparée à un pays?

OB: Il fallait que le militant guinéen du parti sente que ce qui se faisait dans le pays était mieux qu’ailleurs. Pour asseoir l’endoctrinement, il fallait lui rendre grâce.

MKD: La première partie d’Hafia commente les matchs avec Pathé Diallo, puis c’est le discours de Sékou Touré, puis l’interview des deux journalistes étrangers. On parle à tout moment stratégies.

OB: Le journaliste algérien était plus politique mais chaque occasion était bonne pour exalter la ligne et endoctriner la population!

MKD: Vous intégrez donc parfaitement le message officiel de l’époque mais n’y avait-il pas à réfléchir face à ce système?

OB: Dans ces régimes totalitaires, il fallait se dédoubler adhérer au discours officiel et le transmettre comme tel, même si intérieurement il y avait une réserve. Tous les cadres doivent représenter le régime, aujourd’hui encore dans certains pays. C’était un double jeu même si on adhérait pas, il fallait le défendre.

MKD: On a quand même l’impression que si vous aviez fait des films de propagande sans y adhérer, ils n’auraient pas cette qualité. On a l’impression que vous extrayez de ces discours ce qui vous plaît.

OB: Quand on avait un film à faire, on ne recevait pas de consignes claires. Je savais comment choisir mes angles, ne pas tomber dans la trivialité mais tout en restant au service du parti. Il y avait un choix de ce qui pouvait être retenu et marquer l’attention du peuple. On croit en voyant Hafia que Sekou Touré entre triom- phalement dans le stade le jour du match, mais c’est le lendemain, durant la célébration de la victoire. C’est un effet de montage. On faisait donc un choix de spec- tacle. Certains ont pensé qu’il était présent au match.

MKD: Comment vous remémorez-vous cette époque aujourd’hui, avec le recul? Avec douleur? Avec passion?

OB: Il y a des faits que je condamne, comme la prison, mais il y eut des choses positives, comme les activités artistiques. Le gouvernement avait toujours mis les fonds nécessaires au développement d’une politique culturelle. Même ceux qui adhéraient avaient un petit recul mais je dirais aujourd’hui que rien n’est seule- ment positif ou négatif. On y pense avec le sourire, ce qui veut dire beaucoup de choses. On ne condamne pas complètement le parti mais on n’a pas envie de recom- mencer.

MKD: Vous voulez dire que la Guinée était alors un pays debout qui disait non au colonialisme.

OB: Oui, après l’indépendance de 1958, nous avions été confrontés à une conspiration du silence dans tous les pays occidentaux sur ce que faisait la Guinée, mais la fougue et le tempérament de Sékou Touré lui permet- taient de faire passer son message en Afrique. Il était soutenu par nombre de cadres africains mais qui se sont détachés peu à peu en apprenant ce qui arrivait à leurs homologues en Guinée.

MKD: En 1982, vous réalisez avec Naïtou un geste radi- cal de cinéma. Quelle en était la genèse?

OB: On attend le moment propice pour réaliser ce qu’on a en soi. J’étais directeur de production sur Amok du réalisateur marocain Souheil Ben Barka, tourné aux trois quarts en Guinée, adaptation de Pleure ô pays bien aimé d’Alan Paton. La Guinée avait d’excellents techniciens en sommeil. Ce fut pour eux l’occasion de se réveiller. C’est alors que j’ai conçu ce projet et présenté un synopsis qui a été accepté par mon min- istre. Il l’a transmis au parti qui l’a accepté à son tour. Le film fut un grand succès, et a obtenu une mention spéciale à Carthage. L’année suivante, il eut le prix de l’Unesco à Ouagadougou. Je voulais faire un film de fiction sans devoir affronter le parti.

MKD: L’absence de dialogues permettait-elle de con- tourner la question des contenus?

OB: J’étais jeune et voulais expérimenter. Les films muets étaient compris. La pantomime devait le per- mettre.

MKD: Quel était l’intérêt du sujet?

OB: Il était possible de tirer profit des talents des bal- lets africains et des décors naturels du pays. J’ai aussi fait appel à un compositeur de Miriam Makeba, Phili Mongo, qui a fait les bruitages et quelques effets spé- ciaux. Miriam Makeba lui avait payé le billet d’avion pour le faire venir de Monrovia. C’était une période exaltante où les opposants à l’apartheid étaient soute- nus et formés. Ce sont des points qui encourageaient à adhérer à la politique de Sékou Touré.

MKD: Vous adhériez avec les bons côtés de cette idéologie.

OB: Oui, pas avec l’emprisonnement des gens mais avec ces tentatives de développement autonome, et notam- ment l’autosuffisance alimentaire qui reste encore un problème aujourd’hui. On a compris maintenant qu’il faut le faire avec un développement participatif et non dirigé pour que les projets viennent des populations. Les besoins doivent être définis par les habitants eux- mêmes.

MKD: Après Naïtou, vous avez changé d’orientation, pourquoi?

OB: J’avais appris la publicité en Allemagne. Durant le régime Sékou Touré, ça ne se faisait pas. Mais à la libéralisation, la concurrence arrivait. Une structure a été créée pour encourager les commerçants à dominer cette activité, l’Office guinéen de la publicité, que j’ai dirigé à partir de 1986. Si bien qu’à mon niveau, l’administration a pris le pas sur le métier, mais je n’ai jamais rompu avec le cinéma. En 1989, j’ai même été au jury officiel du Fespaco. En 1992, on m’a proposé de diriger l’Office National de la Cinématographie de Guinée. L’édifice était en difficulté, en raison du monopole d’importation et de diffusion des films. Il fallait une nouvelle politique économique. Il fallait re- structurer. Sur la centaine de personnes employées sous l’ère Sékou Touré, nous n’en avons gardé que 25. Les entreprises étatiques avaient été fermées ou privatisées et d’autres battaient de l’aile. Une fois la restructuration aboutie, j’ai renoncé à cette direction et ai créé une pe- tite entreprise de production de documentaires à partir des besoins de l’Etat: lutte contre le sida, alphabétisa- tion des femmes, réduction de la pauvreté, etc. J’avais une unité de production et les films étaient financés par des appels d’offres des organisations internation- ales comme le PNUD. Il m’arrive d’avoir deux ou trois contrats par an.

MKD: Vous n’avez pas la nostalgie de la fiction. Si, j’ai finalisé un scénario avec un collègue burkinabé, Emmanuel Sanou, qui porte sur l’histoire récente la prise du pouvoir par l’armée qui nous ouvre finalement à des élections libres et démocratiques.

 

ECOLES / FORMATION

UNE RESIDENCE D’ECRITURE DOCUMENTAIRE A DUBREKA

Comment passer d’une idée à un projet, d’un projet à une écriture filmique, d’un film rêvé à un film possible? Ce sont là quelques-unes des questions essentielles à toute démarche de cinéaste que l’écriture doit dans un premier temps résoudre ou au moins éclairer. Celles-ci supposent aussi que les porteurs de projets sortent de leur isolement et se confrontent dès l’origine du projet au regard des autres, car si l’écriture se fait dans la soli- tude, le cinéma se fait toujours à plusieurs.

Dans cette optique, la résidence d’écriture de films documentaires à Dubréka est une session de forma- tion de courte durée, accueillant un groupe d’auteurs réalisateurs d’Afrique francophone, anglophone et lusophone. Ces résidences ont lieu dans des pays dif- férents chaque année.

A. ORGANISATION ET DISPOSITIF

Une résidence d’écriture a pour objectifs de permettre aux auteurs/réalisateurs d’effectuer un diagnostic et une analyse critique et approfondie de leurs projets et de développer l’écriture dans le sens des pistes ouvertes par l’analyse critique des projets et d’accompagner l’élaboration avec les auteurs réalisateurs d’un véritable scénario documentaire.

Dispositif

Un formateur/accompagnateur, accompagne la rési- dence durant 2 semaines.

Programme
  • Travail personnel de documentation lecture et visionnement de films liés aux thèmes et aux enjeux formels du
  • Entretiens individuels avec le formateur analyse, préparation du repérage, examen des différentes options possibles avant repérage.
  • Première phase de réécriture du
  • Analyse collective et individuelle des projets retravaillés après repérages.
  • Élaboration définitive du projet en coordination constante avec le
  • Ce temps de formation devrait permettre pour les auteurs ayant un producteur africain de travailler à l’élaboration finale du projet en contact permanent avec ce producteur et de définir ensemble les conditions financières et techniques dans lesquelles le film pourra être

 

B. CONDITIONS DE PARTICIPATION Projets
  • Les projets pouvant être retenus sont des documentaires de création.
  • Peut-être classé “documentaire de création”, une œuvre traitant de la réalité, passée ou présente, devant faire l’objet d’un travail de recherche, d’analyse, d’écriture, traduisant l’originalité du regard de ses auteurs réalisateurs. Ces projets concernent l’ensemble des activités des sociétés humaines, sans exclusive, en termes de thématiques. Ils peuvent être des films à caractère animalier, scientifique, historique, politique, musical… Ils peuvent faire l’objet d’une collection, être le pilote d’une série, voir constituer un feuilleton documentaire. La formation est destinée à la préparation des projets (écriture, repérage, documentation…)
Participants
  • La formation s’adresse aux auteurs réalisateurs africains vivant en Aucun niveau universitaire n’est requis
  • Le projet peut être prés.enté par un auteur réalisateur qu’il bénéficie déjà ou non, de l’appui d’un L’un des objectifs de la formation consiste, dans le premier cas, à promouvoir le travail entre producteur et réalisateur et, dans le second cas, à aider à la prise de contact avec un producteur dont l’intérêt va à la fois à la personnalité de l’auteur et au projet travaillé en résidence.
Dépôt et envoi des dossiers de candidature
  • Les dossiers doivent être envoyés par mail au moins deux mois avant le début de la résidence.
  • Le comité de lecture ne motive pas son avis pour les projets non
  • Les résultats seront communiqués par mail, dans les 2 à 3 semaines précédant le début de la résidence.
Coût de formation

La formation est gratuite pour les résidents.

Elle couvre
  • L’encadrement pédagogique.
  • L’accès à la documentation (films, revues, ouvrages spécialisés…).
  • L’accès au matériel de
  • La nourriture et l’hébergement sur le lieu de la résidence.
  • La prise en charge du voyage aller-retour.
Composition du dossier

Le dossier doit être envoyé par mail.

Le dossier doit comprendre les pièces suivantes présentées dans l’ordre indiqué ci-dessous
  • Une fiche d’inscription.
  • Le curriculum vitæ détaillé de l’auteur réalisateur.
  • Une page de garde indiquant le titre et le nom de l’auteur du
  • Un résumé dense dactylographié.
  • Une note d’intention de 2 à 3 pages et des indications sur le traitement audiovisuel envisagé ou /et un synopsis développé de 2 à 10
  • Une brève présentation de la société de production, avec candidature ou non à la résidence

Ainsi que tout élément complémentaire jugé pertinent par le candidat.

INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DES ARTS DE GUINEE (ISAG)

L’ISAG est un établissement supérieur de formation, d’études et de recherche dans les domaines du cinéma, de l’art dramatique, de la musique, et de la danse et des beaux arts, L’Institut Supérieur des Arts de Guinée est implanté provisoirement dans la ville de Dubréka, à 55 km de Conakry, la Capitale. L’admission à l’ISAG se fait conformément aux procédures de recrutement de nouveaux étudiants en vigueur pour toutes les Institu- tions d’Enseignements Supérieur de la Guinée. Cette admission est ouverte, chaque année, aux candidats, tous profil confondus titulaires du baccalauréat complet ou d’un diplôme reconnu équivalent, souhaitant étudier à l’ISAG. Pour en savoir plus http://isag-guinee.com/

L’institut supérieur des arts de Guinée (ISAG), fruit de la récente décentralisation des institutions d’enseignement supérieur, a ouvert ses portes le 1er mars 2004 dans la commune urbaine de Dubréka, située à 55 kilomètres de Conakry.

Créé dans le but de former des artistes professionnels et des cadres supérieurs aux techniques des Arts du spectacle dans leurs aspects patrimoniaux et modernes avec à la clé la redynamisation de la culture guinéenne, cet institut fait aujourd’hui figure de parent pauvre.

Pourtant l’idéal du gouvernement est la formation des cadres compétents et compétitifs sur le marché national, voire international. Toute chose qui devrait contribuer à la promotion et au rayonnement des Arts et cultures en Guinée.

L’ISAG, dirigé par Siba Fassou, ancien directeur du théâtre national compte aujourd’hui un effectif de près de 4000 étudiants repartis en tronc commun au niveau des quatre départements qui le compose à savoir les départements de l’Art dramatique, du cinéma audiovi- suel de musique et musicologie et des beaux Arts.

Outre ces départements, l’institut dispose des filières de son, de montage et de mise en scène.

L’objectif de cette jeune institution étant la formation d’une nouvelle vague d’artistes capables de maitriser le mécanisme de la création artistique, de la conception d’une oeuvre musicale ou cinématographique.

Mais il faut dire que depuis 2004, L’ISAG est con- fronté à de sérieuses difficultés. Et ses maux vont du manque de professeurs nationaux qualifiés à l’insuffisance d’infrastructures et d’équipements adé- quats pour les cours y compris les travaux pratiques. La formation est assurée actuellement par quatre experts Ivoiriens et des professeurs nationaux. “ Nos conditions d’évolution sont pénibles. Actuellement, nous souhai- tons que le gouvernement apporte certaines solutions aux problèmes posés afin que l’année universitaire 2008-2009 soit meilleure par rapport aux précéden- tes. Surtout que nous venons d’avoir un département en charge de la culture dans notre pays “, confie un responsable de cette institution.

Il faut aussi signaler que de nombreux étudiants ori- entés à L’ISAG n’ont pas vraiment opté pour la chose culturelle d’où leur désintéressement.

 

ARCHIVES

LISTE DES FILMS CONAKRY

Hommage À Kwame Nkrumah Moussa K. Diakité 1972 Doc 70’ 35mm CL Otto-Nuschke-Strasse, Berlin-RDA
Kampala 72 (Coupe K. Nkrumah) Sékoumar Barry 1972 Doc 45’ 35mm CL Studio DEFA pour FD-Babelsberg
Mme Tolbert En Guinée Gilbert C. Minot 1972 Doc 20’ 35mm CL  
Président Gowen En Guinée Gilbert C. Minot 1972 Doc 20’ 35mm NB  
Président Laronky En Guinée Gilbert C. Minot 1972 Doc 15’ 35mm CL  
ère      ème

 

Festival 73 (1      & 2       parties)

Sékoumar Barry 1973 Doc 145’ 35mm CL Studio DEFA pour FD-Babelsberg
Hommage À Amilcar Cabral Gilbert C. Minot 1973 Doc 90’ 35mm CL CTM Gennevilliers (Suisse)
Au Pied Du Mont Nimba Guinée – Bulgarie 1974 Doc   35mm CL Studio Films documentaires / Sofia
Les Termites Guinée – Bulgarie 1974 Doc   35mm CL Studio Films documentaires / Sofia
L’homme Et Le Serpent Guinée – Bulgarie 1974 Doc   35mm CL Studio Films documentaires / Sofia
Maîtres Artisans De Guinée Guinée – Bulgarie 1974 Doc   35mm CL Studio Films documentaires / Sofia
Cheytane 75 Mandiou Touré 1975 Doc   16mm NB CTM Gennevilliers (Suisse)
L’université À La Campagne Moussa K. Diakité 1975 Doc 120’ 35mm NB Studio DEFA pour FD-Babelsberg
Hafia, Triple Champion DʼAfrique Moussa K. Diakité 1978 Doc 15’ 35mmCL CTM Gennevilliers (Suisse)
L’imam De La Mecque En Guinée Gilbert C. Minot 1978 Doc   16mm NB  
Sommet De Monrovia Moussa K. Diakité 1978 Doc 45’   CTM Gennevilliers (Suisse)
Un après-midi au Stade du 28 septembre Moussa K. Diakité 1978 Doc 45’ 16mm CL CTM Gennevilliers (Suisse)
L’éducation Sexuelle Gilbert C. Minot 1980 Doc 17’ 16mm CL Images de France 29, rue Vernet – Paris
L’homme Et L’environnement Gilbert C. Minot 1980 Doc 20’ 16mm CL Images de France 29, rue Vernet – Paris
Premier Ministre guinéen En Chine Gilbert C. Minot 1980 Doc 17’ 16mm CL  
Premier Ministre guinéen En URSS Reportage U.R.S.S. 1980 Doc 17’ 16mm CL  
Amok Souhel Ben Barka 1982 LM 90’ 35mm CL Copro-Maroc-Guinée-Sénégal
Naïtou, L’orpheline Moussa K. Diakité 1982 Fiction 90’ 35mm CL CCM Maroc
Musiques de la Côte et Foutah Djalon Y. Billon / R. Minangoy 1986 Doc 52ʼ 16mm CL  
Musiques de la Forêt et de la HauteGuinée Y. Billon / R. Minangoy 1986 Doc 52ʼ 16mm CL  
L’eau Et La Sécheresse Daouda Kéïta 1987 Doc 26’ 35mm CL Studio DEFA pour FD-Babelsberg
Séré, Le Témoin Dansoko M. Camara 1989 Fiction 90’ 35mm CL CCM Maroc
Djémbéfola Laurent Chevallier 1991 Doc 65ʼ 35mm CL  
Allah Tantou David Achkar 1992 Doc   35mm CL  
Blanc D’ébène Cheick Doukouré 1992 Lm 90’ 35mm CL Coproduction France – Guinée
Dénko Mohamed Camara 1992 Fiction 26’ 35mm CL  
D’Mba Malo Sékoumar Barry 1992 Doc 26’ Vidéo  
Le Ballon D’or Cheick Doukouré 1993 Fiction 93’ 35mm CL CHRYSALIDE FILMS s.a.
Baga Guinée Laurent Chevallier 1994 Doc.     Les Films d’Ici
Belle de Guinée Michel Gillot 1994 Doc 25ʼ Vidéo  
L’enfant Noir Laurent Chevallier 1994 LM 90’ 35mm CL Coproduction France – Guinée
Minka Mohamed Camara 1994 CM 26’ 35mm CL Ex Nihilo
Quelque part vers Conakry Françoise Ebrard 1994 Fiction     LES FILMS DE L’ECLUSE
Tanun Gahité Fofana 1994 Doc 54ʼ 35mn CL Bafila Films–ONACIG
Dakan Mohamed Camara 1995 LM 90’ 35mm CL  
Tèmèdy Gahité Fofana 1995 Fiction 10ʼ 35mm CL Bafila Films–Revue Noire
Une Parole, un visage Gahité Fofana 1995 Doc 26ʼ Beta SP Bafila Films–Revue Noire
Donka,r adioscopie dʼun hôpital africain Thierry Michel 1996 Doc 59ʼ 35mm CL  
Kity David Achkar 1996 Doc 52ʼ Vidéo  
Sansles Larmes de la Roche M. A. Konaté 1996 Fiction   Vidéo Beller Consult GmBH (KFW)
Mathias ou Le Procès des Gangs Gahité Fofana 1997 Doc 52ʼ Vidéo  
Rio Pongo Daouda Kéïta 1997 Doc 26ʼ Vidéo  
Kissino (Wanatoma) Younouss Bah 1998 Doc 52ʼ Vidéo  
Le Non de la Guinée au Général DeGaule Valery Gaillard 1998 Doc 90’ 35mm CL  

 

 

Circus Baobab Laurent Chevallier 2000 Doc 100ʼ 35mm CL  
Immatriculation Temporaire Gahité Fofana 2000 Fiction 77ʼ 35mm CL ARTE France, Léo &C ie, Bafila
Konorofili Cheick F. Camara 2000 CM 15ʼ 35mm  
LeSoleilsemaquille Gahité Fofana 2000 Doc 26ʼ   Bafila Films
Les Épouses Oumou Barry 2000 LM   Vidéo Ladies Management
Bèkunko Cheick F. Camara 2002 Fiction   35mm CL  
LʼEnfant Noir Laurent Chevallier 2002 Fiction   35mm CL  
Le Fleuve Mama Kéïta 2002 Fiction   35mm CL  
Voyage au Paysdes Peaux blanches Laurent Chevallier 2002 LM   35mm  
La Couverture Alhoussein Sano 2004 Fiction 90ʼ Vidéo Maxi-Plus Productions
Sur les Traces du Syli Gahité Fofana 2004 Doc 4×26ʼ   Bafila Films
Un Matin Bonne Heure Gahité Fofana 2004 Fiction 74ʼ 35mm CL ARTE France – Bafila Films et

 

Key Light (France)

Hadja Moï Laurent Chevallier 2005 Doc.      
Il va pleuvoir su Conakry Cheick F. Camara 2005 LM   HDV En cours de tournage
La Traite des Enfants Gahité Fofana 2006 DocuF. 15ʼ   UNICEF, CNLTP, AmbaUSA et

 

Bafila Films

Momo Wandel Laurent Chevallier 2006 Doc.     Sombrero Production
Tout l’Or du Monde Robert Nugent 2007 Doc.     Trans Europe Films – Looking Glass Pictures Pty Ltd et Via Film
Bamba Alhoussein Sano 2008 Fiction   Vidéo Maxi-Plus Productions
Amour en Larmes Alhoussein Sano   LM   Vidéo Maxi-Plus Productions
Deuxième Bureau Alhoussein Sano   Fiction   Vidéo Maxi-Plus Productions
Mercedes Alsény Tounkara   CM   16mm  
Sangblanc Mohamed Fadi   Fiction   Vidéo  

 

Films de Réalisateurs Guinéens
Titre Réalisation Année Durée Support Laboratoire                                Production
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75

Mouramani

 

Festival de la Jeunesse a Bamako Proclamation de l’indépendance De gaule en Guinée

Chants d’Afrique : Sory Kandia Kouyaté Premier Mai 1959 a Conakry

Le Président Ahmed Sékou Toure Gaston Deferre en Guinée

An II de la 1ere République Cet Hiver La

Patrice Lumumba Plan Trienal

Conférence Ghana-Guinée-Mali Images de Guinée

Croisière de l’Amitié

1er Sommet de l’O.U.A a Addis Abeba Dans la Vie des Nations ,il ya des instants L’Etau

Chuan Lai en Guinée L’imprevu

Ballets Guineens Chants d’Afrique

Troisième Sommet de O.U.A a Accra Une Femme

Le Feu Vert

Les Hommes de la danse Assainissement Koundara, Grenier a Riz Huit et vingt

Trois Un Quart Miriam Makeba Peau Noire

Mory Le Crabe Sergent Bokary Oulen

Hier, Aujourd’hui et Demain La Guinée Guinée

Les Ephémères :De 1 a 10 Mon ami Sissoko Equilibre

Ames Perdues Les Amis Festival d’Alger

Appendice du Festival d’Alger Journal De La Compagnie Agricole Riziculture Dans le Bagatai

Visite au Centre de Caféier de N’Aekono

….Et Vint La Liberté

Mamou – Faranah par Jean Lefèvre Hirde Diama

 

Guinéa Heute (Guinéa Today)

 

14 Mai 1970 a Conakry L’Afrique crea la danse

An I Du 22 Novembre 1970

An II Du 22 Novembre 1970 Président Lazenky En Guinée Mme Tolbert En Guinée Hommage a Kwame Nkrumah Fidel Castro En Guinée Président Gowen En Guinée Kampala 72 (Kwame Nkrumah) Hommage A Ammilcar Cabral Festival 73 (1ere & 2eme parties) Un Grand-pere dans le vent

Une Autre Vie Cheytane &%

L’Université A La Campagne L’imam De La Mecque En Guinée

Un Après-midi au Stade de 28 Septembre Sommet De Monrovia

Hafia,Triple Champion D’Afrique L’Homme Et L’environnement L’éducation Sexuelle

Naitou ,L’orpheline Blanc d’Ebeme Mercedes M-230 Quelques pages de la vie de Toussaint-L’Ouvert. L’Espoir

Mamadou Toure

 

Berger J-L et Akin Louis Mikula Ljubo

Louis Akin Mikula Ljubo Mikula Ljubo Gilbert Claude Syli-Cinéma Mikula Ljubo

Bob Sow -Kalil Toure Mikula Ljubo

Mikula Ljubo Mikula Ljubo Mikula Ljubo Naby Bangoura Mikula Ljubo Louis Akin Diagne Costades 1963  CM

Alpha Adama S.Amadou Camara S.Amadou Camara Naby Bangoura Diagne Costades Diagne Costades Diagne Costades Sékoumar Barry Sékoumar Barry Diagne Costades Diagne Costades Diagne Costades Sékoumar Barry Louis Akin

Diagne Costades

M. Alpha Baldé (Marlon)

M. Alpha Baldé (Marlon) Sylla Djibril

Diagne Coetades S.Amadou Camara Sylla Djibril

Gilbert Claude Minot Gilbert C.Minot

Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Sékoumar Barry

M. Alpha Baldé (Marlon) Moussa Kémoko Diakité

/ Gerhard Jentsch Moussa Kémoko Diakité

/ Gerhard Jentsch Sylla Djibril Alpha Adama

Gilbert Claude Minot Sékoumar Barry Gilbert Claude Minot Gilbert Claude Minot

Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Gilbert Claude Minot Sékoumar Barry

Gilbert Claude Minot Sekoumar Barry Alpha Adama

Alpha Adama Mandiou Toure

Moussa Kemoko Diakité Gilbert Claude Minot Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Gilbert Claude Minot Gilbert Claude Minot Moussa Kémoko Diakité Cheick Doukoure Alseny Tounkara K.Conde et D.Keita

Daouda Keita

1953  CM

 

1957  20’

1958  20’

1958  20’

1959  15’

1959  30’

19..   LM

19..   CM

1960  30’

1960  35’

1960  CM

1960  45’

1960  20’

1963  12’

1963  30’

1963  40’

1963  105’

1963  18’

 

1963  18’

1964  10’

1964  18’

1965  12’

1965  18’

1965  CM

1966  20’

1966  45’

1966  40’

1967  40’

1967  45’

1967  CM

1968  45’

1968  100’

1968  40’

1968  45’

1968  100’

1968  40’

1968  CM

1968  28’

1968  40’

1969  80’

1969  CM

1969  35’

1969  10’

1969  10’

1969  90’

1969  CM

1970 24 min

 

1970 24 min

 

1970   10’

1970  35’

1971  75’

1972  40’

1972  15’

1972  20’

1972  70’

1972  20’

1972  20’

1972  45’

1973  90’

1973 145’

1973  15’

1973  45’

1975  LM

1975  120’

1978  CM

1978  45’

1978  45’

1978   90

1980  20’

1980  17’

1982  90’

1982  90’

1983  14’

1983  CM

 

1986  30’

35mm NB 35mm CL 16mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 35mm 16mm 16mm NB 35mm CL 16mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB

 

35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 16mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm CL

color

 

color

 

35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm NB 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 16mm CL 35mm NB 35mm NB 35mm NB 16mm CL 16mm CL 16mm NB 16mm CL 16mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 16mm 16mm CL

Vidéo

 

 

Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Services films doc.(France)               Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Syli-Cinéma Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Mosfilm – Moscou (URSS)                 Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Inversible                                    Syli-Cinéma

Service films documentaires.(France) Syli-Cinéma Inversible                                                Syli-Cinéma

Syli-Cinéma Syli-Cinéma

Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou Ayants Droit Syli-Cinéma

Cinémathèque Afrique                     Syli-Cinéma Syli-Cinéma Syli-Cinéma Syli-Cinéma

Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou Ayants Droit Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou Ayants Droit Studio de la Télévision VGIG – Moscou Ayants Droit Inversible Auteur

Inversible                                    Auteur

Studio Films doc.Varsovie/Pologne      Ayants Droit Studio Films doc.Varsovie/Pologne              Ayants Droit Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou                   Ayants Droit Studio Films doc. Belgrade- Serbie               Auteur Studio DEFA pour films de fiction                        Syli-Cinéma Studio Films doc.Varsovie/Pologne              Ayants Droit Studio Films doc. Varsovie/Pologne  Auteur Inversible – Actualités                                    Auteur Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou                   Syli-Cinéma Studio de l’Institut VGIG-Moscou                   Ayants Droit

 

Studio de films doc. Varsovie/Pologne Ayants Droit France                                                Ayants Droit

Ayants Droit

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Auteur

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Auteur

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Auteur Studio Films doc. Varsovie/Pologne  Auteur Service films documentaires.(France) Auteur DEFA Studios for Documentary Films Nova Plus

 

DEFA Studios for Documentary Films DEFA Studio Films doc. Varsovie/Pologne   Ayants Droit

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Ayants Droit Otto-Nuschke Strasse, Berlin-RDA            Auteur Studio Films doc. Varsovie/Pologne   Ayants Droit Studio Films doc. Varsovie/Pologne   Ayants Droit Otto-Buschek, Berlin-RDA                                                Auteur

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Auteur

Otto-Nuschke, Berlin-RDA               Ayants Droit Studio DEFA pour FD – Babelsberg              Auteur Centre cinéma, Bucarest – Roumanie    Ayants Droit Studio DEFA pour FD – Babelsberg                      Auteur Cinémathèque Afrique

 

ECLAIR – CTM Gennevilliers

ECLAIR – CTM Gennevilliers            Auteur

Pologne                                      Ayants Droit Labo

ECLAIR                                     Auteur

ECLAIR                                     Auteur

ECLAIR                                     Auteur

ECLAIR                                     Ayants Droit

Images de France                           Ayants Droit

CCM – Maroc                               Auteur

France                                        Epithète Prod

Cinémathèque Afrique                    Auteur Studio de l’Institut VGIG – Moscou

 

Guinée                                       CEDUST

 

 

Films de Réalisateurs Guinéens
Titre Réalisation Année Durée Support Laboratoire Production
76

 

77

78

79

80

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

L’eau Et La Sécheresse RTG 10 ans après Baro, le lac sacre

 

Bac ou Mariage Sere, le Témoin

Les Merveilles de l’Acupuncture Ragazzi

Allah Tantou D’mba Malo Denko

Le Ballon d’or Minka Tanum

Aube Nouvelle Prestation de Serment Un Cri dans le Sahel

Messages des Femmes pour Beijing Une parole un visage

Le soleil se maquille Temedy

Dakan Kity

Amour en Larmes Témoignages d’Estime 11ème commandement

Mathias ou le proces des gangs David Achkar, une étoile filante 1998 Une Saison au Rio Pongo

Kissino (wanatoma)

Etre Femme aujourd’hui (Bi-Moussoya) Adressage de Conakry

Le Jour de l’Elephant Pont de Fadoussaba Deuxième Bureau

Avis de Recherche contre M.Bogue Wanted Excision

Sans les Larmes de la Roche SOS Bantanko

Les épouses

Solidarité avec la Guinée Les percussions de Guinée L’Affaire de Tous Grossesse non désirée Sauver l’Enfant

Solo et Marie Siba, le Routier Délit de Raclage Delit d’insalubrité Konorofili Balafola

I.T ( Immatriculation Temporaire) Nyagassola – Site historique

Le Bâtisseur

Chronique d’UNE agression

Guinée Destin – Destination touristique Société civile :Si on parlait….

Guinomar

Violences Faites aux Femmes La Vie n’est pas compliquée

La Femme guinéenne au-delà de l’alphabet SOS – Droit de l’Enfant

Paris selon Moussa

Croisade Anti-sida en Guinée Bekunko

Le Djindjan

Sambouyaya (Sit-com de 12 épisodes) Petite Enfance

Douze métiers

Safi-Coiffure (4 épisodes de 20 mn chacun) Le Fleuve (…comme une fracture)

Sur la route du fleuve Bè Kunko

Inspecteur Sori : Le Mamba Un matin Bonne Heure Bamba

Il va pleuvoir sur Conakry Le sourire du serpent L’abscence

One more vote for B. Obama 28 septembre, Année Zéro

Daouda Keita Daouda Keita Cheick Doukouré Niane Fifi Tamsir Dansoko M. Camara Sekoumar Barry Mama Keita

 

David Achkar Sekoumar Barry Mohamed Camara Cheick Doukoure Mohamed Camara Gahite Fofana Daouda Keita Daouda Keita

I. Martine Conde

I. Martine Conde Gahite Fofana Gahite Fofana Gahite Fofana Mohamed Camara David Achkar Alhoussein Sano Daouda Keita Mama Keita Gahite Fofana Mama Keita Daouda Keita Younouss Bah

I. Martine Conde

M. A. Konaté Valery Gaillard

M. A. Konaté Alhoussein Sano Moussa Kémoko Diakité I.Martine Conde

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté Oumou Barry

I. Martine Conde

I. Martine Conde

I. Martine Conde

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté C.F.Camara Mohamed Camara Gahite Fofana Daouda Keita Daouda Keita Daouda Keita

I. Martine Conde

I. Martine Conde

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

M. A. Konaté

Moussa Kémoko Diakité Moussa Kémoko Diakité Cheick Doukoure Moussa Kémoko Diakité Cheick F. Camara Daouda Keita

I. Martine Conde

M. A. Konaté Younouss Bah

Sékou Tidiane Camara Mama Keita

Mama Keita Cheick F. Camara Sidibé Mamady Gahite Fofana Alhoussein Sano Cheick F. Camara Mama Keita Mama Keita Mama Keita Gahite Fofana

1987  26’

 

1987  30’

1988  48’

1988  50’

1989  90’

1990  CM

1991  90’

1992  52’

1992  26’

1992  26’

1993  93’

1994  26’

1994  52’

1994  42’

1994   8’

1994  32’

1995  CM

1995  26’

1995  13’

1995  12’

1995  90’

1996  53’

1996  90’

1997  68’

1997  90’

1997  50’

1998  26’

1998  26’

1998  52’

1997  26’

1998  CM

1998  90’

1999  CM

1999  90’

1999  CM

1999  CM

1999  CM

2000  40’

2000  90’

2000  13’

2000  15’

2000  22’

2000  40’

2000  40’

2000  40’

2000  40’

2000  40’

2000  40’

2000  15’

2000  26’

2000  74

2001  26’

2001  140’

2001  45’

2001  13’

2001  26’

2001  27’

2001  52’

2001  40’

2002  CM

2002  CM

2002  90’

2003  CM

2003  26’

2003  13’

2003  CM

2003  40’

2003  52’

2003  CM

2003  90’

2004  26’

2004

2005  26’

2005  77

2006  90’

2006  90

2006  90

2009  90

2009  52’

2011  52’

35mm CL Vidéo 16mm CL Vidéo 35mm CL Vidéo 35mm CL 35mm CL Video 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL 35mm CL Video Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Video Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL Video 16mm CL Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo Vidéo 35mm CL Vidéo

 

Vidéo 35mm CL Vidéo 35mm CL 35mm CL 35mm CL Vidéo Vidéo

Studio DEFA pour FD – Babelsberg Guinée

 

France France

CCM – Maroc Guinée France

France Guinée Franc France France France Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée France France France France France Guinée Guinée France France France Guinée France Guinée Guinée France Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée France France France Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée Guinée France Guinée France Guinée Guinée Guinée France Guinée France France France France France Guinée France France France

France

Guinée

 

 

CEDUST

 

Auteur

Ecran de Guinée

 

Famille

LR Ways Productions

 

Chrysalide Films Ex-Nihilo Prod bafila films

RTG RTG

Stimulus Com Stimulus Com Revue Noire Revue Noire Revue Noire

 

Famille Maxi-plus RTG

Renaissance bafila films/AIP Renaissance Adama Films La 8

Stimulus Com FG-Onacig Les Films d’ici iné Sud Vidéo Maxi-plus Nova Plus Stimulus Com

Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Ladies Management Stimulus Com Stimulus Com Stimulus Com

Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo

 

bafila films RTG

RTG RTG

Stimulus Com Stimulus Com Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Kiné Sud Vidéo Nova Plus Nova Plus

Nova Plus RTG – CIRTEF

Stimulus Com

Kiné Sud Vidéo Amar Films Kiné Sud Vidéo Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance

 

bafila films Maxi-plus

 

Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance bafila films

 

 

PRODUCTION

OFFICE NATIONAL DU CINEMA GUINEEN (ONACIG)

Mohamed Camara, Directeur BP 1237 CONAKRY

Guinée

tel.1 +224 30 44 31 22

tel.2 +224 46 41 47 97

Office National du Cinéma, de la Vidéo et de la Photo (ONCVP)

Organisme du ministère de l’information et de la communication

 

Par décret du président de la République par inté- rim et président de la Transition, le général Sékouba Konaté, publié le jeudi 25 mars 2010, ont été nommés

  • Directeur général de l’office national du cinéma, de la vidéo et de la photographie (ONACIG), monsieur Mohamed Camara, cinéaste (confirmé dans ses fonctions);
  • Directeur général adjoint de l’office national du cinéma, de la vidéo et de la photographie (ONACIG), monsieur Gahité Fofana, Cinéaste (en remplacement de M. Nabika SYLLA)

L’ONACIG porte le nom de Office National du Cinéma, de la Vidéo et de la Photo (ONCVP) dans le décret N° D /221/PRG/CNDD/SG PRG/2009 signé à Conakry, le 09 novembre 2009 par le Capitaine Moussa Dadis CAMARA,

Président de la République, Chef de l’Etat, Prési- dent du Conseil National pour la Démocratie et le Développement, Commandant en Chef des Forces Armées (où Mohamed Camara est confirmé comme Directeur Général).

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@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Côte d'Ivoire

Masterclasses

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR FADIKA KRAMO LANCINÉ
Directeur Général de l’Office National du Cinéma de Côte d’Ivoire (ONAC-CI)
KDO: (Un entretien écrit avec Monsieur FADIKA Kramo Lanciné). Pouvez-vous nous dire la place que vous voulez donner au film documentaire dans le cadre de l’Office National du Cinéma de Côte d’Ivoire?

FKL: L’Office National du Cinéma de Côte d’Ivoire étant l’organisme de promotion et d’encadrement du cinéma dans son ensemble, accordera la place de choix qui lui revient dans notre pays, surtout le documentaire de création, qui est un art à part entière. Il bénéficiera de soutien aussi bien au niveau de la production que de la diffusion.

KDO: En tant que directeur de la Cinématographie, quelles sont les stratégies que vous voulez mettre en place pour l’émergence du documentaire?

FKL: L’émergence du cinéma documentaire en Côte d’Ivoire sera soutenu et renforcé par l’ONAC-CI sur les plans financiers et promotionnels; de les nouvelles initiatives seront encouragées pour renforcer le secteur.

KDO: Quelles sont les stratégies à adopter pour que les documentaires faits par de jeunes cinéastes soient pro- grammés par les télévisions?

FKL: Clap Ivoire, annuel concours de films, véritable plateforme de promotion des jeunes cinéastes. Ce concours qui a une compétition documentaire a permis à de nombreux jeunes de faire valoir leur savoir- faire. Il faut note que le seul film ivoirien primé au FESPA- CO 2013 est: ‘Ils sont fous, on s’en fou’ de Coulibaly Seydou, qui a été révélé par Clap Ivoire. Cette rencon- tre ne cesse de s’internationaliser, il était d’abord na- tional puis ouvert aux jeunes de l’UEMOA maintenant tous les jeunes de la CEDEAO peuvent prendre part à ce concours, et cela est important car créer un cadre de rencontres et d’échanges entre ces jeunes favorisent leur professionnalisation.

Aujourd’hui, il s’agira de renforcer davantage le volet formation de cette rencontre pour mieux accompagner les jeunes réalisateurs. Comme nous le disons dans le cadre des accords entre les télévisions et Clap Ivoire, la télévision nationale diffuse les films ayant pris part à l’édition et notre partenaire Canal+ Afrique s’engage à le faire. Nous travaillons à ce que les télévisions nation- ales des pays de la CEDEAO en fassent autant.

KDO: Quels sont les moyens de créer de l’audience pour le documentaire en Afrique et en Côte d’Ivoire en particulier?

FKL: Créer un engouement du public pour le docu- mentaire en Côte d’Ivoire, voire en Afrique, est là tout l’enjeu. Aujourd’hui nous devons conquérir ce public, nous devons aller vers lui et proposer des films, de bons films surtout. L’exemple du Ciné Droit Libre est là, lors de la première édition il y quelques années, les salles étaient vides et maintenant nous constatons un vrai engouement. Alors l’ONAC-CI va accompagner les initiatives tendant à aller montrer les films de tout genre et particulièrement le documentaire. La semaine du doc d’AFRICADOC COTE D’ IVOIRE est une initiative heureuse dans ce sens.

KDO: Le taux de diffusion du documentaire est relative- ment faible en général, comment palier ce déficit?

FKL: Les accords de coproduction avec la télévision nationale font actuellement défaut. Heureusement qu’il a été mis en place récemment à la demande de la RTI Radio Télévision Ivoirienne une plateforme de réflexion des possibilités de collaboration entre les acteurs du secteur audiovisuel privé regroupés au sein de l’ONAC-CI et la RTI. Nous accorderons dans les discussions une place à la production et la diffusion des films documentaires.

KDO: Est ce que vous arrivez à passer des accords de coproduction avec la télévision nationale de la Côte d’Ivoire pour des documentaires?

FKL: La question de la disparition des salles nous préoccupe énormément mais il faut humblement reconnatre que la visibilité des films surtout documen- taires passe d’abord par les télévisions. Car rouvrir ces salles ne veut pas dire forcéement retour du public. Je pense qu’il faut aller vers ce public comme le fait le Festival Ciné Droit Libre.

KDO: Nous constatons dans toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone la disparition des salles de cinéma dans chaque capitale africaine. Qui dit production de film, dit distribution, visibilité des films. Peut-on imaginer d’autres types de structures, que voyez vous comme ac- croche possible?

FKL: Nous travaillons déjà à cet aspect des choses. Il s’agit de diffuser des films de fiction ou documentaires portant sur des thèmes variés, dans les établissements scolaires et universitaires, suivies d’échanges. Cette stratégie a une double avantage, de former les jeunes, le public cinéphile de demain à la lecture et la com- préhension du cinéma. Cette approche contribuera également à renforcer leur culture et leur inculquer le goût d’aller voir des films.

KDO: Quelles sont vos structures de formation pour le documentaire en Côte d’Ivoire?

FKL: Il n’existe pas de structures formelles dédiées à la formation de jeunes documentaristes mais des struc- tures de formation au Cinéma. Mais nous travaillons à la formation de ces jeunes dans le cadre de notre programme avec AFRICADOC COTE   D’IVOIRE. Et lors des concours Clap Ivoire, des formations leurs sont données ponctuellement.

KDO: Quelles sont les sources de financements pour le documentaires en Cote d’Ivoire? Quelles sont les struc- tures existantes actuellement?

FKL: Il n’existe pas un fonds spécialement dédié au documentaire.La s ource principale pour le finance- ment du cinéma en Côte d’Ivoire sera certainement le Fonds de Soutien à l’Industrie Cinématographique qui prendra en compte le documentaire, aussi bien que la fiction.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’il y a une relève de documentaristes pouvant faire des films engagés et quel est l’avenir du documentaire en Afrique en général et en Côte d’Ivoire en particulier?

FKL: L’image du documentaire évolue en Afrique, chaque année ce sont des dizaines de films documen- taires qui sont produits sur le continent, des films qui vont au- delà des frontières du continent. Et il faut également noter qu’il existe de plus en plus des cadres d’accompagnement à l’écriture et à la production de films documentaires. En Côte d’Ivoire, nous travaillons à un partenariat avec AfricaDoc pour des résidences d’écriture notamment en septembre prochain. Nous constatons l’intérêt des jeunes pour le documentaire, les postulants pour les formations d’AFRICADOC COTE D’IVOIRE ne cessent d’augmenter chaque année.

 

INTERVIEW DE IDRISSA DIABATE
REALISATEUR, PROFESSEUR

ID: Je m’appelle Diabaté Idrissa, je suis ivoirien, j’ai fait toutes mes études universitaires en France. J’ai fait une Maîtrise à Paris 13 et ensuite une Maîtrise des sciences et techniques de communication. J’ai appris la technique de l’audiovisuel. Après ça, je suis allé à l’université Paris 7 pour faire ma thèse de 3ème cycle en communication. Je voulais faire du cinéma en Afrique. Comme on ne vit pas du métier du cinéma, je me suis dit que le seul métier qui me permettrait d’en faire, c’était l’enseignement. L’enseignement me donnerait le temps de faire ce que j’ai envie de faire parallèlement à mes activités professionnelles. Mais l’enseignement secondaire est très lourd, c’est 21 heures par semaine. L’enseignement supérieur est assez intellectuel mais c’est huit heures par semaine, donc je me suis dit qu’il valait mieux soutenir ma thèse pour pouvoir ensuite enseigner dans le supérieur. Ainsi je pourrais faire les films que j’ai envie de faire. C’était mon projet d’étudiant.

KDO: Donc vous saviez déjà ce que vous vouliez faire?

ID: Je voulais faire des films, mais pourquoi le docu- mentaire? J’ai côtoyé Jean Rouch, un des plus grands documentaristes que j’aie connus. Je l’ai fréquenté,

il m’a donné envie de faire du cinéma documentaire. Je l’ai connu à travers un film qu’il a réalisé en Côte d’Ivoire, à Abidjan vers les années 50 qui s’appelle « Les Jeunes Noceurs ». J’ai un cousin qui jouait dans ce film avec des jeunes danseurs. J’ai beaucoup aimé son film. Par la suite, je suis allé en France pour faire mes études et j’ai assisté à ses cours au Musée de l’Homme à Paris. Voilà comment je suis arrivé à découvrir Jean

Rouch. Et quand il m’a parlé de tous ses séminaires sur le cinéma documentaire cela m’a donné envie de faire du documentaire. Quand j’ai soutenu ma maîtrise, je me suis dit qu’il fallait faire comme Jean Rouch. Lui aussi était enseignant-chercheur, ce qui lui permettait de réaliser ses documentaires en même temps.

KDO: Et ce projet s’est réalisé?

ID: Oui. Quand je suis arrivé à Abidjan, je me suis fait recruter à l’INAAC (Institut National des Arts et de l’Action Culturelle). C’est là que j’ai enseigné en tant qu’assistant. Actuellement je donne huit heures de cours par semaine, et cela depuis plus de 30 ans, dans ce même institut. Parallèlement à l’enseignement, je me suis mis à faire des films documentaires. Mon premier film, je l’ai fait en super 8, en 1993, il s’appelle LE TAM-TAM. Je l’ai présenté au Musée de l’Homme (il était sélectionné par le Festival de Jean Rouch) et le film a obtenu le prix CANAL + . Le programme s’appelait “SURPRISE” c’est à dire que le soir, le programme était en clair. Ce programme de CANAL + était vraiment intéressant, c’est Patrick Bauchy qui gérait cette case, un homme très cultivé, très fin. Quand donc j’ai eu le prix CANAL +, c’était à l’époque 10 000 francs français plus le passage à l’antenne et ensuite les droits d’auteurs etc., je me suis retrouvé avec beaucoup d’argent!

KDO: Comment concevez-vous le travail de documentariste?

ID: Quand un événement arrive, je suis présent, et je suis le témoin qui a un outil, la caméra. J’essaye de travailler avec cet outil pour capter, pour être vrai- ment le plus fidèle à cet événement afin de le montrer à ceux qui ne sont pas là. Mais assez de théorie. Pas mal d’intellectuels universitaires se sont exprimés sur la question. Je peux me permettre de pratiquer mon art en me penchant sur la vie de quelqu’un que j’ai choisi. Cela peut être un scientifique, par exemple. Si je viens vers lui pour faire un film c’est d’abord parce cette per- sonnalité m’intéresse. L’outil audiovisuel a une capacité d’élargir le champ de vision du public. J’ai cet outil là, j’aime ce scientifique et ce qu’il fait, donc j’utilise cet outil pour capter le geste, le savoir faire, tout ce qui fait le personnage. Je ne peux pas appeler ça création.

KDO: Vous voulez dire plutôt un témoignage sur l’existence de cette personne?

ID: A mon sens l’Afrique aujourd’hui a besoin de ce genre de repères. La jeunesse en tout cas. Des repères de connaissance, des repères de comportement, des repères de conduite vis à vis de l’autre. En Afrique, on les retrouve tant chez le professeur passionné par son travail d’enseignant que chez le paysan. Et moi je me lance et essaye de faire un film pour justement montrer aux jeunes, au public africain pour dire voilà, c’est vrai- ment mon travail.

KDO: Cela veut dire que vous ne travaillez pas sur com- mande. On ne vous a pas commandé de faire un film sur ce personnage. Vous avez choisi la thématique, le personnage, le sens dans lequel vous voulez diriger votre personnage, vous avez choisi le cadre, l’approche. N’est-ce pas un genre de création?

ID: Oui, par exemple j’ai un personnage qui fait de la pêche. Sa manière de pêcher est quelque chose pour moi d’extraordinaire. Je veux faire un travail sur lui, comment il vit, comment il fait face aux besoins de ses enfants, tout dire de cet homme. Et je m’investis entièrement pour essayer justement de montrer ce que moi je vois à travers ce personnage, à travers cet environnement. C’est de la création bien sûr mais aujourd’hui il y a des écoles pour définir exactement ce qu’est le « documentaire de création ». Cela com- mence par de l’écriture, il faut définir tout de suite la première séquence du film et la dernière séquence du film. Pour moi, dans le documentaire on découvre les choses au moment de filmer. Est-ce que je dois laisser ce que je viens de voir par rapport à ce que j’ai imag- iné? Voilà la question donc, là je suis un événement, je suis un personnage et moi j’ai une idée du person- nage. Mais au moment de tourner, le personnage peut inventer d’autres choses, est-ce que je prends ou est-ce que je laisse?

KDO: Et puis il peut vous conduire vers autre chose.

ID: Le documentariste doit être prudent, il ne faut pas que son sujet le domine. Mais on découvre en tournant des choses qui sont tellement intéressantes. Quand je fais les prises de vue, il y a beaucoup de choses qui viennent se greffer sur mon sujet. Une fois que j’ai ramassé autant d’informations et que je me retrouve devant une table de montage, me voici face à une masse d’informations que je dois traiter sur le plan esthé- tique, sur le plan du contenu de ce que le personnage m’apporte de nouveau par rapport à l’humain. Il y a tellement de choses qui viennent se présenter à moi que je dois organiser, c’est une création. Vous êtes d’accord avec moi?

KDO: Oui, mais lorsque vous présentez des projets aux télévisions européennes, le problème de l’écriture se pose. Il faut bien présenter quelque chose de concret, non?

ID: C’est vrai mais quand je suis sur le terrain, ce que j’ai écrit il faut que j’arrive à m’en débarrasser. Cela peut devenir un frein pour moi. Automatiquement, quand je suis assis devant un personnage qui me raconte com- ment il faut écrire un documentaire, je rigole intéri- eurement, parce que je pense que le problème n’est pas là. Le problème est au niveau de la manière de prendre conscience que vous avez un outil, qui par sa présence peut intimider l’autre, par exemple. Il y a tout un com- portement à avoir et là on peut discuter là dessus. Mais si je dis demain je fais un film documentaire sur la guerre en Côte d’Ivoire, et qu’on me donne des recettes pour me dire comment est-ce qu’il faut écrire pour faire ça? Je rigole. Par contre je peux m’appuyer sur des témoignages, je fais des investigations pour trouver les personnages qui peuvent m’apporter quelque chose. Je trouve des archives qui vont me permettre d’enrichir les propos des autres. Il faut trouver aussi des lieux sym- boliques. Il y a donc un travail de recherche qui est fait.

KDO: A ce sujet, parlons justement de ce sujet, la guerre en Côte d’Ivoire. Est-ce que vous pouvez me parler de votre dernier documentaire dont vous venez de finir le montage?

ID: Le film s’appelle « LA CRISE IVOIRIENNE, UN HOMME, CHOI », Choi est le nom du représent- ant spécial du secrétaire général de l’ONU en Côte d’Ivoire. Son travail était de certifier le bon déroule- ment de chaque étape jusqu’aux élections. C’était son travail mais comme il était pris entre le pour et le contre, il s’occupait de tout, des tractations aux prob- lèmes de violence. Il a malgré tout géré tout cela et il a pu faire son travail de certification, ce qui n’est pas si mal. Il faut que mon sujet soit un exemple. Et je suis passionné par cet homme qui a réussi à faire un travail délicat. L’Afrique a besoin de repères et de rigueur. Je me suis dit, cet homme là est un homme rigoureux et avec son caractère, il doit être passionné. Le projet était déjà dans ma tête et je suis allé le voir pour lui dire: « Je veux faire un documentaire sur vous! »

KDO: Il est de quelle nationalité?

ID: Il est sud-coréen.

KDO: Vous êtes allé le voir pour lui proposer de faire un documentaire sur lui, il était surpris?

ID: Complètement, il ne se rendait pas compte de l’importance de son travail! Avant de décider de faire un documentaire sur lui, je l’ai filmé en lui posant des questions: « comment les choses se sont passées, quelles sont les difficultés etc. Donc j’ai eu au moins deux heures d’entretien filmé avec lui. Voilà le matériel que j’ai: c’est lui même qui parle de lui même, c’est important. Sinon, ce n’est pas la peine.

KDO: Puis, vous avez fait des recherches complémentaires.

ID: Il a fallu que je trouve les gens qui ont travaillé avec lui, dans le gouvernement ivoirien. Il y a le ministre de la communication, et le président des élections qui or- ganisait les élections en Côte d’Ivoire. Je suis allé le voir le représentant spécial, le facilitateur burkinabé, Blaise Compaoré, qui était impliqué. Je devais le voir tous les jours, donc ces gens là je les ai rencontrés et je leur ai expliqué que mon film c’était « La crise ivoirienne, un homme, Choi ».

KDO: C’est formidable, je suis pressée de le voir.

ID: Ah oui, j’aimerais vraiment présenter le film en Côte d’Ivoire. Ce documentaire, je l’ai fait en 3 ans. Je n’ai jamais eu d’argent pour faire mes films. Comme je vous l’ai dit au départ, je suis enseignant donc je vis de mon enseignement.

KDO: Quand vous dites que vous n’avez jamais eu d’argent, cela veut dire que la télévision ivoirienne ne fait jamais de pré-achat sur les documentaires?

ID: La télévision ivoirienne ne met pas un centime dans le cinéma documentaire en Côte d’Ivoire. Il n’y a pas de cinéma documentaire pour les Ivoiriens.

KDO: Parce qu’il n’est pas considéré par les télévisions! Ils ne les achètent pas, ils ne font pas de pré-achat et lorsque vous déposez des dossiers de documentaires dans les centres nationaux du cinéma la part du documentaire est très faible.

ID: Ça n’existe pas en Côte d’Ivoire.

KDO: Et même une fois vos films terminés, vous les offrez à la télévision.

ID: C’est TV5 et CFI, qui achètent mes documentaires. Alors que la télévision ivoirienne ne les achète pas.

KDO: Et les autres télévisions africaines non plus?

ID: Non! Mais parce que le problème de Canal France International (CFI), c’est que quand vous vendez, CFI les met à la disposition de toutes les autres télévi- sions africaines. Par exemple le Burkina n’a pas besoin d’acheter mon programme parce qu’il va l’obtenir par le biais de CFI. CFI vous l’achète entre 4000 et 5000 euros pour un 52 minutes. Vous voyez nous sommes dans une situation où vraiment il n’y a absolument rien pour le film documentaire.

KDO: Et vous n’avez pas réussi à vendre vos docu- mentaires ailleurs sur le continent américain, sur le continent européen?

ID: J’ai vendu, oui pour le continent européen à TV5.

KDO: Mais à d’autres chaînes de télévisions en dehors de CFI et TV5?

ID: Cela ne marche pas et c’est un problème aujourd’hui, j’ai fini par comprendre qu’aujourd’hui un film monté, fini, ça n’intéresse pas les télévisions européennes.

KDO: Il faut se préoccuper de la distribution.

ID: Il y a de très bons films documentaires avec des thèmes vraiment instructifs. Malheureusement les télévisions européennes ne les prennent pas. CFI va entrer en coproduction pour 5000 euros et va donner le film gratuitement à toutes les télévisions africaines.

KDO: Vous, vous n’arrivez pas à vivre de vos documentaires?

ID: Mais on ne peut pas vivre de ça, moi je suis un peu privilégié parce que j’ai un salaire. Ceux qui n’ont pas de salaire qui doivent vivre de ça, ils ne peuvent pas!

KDO: Ils ne peuvent pas, et alors êtes-vous optimiste par rapport à l’avenir du documentaire en Afrique? Il y a un besoin et non seulement il y a un besoin mais il y a une bataille à mener par les réalisateurs eux même sur l’ensemble du continent, pour imposer une visibilité du documentaire au niveau des chaînes de télévisions d’abord. Il faut qu’il y ait une charte des réalisateurs pour faire admettre sur le cahier des charges des chaînes de té- lévisions pour imposer des programmations de documen- taires. Il faut aussi se battre pour que les films soient vus. Or la faiblesse de nos Etats c’est qu’ils ne s’intéressent pas à nos films, à nos documentaires. Du coup il n’y a pas de synergie entre le droit audiovisuel, la législation pour imposer des programmes. Nous sommes en position de perte parce que nous fabriquons des films sans l’assistance de l’Etat, et nous ne pouvons pas imposer la vision de nos films parce que l’Etat est absent au départ et à l’arrivée.

ID: Comment voulez vous faire. Le producteur peut avoir une lettre de diffusion de la part du directeur de la télé, peut être que si dans les dix télévisions de la sous- région ils mettent cinq cent mille sur un documentaire ou même un million…avec dix millions tu peux peut être commencer à faire quelque chose.

KDO: Je pense qu’une des façons, si vous voulez, de valoriser le documentaire c’est de favoriser des coproduc- tions Sud-Sud, en permettant à un auteur réalisateur qui propose un sujet en tant que producteur d’élargir le sujet – social ou environnemental à trois ou quatre pays. A ce moment là il peut y avoir une synergie…

ID: C’est une mine l’Afrique, c’est une mine, c’est une richesse inimaginable en documentaires. Mais ça ne marche pas. Il faut ramener les jeunes cinéastes à la raison et leur faire comprendre qu’un film, ce n’est pas seulement toi seul avec ta petite idée qui fait le film. Il y a aussi – si tu est réalisateur en Côte d’Ivoire, il y a aussi au Burkina aussi des hommes qui peuvent ap- porter des choses…

KDO: Des hommes et des femmes.

ID: Voilà! Au Mali aussi il y a des hommes et des femmes qui peuvent t’apporter des choses. Même les jeunes, j’ai enseigné aux jeunes au Niger, au Togo, et au Bénin, et ce que je leur dis c’est: mettez vous ensemble!

KDO: Moi je pense aussi que c’est une dynamique. Le documentaire peut naître d’une dynamique de groupe… 

ID: De groupe, c’est ça.

KDO: Et comme aux Etats Unis, vous voyez quand il y a des scénarios qui marchent, il y a plusieurs cerveaux qui réfléchissent sur le scénario. Et du coup ça donne une dynamique ; je pense que le documentaire doit être comme ça. Mais surtout il y a un énorme travail à faire au niveau de nos administrations télévisuelles pour faire bouger les choses…

ID: J’ai essayé de travailler avec un sud- africain qui était venu à Ouaga. Moi j’ai eu le prix de l’UEMOA avec mon film « La femme porte l’Afrique ». J’étais très content. On m’a dit ah! Il va te l’acheter, il va te l’acheter. Après que je lui ai donné un DVD, il a dis- paru, je ne l’ai plus revu depuis quatre ans.

KDO: Vu le fait que, quand même, le continent africain est un continent assailli d’images – nus avons toutes les chaînes de télévision du monde à notre portée, il y a in- ternet, il y a bientôt la possibilité de voir des films sur les téléphones portables. Comment faire pour que cette jeu- nesse qui est agressée par les images comment faire pour que l’éducation nationale puisse intégrer, au moins, la notion d’explication de la valeur d’une image pour qu’un enfant ou un jeune puisse avoir les capacités d’analyser une image?

ID: C’est un problème que nous avons abordé plusieurs fois. Maintenant comment s’organiser? Moi je dis que c’est encore la production, il faut être là, c’est un marché, l’image est là. Aujourd’hui on est assailli par les images et tu n’es pas là dedans. Comment tu peux te reconnaître, si toi-même tu n’existes pas. Et moi je pense que le seul moyen qu’on a aujourd’hui pour être présent c’est d’être à la production, la distribution et la diffusion. Concernant la production, moi je pense qu’aujourd’hui il y a quand même des balbutiements. Mais il y a très peu de distribution du documentaire et il faudrait que les télévisions s’impliquent un peu plus dans la diffusion des documentaires.

 

INTERVIEW DE ADAMA KONKOBO
RESPONSABLE DE IVOIRE FILM ET COMMUNICATION
KDO: Bonjour, vous êtes Monsieur Adama Konkobo, vous êtes à la tête de la société de production IVOIRE FILM et COMMUNICATION, pouvez-vous présenter votre société de production?

AK: Je suis Monsieur Konkobo Adama, responsable de IVOIRE FILM et COMMUNICATION, une entreprise de production de films documentaires, de distri- bution de films documentaires, et nous agissons aussi de temps à autre dans le domaine de l’événementiel. Ivoire film et communication a été créé en 2011 sous le numéro 664A du registre du tribunal de commerce du premier centre Abidjan. Nous travaillons pour la mise en valeur de la culture ivoirienne, et partout dans la culture africaine, et nous préconisons une vision de l’Afrique par les Africains. Nous travaillons générale- ment avec des réalisateurs africains, et jusque là, au niveau professionnel en long métrage, nous avons produit deux films: TERRE VERTE de Boubacar Gakou et AU FIL DE L’ELECTRICITE du réalisa- teur congolais Aimé. Au plan local nous avons travaillé avec Monsieur Dia Amed Ali qui a produit un film sur l’environnement pour Abidjan.

KDO: Pouvez vous me dire quelles sont les difficul- tés que vous rencontrez en coproduction, par exemple l’expérience au Mali que vous avez eue dans le cadre de la coproduction de votre film au Mali?

AK: La difficulté majeure que nous rencontrons dans le cadre de la coproduction au Mali c’est jusqu’à présent la non collaboration entre les différents offices du cinéma des différents pays africains. De sorte que lorsque nous allons sur le territoire malien, nous sommes considérés comme des producteurs étrangers et nous avons dif- ficilement accès à beaucoup de choses. C’est pareil aussi pour le Congo et je dirais aussi que pour les réalisateurs non ivoiriens qui viennent, c’est aussi la même difficul- té qu’ils rencontrent chez nous. Ensuite nous travaillons généralement en coproduction avec des productions françaises et dans le cadre du réseau AFRI DOC. Nous travaillons également avec TV RENNES et FRANCE 5. Mais cela dit, sur le terrain nous éprouvons beau- coup de difficulté, parce qu’il faut déjà avoir comme partenaire local une télévision nationale, ce qui n’est pas évident. La RTI, la télévision Ivoirienne n’a pas encore accompagné un film indépendant, et au Mali nous avons eu la chance que le directeur de programme soit lui même cinéaste. A la création de AfricaDoc, il nous a soutenu. Au Congo Brazzaville c’était la même situ- ation avec Boris Mosika, ancien cinéaste, membre du réseau AfricaDoc. En tant que directeur de programme de la télévision il nous a facilité la tâche. Mais en de- hors de ces pays, il faut reconnaître que les télévisions nationales sont un peu réticentes, même très réticentes. Voilà ce que je constate, quand il s’agit d’accompagner des films indépendants.

KDO: Des films indépendants et particulièrement des documentaires? 

AK: Particulièrement les documentaires parce que je di- rais que l’Afrique n’a pas encore bien compris la portée du documentaire, parce que, jusqu’à présent dans nos différents Etats, il n’y a pas un véritable public pour ce genre. Il faut actuellement travailler et assister ce public là. Les gens ont plutôt tendance à absorber des séries télé, et à un degré moindre les films de fiction. Donc le documentaire est aujourd’hui, je dirais, le parent pauvre de la culture africaine et c’est d’ailleurs la raison pour laquelle les Etats mettent difficilement les moyens pour soutenir ce genre. Le mécénat n’existe pas dans le domaine du documentaire. Et voilà, il y a beaucoup de difficultés je dirais pour ce qui concerne le cinéma documentaire africain.

KDO: Que pouvez-vous imaginer, ou que pensez-vous pouvoir mettre en place pour amener une jeunesse ivoiri- enne à adhérer au documentaire? Comment envisagez- vous la distribution justement de vos documentaires, et comment amenez la jeunesse à aller voir les documen- taires en Côte d’Ivoire?

AK: Après enquête, nous avons compris que cela fait maintenant 20 ans que l’ivoirien a perdu l’habitude d’aller au cinéma. Il s’agit donc pour nous d’amener le cinéma vers lui. Vous l’avez remarqué, toutes les salles de cinéma sont la plupart devenues des églises ou des lieux de commerce. Nous envisageons, plutôt que de rappeler un public potentiel vers une salle de cinéma, de déporter la salle de cinéma vers le public. Nous envisageons d’aller à la rencontre du rural et de ceux de l’intérieur parce que nous pensons qu’ils seront les premiers à répondre, parce que nos films, pour l’essentiel, répondent à leurs attentes. Vous voyez quand quelqu’un s’intéresse à son quotidien, le spectateur est plus intéressé. Nous envisageons de faire une tournée dans 30 localités de la Côte d’Ivoire. Il est vrai que ces films parlent de la paix pour être en corrélation avec la situation que nous voulons, mais notre objectif à nous, c’est que les gens puissent voir des films docu- mentaires. Nous allons donc aller vers ces populations, leur proposer des films, par exemple, leur projeter des films et après les projections nous allons initier un petit échange. Pour ce qui concerne les grandes villes comme Abidjan et Bouaké, nous prévoyons de faire un festival que nous avons dénommé Abidjan DOCS. C’est un festival qui va s’étendre sur 3 jours. Nous allons diffuser des films et comme je l’ai dit, nous utilisons le contexte dans lequel nous vivons qui est l’intégration. Nous al- lons diffuser des films du Niger, du Mali et du Burkina et un film de la Côte d’Ivoire. Enfin pouvoir réunir toutes les communautés de ces pays là, afin de regarder les films ensemble, et échanger, discuter.

KDO: Pour le moment est ce qu’il y a une case documen- taire qui existe au niveau de la RTI1 et de la RTI2?

AK: Il y a bien une case qui accepte de diffuser ces doc- umentaires, mais il n’y a pas de case spécifique. Quand vous allez sur la télévision à certaines heures, vous avez des films documentaires mais ce que nous appelons des cases spécifiques ce sont des cases thématiques.

KDO: Et est ce que lorsque vous produisez, vous arrivez à obtenir des pré-achats de la télévision?

AK: En Côte d’Ivoire je n’ai pas connaissance d’un réalisateur qui ait pu avoir un pré-achat de la télévi- sion, voilà ce que je peux dire avec certitude. Nous avons eu le cas de notre doyen Idriss Diabaté dont le film LA FEMME PORTE L’AFRIQUE a été dif- fusé pratiquement dans tous les pays africains, lors de la journée internationale de la femme mais nous ne l’avons pas encore vu à la télévision ivoirienne, et il y a vraiment beaucoup de cas comme ça. Nous même avons essayé de proposer des films documentaires, et nous n’avons pas eu une oreille attentive jusqu’à présent. Nous avons demandé à l’Office National du Cinéma de nous aider à entrer directement en contact avec le premier responsable de la télévision ivoirienne. Dans un premier temps, nous leur donnons des films sans les droits. Mais au fur et à mesure, nous allons les inciter à payer un peu les droits, de sorte que les réalisa- teurs puissent vivre aussi de leurs œuvres.

KDO: Et pouvez vous me parler de votre relation avec AfricaDoc?

AK: Ma relation avec AfricaDoc date de 2010 où après avoir postulé pour la résidence de Bamako nous avons eu la chance d’être parmi les résidents qui ont été retenus.

KDO: C’est le résidence d’écriture ou le résidence de production?

AK: Résidence d’écriture et de production. Nous étions douze à Bamako, huit pour la réalisation et quatre en production. Nous avons eu pour formateur Monsieur Dominique Olier, avec qui nous avons passé deux semaines à travailler autour de la production. Il nous a donné tous les outils nécessaires pour une structure de production, ce qui a nous a permis de coproduire avec lui le film TERRE VERTE de Boubacar Akoué. Après nous avons sollicité la résidence de Niamey au Niger. Nous avons également été retenus, il y a eu une résidence avec Madame Sophie Salbot de Athénaïse Production, ensuite toujours dans le cadre d’AfricaDoc, nous avons eu à travailler avec BEKA FILMS qui est la structure de distribution de Awa Traoré basée au Mali. C’est ainsi que nous avons nos inventaires de distri- bution et de manière générale, nous dirons que notre formation documentaire provient du réseau AfricaDoc.

KDO: Grâce à AfricaDoc arrivez-vous à trouver des systèmes de coproduction dans d’autres pays africains?

AK: Maintenant pour nous, au niveau de AfricaDoc, en fait au niveau de la communication, ce que moi j’envisage pour les deux et trois années à venir c’est la coproduction Sud-Sud. Je vais travailler avec Mamouna Nikéma qui a produit un film au Burkina. Elle a une société de production, Pilumpiku Production qui doit faire une partie de ce tournage en Côte d’Ivoire. Donc nous sommes convenus d’une coproduction, de sorte que lorsqu’elle sera en Côte d’Ivoire, nous al- lons lui apporter un soutien en moyens techniques et en disponibilité du personnel. Cela pour lui faciliter le tournage du film ici. Nous allons faire de même pour le Sénégal car nous travaillons aussi sur un film portant sur la renaissance africaine, et nous devons faire les repérages au Sénégal. Dans ce cadre nous cherchons ac- tuellement une société de production sénégalaise. C’est bien de mettre ensemble ces petits moyens pour en obtenir de plus importants. Les guichets se font de plus en plus rares. L’OIF (Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie) n’a pas eu de guichet pour la deuxième session passée. Les moyens n’étaient pas rassemblés, alors il faut commencer à trouver des solutions alterna- tives. Et nous pensons que l’une de ces solutions c’est la coproduction Sud-Sud.

KDO: Et comment envisagez-vous les deux ou trois prochaines années? Vous pensez faire des coproductions Sud-Sud. Quel serait selon vous l’idéal pour être à l’aise en production de documentaire? Est-ce une participa- tion plus forte des organisations nationales du pays, une participation des télévisions pour le documentaire, et peut-être créer des guichets internes en Côte d’Ivoire?

AK: Oui y a une nécessité de créer des guichets in- ternes. Il s’agit d’avoir un peu d’imagination et on trouvera les moyens. Mais pour moi, le rêve le plus fou serait l’accompagnement des télévisions, car nous estimons que nos films doivent être vus par nos popula- tions. Maintenant, quel peut être leur apport, on pourra en discuter. Mais vraiment, le plus important, c’est que nos films soient vus.

KDO: Qu’est ce que vous envisagez comme système de distribution de documentaire en Afrique de l’Ouest fran- cophone et dans le reste de l’Afrique?

AK: A ce niveau là, nous devons féliciter notre sœur Awa Traoré du Mali qui a eu l’ingénieuse idée de créer BEKA Films. Alors que tout le monde crée des sociétés de production, elle s’est dit: « Il faut créer une société qui va diffuser nos films ». Awa a des corre- spondants dans chaque pays, nous sommes ses correspondants en Côte d’Ivoire. Maintenant la distribution que nous prévoyons, c’est la présentation de ces films dans tous les pays. Aujourd’hui l’Ivoirien ne peut pas comprendre qu’il faille acheter un DVD de film docu- mentaire à 3.500 FCFA, alors que tous les films piratés sont disponibles à 500 FCFA sur CD, mais c’est une question de culture. Quand on sait que celui qui a fait ce film vit de son œuvre et que l’œuvre est de qualité on n’hésite pas à mettre les moyens.

 

ÉCOLES / FORMATION

ETABLISSEMENTS DE FORMATION
ABIDJAN
ETABLISSEMENT TEL E.MAIL
Institut Supérieur Technique de la Communication (ISTC)

 

Boulevard De L’université (cité Des Arts) –CocodycBP V205 Abidjan www.istc.ci www.caftic.istc.ci

22 44 86 66

 

22 44 88 38

[email protected]
Université Catholique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (UCAO)

 

08 BP 22 Abidjan 08 RCI

22 40 06 50 [email protected] [email protected]
Université de l’Atlantique 22 48 72 55 [email protected]
Institut Professionnel du Cinéma et de l’Audiovisuel 05 88 99 18 [email protected]
Centre des Métiers du Cinéma 48 11 28 35 [email protected]

 

INSTITUT SUPERIEUR TECHNIQUE DE LA COMMUNICATION (ISTC)
Présentation

Créé en 1992, l’Institut des Sciences et Techniques de la Communication (ISTC) est placé sous la tutelle du Ministère ivoirien de la Communication.

L’ISTC est un établissement d’enseignement supérieur qui forme aux métiers du journalisme et de la com- munication. L’institution a une vocation panafricaine. Elle bénéficie des conventions de partenariat avec des institutions nationales et internationales.

Le corps professoral de l’ISTC est composé en pratique d’enseignants de rang doctoral et des professionnels des secteurs de l’Information et de la Communication.

Filières de formation
  • Journalisme
  • Production Audiovisuelle
  • Publicité Marketing
  • Sciences et Techniques de la Communication
  • Infographie – Multimédia
Débouchés

Communication

Localisation

Abidjan

Coordonnées

Bd de l’Université BP V 205 Abidjan

Tél.: (225) 22 44 86 66 – 22 44 88 38 – 22 44 09 01

Fax: (225) 22 44 84 33

 

FESTIVALS

CLAP IVOIRE
FORMATION
  1. PRESENTATION

Clap Ivoire est un festival – concours de courts métrag- es vidéo destiné aux jeunes techniciens et réalisateurs des pays de l’UEMOA. C’est un programme de forma- tion aux métiers du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel.

Clap Ivoire, se caractérise par des sélections au niveau de chaque pays, sous la direction des ministères en charge de la culture. Au terme de ces compétitions na- tionales, les candidats déclarés vainqueurs se retrouvent à Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire pour la phase finale. Ce volet international est ponctué d’activités diverses: table- ronde des professionnels du cinéma, ateliers de forma- tion, séances gratuites de projections de films (films en compétition et de notoriété), exposition artistique, et animations éclatées (animations musicales et humoris- tiques ainsi que des projections de films) dans certains quartiers du District d’Abidjan.

Clap Ivoire est une initiative du Centre national des arts et de la Culture (CNAC), institution sous tutelle du Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie de Côte d’Ivoire.

  1. AUDIENCE DE CLAP IVOIRE

Clap Ivoire couvre l’espace UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine) dont la population est estimée à 72 millions d’habitants. Selon les rapports techniques des directeurs de la cinématog- raphie, les phases nationales de Clap Ivoire prennent l’allure de véritables fêtes populaires dans chaque pays. L’accès libre aux séances de projections des films, col- orées d’animations musicales et humoristiques, con- stitue un facteur de mobilisation des cinéphiles et du grand public.

Cette audience de Clap Ivoire se verra renforcée grâce au précieux concours de Canal France International (CFI) qui diffusera les meilleurs films des phases fina- les sur ses 52 chaînes partenaires.

Comme on le constate, Clap Ivoire peut servir de prétexte aux opérateurs économiques qui ambitionnent de positionner leurs produits et marques dans l’espace UEMOA.

  1. LES OBJECTIFS CLAP IVOIRE

3.1 Objectifs généraux

Mettre au service des jeunes techniciens et réalisateurs des pays de l’UEMOA un outil de formation en vue de renforcer leurs connaissances en matière de production audiovisuelle

  • Promouvoir les métiers du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel
  • Promouvoir l’intégration sous-régionale pour une meilleure compréhension mutuelle des peuples
  • Faire du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel un moyen de lutte contre la pauvreté

3.2 Objectifs spécifiques

  • Déceler les talents
  • Développer l’esprit de créativité
  • Amener les jeunes techniciens et réalisateurs à se familiariser aux techniques modernes de l’audiovisuel
  • Faire connaître les œuvres audiovisuelles
  • Susciter le financement de la production audiovisuelle par le secteur public ou privé, en vue de garantir non seulement des emplois stables, mais aussi des productions régulières et significatives susceptibles de recréer un cycle de vie économique et commerciale dynamique en Afrique
  • Créer un cadre d’échanges et de rencontres dans le secteur de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma
  • Offrir des opportunités de contacts d’affaires aux opérateurs économiques et fournisseurs des équipements audiovisuels et cinématographiques
  • Associer le plus grand nombre de créateurs au mouvement collectif d’animation de la culture en Afrique

 

DIFFUSEURS

LES CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS DE COTE D’IVOIRE 

Lors de la crise qui a débutée en 2002, La Première est suspendue dans les zones sous contrôle de la rébellion. Cela réduit considérablement l’audience de la chaîne.

L’entreprise fait des choix inopportuns et sombre petit à petit. Elle traîne des dettes et des créances non récupérables. Il n’y a pas plus de vision globale. Les chaînes servent d’instrument de propagande. Elle ne joue presque plus son rôle d’entreprise de service public de média.

De 2010-2011, la chaîne devient l’outil de propagande du président défait aux élections de 2010. Le vainqueur Alassane Ouattara se voit obligé de créer une chaîne

de télévision dénommée Télévision Côte d’Ivoire TCI et une chaîne de radio pour porter la voix de la Côte d’Ivoire. TCI commence à émettre le 22 janvier 2011.

Pendant la crise, les installations de la RTI sont détru- ites, le matériel est pillé. Désormais, la RTI en tant que média n’existe plus. Ce sont les chaînes de télévision et de radio.

Après avoir diffusé les émissions de la TCI depuis le 11 avril 2011, Le 9 août 2011, la chaîne est de nouveau diffusée avec le logo RTI1. La programmation de celle- ci est généraliste et institutionnelle et diffère donc de RTI 2 qui propose des programmes culturels.

C’est le renouveau des médias publics ivoiriens avec une volonté affichée par les dirigeants d’en faire des instruments au service de la cohésion sociale et de la réconciliation. A la faveur de la libéralisation du paysage audiovisuel qui est annoncée par les autorités ivoiriennes, la RTI veut se donner les moyens d’être une entreprise médiatique moderne. Le Président de la République a décidé de lui fournir les moyens de son ambition. Après la crise, d’énormes moyens ont été dégagés pour remettre sur pied les chaînes. L’objectif reste la couverture totale du territoire et de porter la voix de la Côte d’Ivoire. Une station régionale dans la Centre du pays à Bouaké a été remise sur pied pour plus de proximité.

 

Rappel historique

En 1960, la Côte d’Ivoire ne disposait que d’une sta- tion de radiodiffusion appelée « Radio-Abidjan ». Elle fut créée en 1951 et deviendra « Radio- Côte D’Ivoire» en 1961.

Le 26 Octobre 1962, l’Assemblée Nationale créait un établissement public dénommé Radiodiffusion Télévi- sion Ivoirienne (RTI). Cet établissement avait pour mission d’informer, d’éduquer et de distraire le public national et de donner en même temps au public inter- national une image vivante et réelle de la nation. La té- lévision ivoirienne naît le 7 août 1963, de la volonté du président de la République Félix Houphouët-Boigny qui veut en faire un instrument de développement, et ne diffuse que 5 heures 30 d’émissions par semaine. Elle ne dispose alors que d’un seul émetteur de 10 kW installé à Abobo et d’un studio de 47 m2. Le 4 août 1966 est inaugurée la maison de la télévision à Cocody dotée de deux studios de 100 m2 et 400 m2 et de maté- riel technique de qualité.

Le 07 Août 1963, démarrait la première émission télévisée en noir et blanc, la couleur n’intervenant que dix années plus tard c’est à dire le 07 Août 1973. Une station régionale est créée en 1965 à Bouaké.

L’effort de couverture du territoire, entrepris sept ans plus tôt, se concrétise avec l’ouverture d’une antenne du journal télévisé en 1973 à Bouaké, dans le nord du pays, qui est transformée en station régionale en 1980. Cette couverture du territoire national se termine en 1988 avec l’inauguration de l’émetteur de Dabakala.

Suite au lancement d’une seconde chaîne de télévision, Canal 2, le 9 décembre 1983, l’ancienne unique chaîne de télévision de la RTI est rebaptisée La Première.

Seule chaîne exclusivement généraliste du service public, La Première offre une programmation diversi- fiée, destinée à atteindre un large public. Cette position lui assigne l’ambition de jouer dans les domaines de l’information nationale et internationale, de la créa- tion, du divertissement et de l’événement, un rôle d’entraînement en matière de qualité et d’innovation pour l’ensemble du secteur audiovisuel.

Comme toute chaîne généraliste, La Première propo- sait de l’information, du sport, des divertissements, des magazines, des séries et des films. La deuxième chaîne de télévision ivoirienne, baptisée Canal 2, naît le 9 décembre 1983. C’est d’abord une toute petite chaîne sans publicité, ni information qui ne diffuse que deux jours par semaine (le mardi et le vendredi à partir de 20h30) sur un rayon de 50 km autour d’Abidjan. Le 1er novembre 1991, la chaîne est reformatée sous le nom de TV2, et devient une chaîne thématique de proximité qui émet tous les jours sur un bassin de réception élargi à 150 km autour d’Abidjan. TV2 est une chaîne théma- tique de proximité axée sur le divertissement (feuillet- ons, émissions de divertissement, dessins animés, films, clips), mais qui diffuse aussi beaucoup de magazines.

La libéralisation de l’audiovisuel en Côte d`Ivoire prévoit l`attribution des fréquences à cinq chaînes de télévisions dont les promoteurs devront chacun s’acquitter d’une caution d`un milliard de FCFA (1,5 million d`euros), a annoncé mardi l’organe de régulation.

La capacité technique de la Côte d`Ivoire est autour de cinq chaînes de télévision, a déclaré le président de la Haute autorité de la communication audiovisuelle en Côte d`Ivoire (Haca), Ibrahim Sy Savané, lors d’une conférence de presse.

Pour postuler, “il faut être une société de droit ivoirien, disposer d’un cautionnement d`1 milliard et payer des redevances annuelles de plus de 100 millions FCFA (environ 152.000 euros)”.

La commission de sélection des offres, composée de neuf membres “va bientôt se mettre en place” pour faire aboutir le processus, a souligné M. Sy Savané, ancien ministre ivoirien de la Communication (2007-2010).

Cette commission va “s’atteler au dépouillement des appels d`offres, et attribuer des fréquences (…) aux entrepreneurs audiovisuels ayant une capacité financière avérée”, a-t-il poursuivi.

La Haca est chargée de la libéralisation de l’audiovisuel en Côte d’Ivoire.Le pays dispose actuellement d`une seule chaîne publique de télévision, la RTI.

Support
@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Burkina Faso

Masterclasses

SYNTHESE BURKINA FASO

CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE BURKINABE
  1. La problématique de la distribution des films documentaires

Nous faisons un constat équivalent un peu partout les télévisions africaines diffusent très peu de documen- taires. Nous constatons aussi qu’il y a globalement une diminution des salles de cinéma. Ouagadougou est encore le pays d’exception, le seul pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest à avoir encore 12 salles dans tout le Burkina Faso. Il y beaucoup d’autres pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest où il n’y a qu’une seule salle ou deux. La problématique de la diffusion pour les documentaires est comment peut-on envisager de pallier ce problème au moment où nous produisons de plus en plus de documentaires?

  1. Provenance des films, du Nord vers le

Il faut déjà axer la production africaine sur l’Afrique, revoir les thématiques qui intéressent les peuples afric- ains. Aujourd’hui, nous sommes dans des Etats où la démocratie s’affirme, où la liberté de presse se mani- feste de plus en plus, où la gouvernance démocratique a des difficultés à ce niveau de préoccupation. Voilà aujourd’hui des thématiques autour desquelles des réflexions très profondes sont nécessaires pour réaliser des productions cinématographiques qui puissent ramener le cinéphile africain au cinéma. Le cinéphile africain est dans une situation très délicate d’autant qu’il n’y a plus d’engouement pour les films provenant à profusion de l’Occident.

  1. Les Africains sont en manque de leurs propres images

Il y a tout un travail à faire à ce niveau. Il y a un problème de distribution, il faut que les films africains puissent circuler en Afrique, ce qui se retrouve autant au niveau de la cinématographie que dans bien d’autres secteurs. Avec les nouvelles technologies, les formi- dables possibilités de diffusion de films sur internet ou sur les téléphones portables font réfléchir à un système de prise en compte de la jeunesse africaine. Elle est envahie par un flot d’images au niveau des télévisions, et au niveau des nouvelles technologies, la jeunesse reçoit des images sans aucune explication. Il faut envisager de faire intervenir un peu partout en Afrique l’introduction d’une vision technique de la cinématog- raphie, avec une attitude explicite de ces nouvelles im- ages numériques, en associant des festivals, ou en tout cas des entités du métier dans la diffusion des docu- mentaires dans les écoles.

  1. Education par l’image et l’éducation au secours du cinéma

L’éducation doit sauver le cinéma, le cinéma doit soutenir l’éducation. Il est important, qu’une classe d’école soit un lieu d’éducation et de formation, autant qu’une salle de cinéma. On doit effectivement voir comment peut s’insérer le cinéma numérique dans le programme d’éducation au niveau de l’Afrique. Il faut une éducation à la compréhension, à la réception et à la diffusion des images. Il faut aujourd’hui que le jeune scolaire africain puisse avoir des programmes pour mieux appréhender les images qu’il reçoit, ses propres images mais aussi les images qui viennent de l’Occident ou d’autres parties du monde. Cela est très important, on ne peut pas travailler à développer la culture africaine si les jeunes générations ne s’approprient pas cette culture, or on peut s’approprier cette culture africaine à travers le cinéma comme on essaye de l’approprier à travers les livres, à travers les écrits d’auteurs africains. Il faut s’approprier cette culture africaine à travers le cinéma, à travers les images et cela passe forcément par l’école.

  1. Réflexion sur les droits d’auteur, en pleine révolution numérique

La question par rapport à la problématique des nouvelles technologies. Quel est l’apport de réflexion en ce qui concerne les droits d’auteurs des films, particulièrement au niveau du cinéma africain. Est-ce que des tables rondes seront organisées au niveau du FESPACO par rapport à ce changement, par rapport aux nouvelles technologies? Jusqu’à présent les droits d’auteurs ont été étudiés uniquement par rapport à la télévision mais pas par rapport aux nouveaux médias qui sont en train d’émerger, et les médias futurs. Est-ce une préoccupation du FESPACO? Des cinéastes afric- ains en général? Se pose effectivement aussi la problé- matique de la propriété intellectuelle sur le marché du film africain. L’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle a organisé à Ouagadougou un atelier. Les discussions portent aujourd’hui sur beaucoup de droits qui s’appellent les droits voisins. Un espace va per- mettre de défendre les droits d’auteurs d’une manière efficace. Il faut d’abord aussi une prise de conscience des réalisateurs africains. Beaucoup n’ont pas encore bien compris cette notion de propriété intellectuelle et de droits d’auteurs. Des réalisateurs font des copies de leur propre production et les distribuent gratuitement. Je pense que c’est encourager d’une manière ou d’une autre la fraude. A partir de combien de copies le réal- isateur africain peut comprendre que son film a un coût et qu’il faut absolument qu’il puisse être honorablement vendu. Il faut s’assurer que ces copies là sont entre des mains qui ne pourront pas les exploiter afin d’enrichir la fraude et d’appauvrir les réalisateurs africains par la perte de leurs droits.

  1. Verrouillage technique, protection des droits

Droits de diffusion sur internet est-ce que cela existe déjà ou est-ce que ce sont des plateformes à mettre en place? Tous les textes législatifs existent aujourd’hui, au niveau par exemple de bureaux des droits d’auteurs en Afrique. Le bureau burkinabé des droits d’auteur BBDA est un bureau qui est très efficace, bien reconnu en Afrique pour la qualité du Mais ils sont restés toujours un peu sur l’analogique, ils ne sont pas encore allés vers les nouvelles technologies de la com- munication. Il faut que se créent des plateformes pour que ceux qui sont en avance sur ces questions essenti- elles, puissent communiquer avec l’Afrique.

  1. Nouvelles technologies

A propos des nouvelles technologies, des possibilités de diffusion de films sur internet ou sur les téléphones portables, il faut réfléchir à un système de prise en compte de cette jeunesse africaine qui est envahie d’images au niveau des télévisions, au niveau des nou- velles technologies et qui est une jeunesse qui reçoit des images sans aucune explication. Les questions pédagogiques, d’éthique doivent se poser, faire en sorte qu’effectivement la liberté ne soit pas entravée, et que les textes ne soient pas une entrave à l’expression de la liberté. Sans ces conditions on ne pourra pas voir les films africains. Il faut tenir compte de ce concept de liberté, de droit, et de défense des intérêts des réalisateurs africains.

  1. La coopération SUD / SUD

Il faut organiser des réunions Sud-Sud alors que chaque pays a une constitution et une administration complètement différente. Des décisions collégiales doivent être prises au sein même du continent africain avant de restreindre ou de contraindre nos rapports avec le reste du monde. La réalité de la coopération Sud-Sud peut avoir des limites dans un contexte mondialisé, il ne faut pas seulement qu’on reste dans cet échange Sud-Sud mais il faut effectivement qu’on trouve un Sud en bloc qui va discuter avec le Nord. Il faut influencer et surtout faire de la recherche. Le ré- alisateur ou le producteur africain doivent absolument avoir une visibilité précise sur les nouvelles technolo- gies. Il faut une convocation, une rencontre entre les techniciens et les spécialistes des nouvelles technologies avec des spécialistes de l’audiovisuel. Il faut anticiperet être capables de dire « Dans 10 ans, qu’est ce qui se passera? C’est à nous, les cinéastes de nous prendre en main. » Il faut organiser des tables rondes avec des spécialistes des nouvelles technologies, des spécialistes juridiques, des cinéastes pour mettre des chartes en mouvement afin de défendre leurs droits futurs.

  1. Télévisions satellitaires

D’après mes recherches qui se sont déroulées locale- ment, les personnes concernées, réalisateurs et pro- ducteurs, m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai réalisées, que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont peut-être le potentiel pour diffuser les films documen- taires, mais qu’elles ne le font quasiment jamais, de même que les télévisions nationales. Cela est compensé par les accords pris avec les chaînes Francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la gestion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AF- RIQUE, CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE). Les contrats de coproductions pas- sés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL propose des programmes aux chaînes africaines qui sélectionnent parmi ces “pack- ages” des programmes dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documentaires, produits soit en coproduction, soit en pré-achat.

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR MICHEL OUEDRAOGO

Président du FESPACO (Festival Panafricain de Cinéma de Ouagadougou)

KDO: Bonjour monsieur, vous êtes donc M. Michel Ouedraogo, vous êtes le président du FESPACO. Je viens auprès de vous pour faire un état des lieux du documen- taire africain en général, et plus particulièrement le documentaire du Burkina Faso. Est ce que, en quelques mots, vous pouvez m’expliquer la situation telle quelle est aujourd’hui?

MO: Avant tout, je tiens à vous remercier pour cette initiative, et remercier la Fondation qui œuvre effec- tivement pour la production de l’audiovisuel africain et principalement pour le documentaire. Vous avez rencontré beaucoup de personnels du cinéma, et nous en tant qu’organisateur du festival, on dira que la production documentaire est très importante. Nous recevons des quantités de propositions de réalisateurs africains, et je crois qu’en la matière, il faut signaler aussi qu’il y a une spécificité des professionnels, des réalisateurs africains qui se distinguent beaucoup dans le documentaire. Je ne sais pas si c’est un genre qui est prisé par les professionnels africains de l’image, mais c’est le constat que nous faisons. En ce qui concerne l’Afrique – toutes les parties d’Afrique – la production est de très bonne qualité et elle est en quantité assez remarquable particulièrement pour le Burkina. Je crois que c’est la même tendance qui est solide et se consol- ide même d’une édition à l’autre. C’est un constat de terrain. C’est un constat de réalité mais effectivement, nous pensons qu’on peut encore faire plus pour la production en termes de documentaire pour les africains et cela nécessite effectivement qu’il y ait des fonds qui soient mobilisés parce que la question essentielle des réalisateurs africains c’est la question de la mobilisation des ressources pour la production.

KDO: D’accord, et d’un autre côté la question de la produc- tion nous amène directement à la question de la problé- matique de la distribution de ces films documentaires. Un constat valable un peu partout, c’est le constat que les télévisions africaines diffusent très peu de documentaires, en tout cas pas suffisamment. Nous constatons aussi qu’il y a une diminution des salles de cinéma. Ouagadougou est encore le pays d’exception parce que vous êtes le seul pays à avoir encore douze salles dans tout le Burkina Faso, alors qu’il y a plein de pays d’Afrique de l’ouest francophone où il n’y a plus qu’une seule ou deux salles. La problématique de la diffusion pour les documentaires est un vrai problème. Comment peut-on envisager de pallier ce problème au moment où nous produisons de plus en plus de documentaires ou de films de fiction.

 MO: Je pense que le constat que vous faites est réel, mais ce constat doit tenir compte de ce que représen- te le module Afrique dans la production ciné- matographique mondiale. Je crois que de plus en plus, les producteurs africains ont tendance à ne même plus produire pour l’Afrique mais à produire pour le reste du monde. Je pense qu’il faut déjà axer la production africaine sur l’Afrique, retrouver des thématiques qui puissent intéresser les peuples africains. Thématique- ment, il y a eu véritablement une révolution, nous sommes aujourd’hui dans des Etats où la démocratie s’affirme de plus en plus, où la liberté de presse se man- ifeste de plus en plus, où la gouvernance démocratique a des difficultés à ce niveau de préoccupation. Voilà aujourd’hui les thématiques autour desquelles il doit y avoir des réflexions profondes afin de sortir des pro- ductions cinématographiques qui puissent ramener le cinéphile africain vers les salles parce qu’aujourd’hui le cinéphile africain est dans une situation, si vous voulez, assez délicate. Autant ils n’ont plus d’engouement pour les films qui nous viennent à profusion de l’Occident, autant ils sont en manque de leurs propres images. Je crois qu’il y a tout un travail à faire à ce niveau effec- tivement. Il y a aussi un problème de distribution, il faut que les films africains puissent circuler en Afrique. Mais ce qui se retrouve au niveau de la cinématographie, se retrouve aussi dans bien d’autre secteurs. Même quand vous prenez par exemple le secteur agricole dans un même pays, il y a des poches de production assez importantes. Pourtant, il y a un manque d’organisation globale qui se pose en Afrique pour la distribution que ce soit cinématographique, agricole, dans tous les secteurs. Mais je pense qu’en ce qui concerne le secteur du cinéma, il ne faut pas compter exclusivement sur les salles de cinés de l’ancienne génération avec les outils de diffusion de l’ancienne génération, mais il faut compter sur les nouveaux outils technologiques. Je crois qu’il faut voir aujourd’hui comment on peut effective- ment travailler pour le documentaire et télécharger des applications par exemple sur les portables, et voir dans quelle mesure on peut utiliser internet pour la diffusion et la distribution des films africains. Je crois qu’aujourd’hui, il n’y a plus de canaux de distribution. Il s’agit de promouvoir de nouvelles structures de distri- bution pour faire en sorte que le cinéma africain, à travers ses documentaires, puisse être vu partout en Afrique et pourquoi pas partout dans le monde.

KDO: Et d’un autre côté, en parlant des nouvelles technol- ogies et des nouvelles possibilités de diffusion des films sur internet ou sur les téléphones portables, peut-on réfléchir un peu à un système de prise en compte de cette jeunesse africaine, envahie d’images au niveau des télévisions, au niveau des nouvelles technologies ? Une jeunesse qui reçoit des images sans aucune explication, est-ce qu’il est envisageable de faire intervenir, partout en Afrique l’introduction d’une vision cinématographique, en tous cas, d’une explication de l’image, dans les écoles, et d’ associer les festivals dans la diffusion, des documentaires ou des films de fiction dans les écoles?

MO: Je pense que c’est une approche qui peut être positive. Je crois qu’aujourd’hui l’éducation doit voler au secours du cinéma et de l’image. C’est impor- tant, comme on l’a dit. Une classe d’école est un lieu d’éducation et de formation autant qu’une salle de cinéma. Aujourd’hui on peut effectivement voir com- ment insérer un programme d’éducation au cinéma dans les salles d’école au niveau de l’Afrique parce que cela est très important. Il faut une éducation à la com- préhension, à la réception et à la diffusion des images. Il faut aujourd’hui que le jeune Africain qui va à l’école puisse avoir des programmes pour mieux appréhender les images qu’il reçoit, ses propres images mais aussi les images qui viennent de l’Occident ou d’autres parties du monde. Cela est très important, on ne peut pas tra- vailler à développer la culture africaine si les jeunes générations ne s’approprient pas cette culture. Or, on peut s’approprier cette culture africaine à travers le cinéma comme on essaye de se l’approprier à travers les livres, à travers les écrits d’auteurs africains. Il faut travailler à s’approprier cette culture africaine à travers le cinéma, à travers les images et cela passe forcément par l’école.

KDO: Et je voudrais aussi vous poser une autre question par rapport à la problématique justement des nouvelles technologies. Quel est l’apport de réflexion en ce qui concerne les droits d’auteurs des films, particulièrement sur les droits d’auteur au niveau du cinéma africain ? Est-ce que il y a des tables rondes qui seront organisées au niveau du FESPACO par rapport à ce changement, par rapport aux nouvelles technologies ? Jusqu’à présent les droits d’auteurs ont été étudiés uniquement par rapport à la télévision. Mais pas par rapport aux nouveaux médias qui sont en train d’émerger et les médias à venir, est-ce que c’est une préoccupation aujourd’hui du FESPACO ? Est-ce que c’est une préoccupation des cinéastes africains en général?

MO: Oui je pense que c’est une préoccupation des cinéastes africains en général comme vous le constatez, la dernière édition du FESPACO a porté ce thème. Sur le marché du film africain se pose effectivement aussi la problématique de la question de la propriété intellec- tuelle. A cette occasion, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle a organisé à Ouagadougou un atelier. Nous sommes en train de discuter aujourd’hui sur beaucoup de droits, ce qui s’appelle les droits voi- sins, et je pense que va se créer un espace qui va per- mettre de défendre effectivement les droits d’auteurs. Il faut aussi qu’il y ait une prise de conscience d’abord de la part des réalisateurs africains, parce que, aujourd’hui, beaucoup n’ont pas encore bien compris cette notion de propriété intellectuelle et de droits d’auteurs. On con- state qu’il y a même des réalisateurs qui font des copies de leur propre production et qui les distribuent gratu- itement je pense que c’est encourager d’une manière ou d’une autre la fraude. On dira j’ai donné une copie. Mais à partir d’une copie combien d’autres copies on peut faire? Donc je crois qu’il faut que le réalisateur africain comprenne que son produit a un coût et qu’il faut qu’on puisse l’acheter. C’est vrai qu’on ne peut pas exclure d’office l’idée qu’on ne dépose pas de copie dans tel endroit ou dans tel endroit, mais il faut assurer que ces copies là sont dans des mains qui ne pourront pas les exploiter afin d’enrichir, si vous voulez, la fraude, et d’appauvrir les réalisateurs africains parce qu’ils vont perdre des droits.

KDO: Et donc au niveau des différents ministères que ce soit le Ministère de la Communication, le Ministère de la Culture, est-ce qu’il y a des outils qui sont prévus pour la protection des bandes originales par un verrouillage technique et pour la protection des droits de diffusion sur internet ? Est-ce que ce sont des choses qui existent déjà ou est-ce que ce sont des plateformes à mettre en place?

MO: Je pense que ce sont des plateformes à mettre en place. Dans tous les textes législatifs qui existent aujourd’hui au niveau, par exemple, des bureaux de droits d’auteurs qui pullulent en Afrique – et je sais qu’aujourd’hui au Burkina, le BBDA est un bureau très efficace, bien reconnu en Afrique pour la qualité du tra- vail – ils sont restés toujours un peu sur l’analogique, ils ne sont pas encore allés vers les nouvelles technologies de la communication. Cela ne saurait tarder parce que les réflexions qui ont été faites lors de la 22ème édi- tion du FESPACO visent à cela, c’est à dire, aller petit à petit vers, non seulement l’exploitation d’Internet, mais l’établissement de règles qui puissent en permettre le contrôle. Je crois que c’est un phénomène mondial. Vous voyez qu’en France on a essayé d’adopter une loi qu’on appelle ADOPI, on sait très bien qu’elle ne marchera pas à tout moment, mais il faut que se créent des plateformes pour que ceux qui ont déjà l’expérience et sont en avance sur certaines questions – surtout les pays qui sont des pays qui produisent beaucoup de technologie – puissent effectivement communiquer avec l’Afrique pour qu’ensemble on puisse prendre des mesures et établir des textes qui puissent régir tout cela. Ce sera un combat très difficile à mener, parce qu’en même temps qu’on veut donner une liberté de voir les films, en même temps qu’on veut que les films servent à éduquer, on veut aussi introduire des restric- tions. Vous voyez ce n’est pas facile est-ce que la liberté d’informer, la liberté d’écouter, la liberté de voir, va être obstruée par des textes qu’on va prendre pour limiter cette liberté? Donc il y a des questions pédagogiques qui doivent se poser; il y a des questions d’éthique qui doivent se poser; et enfin faire en sorte qu’effectivement cette liberté ne soit pas entravée, et que les textes ne soient pas une entrave à l’expression de la liberté. Tant qu’on n’aura pas la liberté on ne pourra pas voir les films africains donc il faut travailler avec cela et tenir compte de ce concept de liberté, droit, et défense des intérêts des réalisateurs africains.

KDO: Et vous pensez que pour cette défense des intérêts des réalisateurs africains, il faudrait faire des réunions Sud- Sud parce qu’effectivement chaque pays a une constitu- tion et une administration complètement différente. A l’intérieur de l’Afrique des décisions collégiales doivent être prises au sein même de l’Afrique avant de restreindre ou de contraindre par rapport aux pays du reste du monde.

MO: Je suis d’accord avec vous, c’est vrai que la réalité de la coopération Sud-Sud peut avoir des limites dans un contexte mondialisé. Il ne faut pas seulement qu’on reste dans cet échange Sud-Sud mais il faut effective- ment qu’on trouve un Sud en bloc qui va discuter avec le Nord et ne pas se contenter seulement de travailler sur des alliances régionales.

KDO: Pays par pays?

MO: Oui pays par pays. On ne s’en sort pas parce que le drame que nous connaissons en Afrique c’est qu’on n’arrive pas à avoir une vision continentale des difficul- tés qui sont posées. Il faut prendre des engagements au nom de l’ensemble du continent et mener des missions au nom de l’ensemble du continent, pour aller discuter avec l’Europe, pour aller discuter avec l’Asie des ques- tions de droits, des questions de liberté ou pour discu- ter avec les Etats Unis. Je pense que ce sont des blocs forts. Mais l’Afrique, le continent ne peut être fort que si, effectivement, il y a des passerelles, des textes et des intellectuels qui portent ce message. Je crois que souvent on attend beaucoup des politiques. Or, moi je pense qu’il est temps que les professionnels prennent en charge le débat, quitte à ce que les politiques les soutiennent. C’est ce qui se fait de manière générale en Occident. Ce sont les lobbies, ce sont les professionnels qui s’engagent dans les débats de fond et les politiques les intègrent dans leur programmes. Parfois c’est l’objet de joutes électorales, je pense qu’il faut qu’à ce niveau, l’Afrique comprenne que les auteurs africains ont leur part à jouer, et leur part c’est d’éveiller la conscience nationale et faire en sorte qu’effectivement le politique puisse s’accaparer de ces dossiers et essayer de défendre un peu la production africaine partout où l’Afrique peut prendre la parole.

KDO: Parce que nous voyons bien qu’actuellement nous avons une mise en mouvement des sociétés civiles qui est de plus en plus forte en Afrique et qui fait bouger les cho- ses. Cette société civile est en force, est en masse en tout cas pour défendre le niveau social, le niveau environnemen- tal, le niveau politique des pays. Est-ce que vous pensez que c’est le moment de s’appuyer sur ces sociétés civiles pour pousser un peu plus haut la valeur du documentaire en Afrique?

MO: Je pense que c’est une question assez délicate parce qu’effectivement les sociétés civiles africaines ont plus eu un contenu politique qu’un contenu culturel ou social. C’est ça aussi le drame de la société civile. Les sociétés civiles ne se construisent pas à partir des réali- tés culturelles. Ce qui est toujours mis en avant ce sont les réalités politiques. Il y a de la visibilité mais rares sont les structures de la société civile qui s’investissent effectivement dans la culture et qui défendent les liber- tés et les droits en ce qui concerne la culture et c’est ça, comme je dis, le vrai débat qu’il faut mettre en jeu, le vrai débat c’est que les intellectuels africains de certains secteurs puissent s’organiser pour influencer.

KDO: Pour influencer, il faut qu’il y ait des rencontres entre ces réalisateurs producteurs et les techniciens des nouvelles technologies, spécialistes des nouvelles technolo- gies, des spécialistes de l’audiovisuel, capables de dire dans 10 ans qu’il va y avoir telle et telle possibilité sur vos prochains produits. Ce sont des plateformes à organiser et c’est vrai que c’est aux cinéastes de prendre ça en charge, et de faire des tables rondes avec des spécialistes des nou- velles technologies, des spécialistes juridiques pour mettre des chartes en mouvement et défendre leurs droits futurs.

MO: Mais c’est ce que nous disons. C’est ça l’idéal, mais comme je dis, la préoccupation des réalisateurs africains, c’est d’abord produire. Si vous faites deux ateliers, l’un sur le financement des produits ciné- matographiques et l’autre sur les droits, et si vous comparez le taux de participation, vous verrez qu’il n’y a pas de commune mesure. Ils ne s’intéressent qu’au financement. Or, de mon point de vue, même si vous avez le financement et qu’effectivement vos droits sont bafoués, le financement que vous avez sera in- utile parce que vos films ne seront pas vus. Donc, il y a tout un travail qu’il faut faire en synergie, il n’y a pas d’un côté le financement de l’autre côté la défense des doits, c’est une réflexion globale qu’il faut avoir et en la matière. Je crois que, même si en Afrique on développe peu d’initiatives dans ce domaine, je crois qu’il y a en Occident des structures et fondations qui s’intéressent au cinéma africain, qui sont en mesure de créer des plateformes de rencontre et les résultats de ces travaux peuvent être reversés aux réalisateurs africains. Mais c’est à eux effectivement, à partir de ça, des résultats des travaux des ateliers qui peuvent s’organiser même s’ils sont organisés par d’autres. Ils peuvent s’organiser même en Asie ou en Europe sur la cinématographique africaine, s’en accaparer, et voir ce qu’ils peuvent faire avec les conclusions ou les recommandations. C’est là l’action d’avant-garde qu’ils doivent avoir, même s’ils ne sont pas en mesure, eux, de pouvoir financer ces ateliers, d’organiser ces séminaires. Mais qu’ils essay- ent de voir ce qui est fait dans le monde autour de ces questions sur l’Afrique. C’est déjà ça qu’il faut faire, et après je pense qu’on peut prendre des initiatives propres à l’Afrique, qui peuvent être soutenues par les structures africaines tel que l’OUA ou même d’autres institutions. Vous voyez votre fondation vous a amenée sur le terrain pour vivre la réalité du terrain, pour pren- dre les témoignages de la réalité du terrain. C’est cela qui est très important il faut que l’Afrique aussi puisse s’inspirer des exemples des autres, et voir ce qui est écrit sur l’Afrique. Il faut ensuite organiser ces ateliers pour qu’il y ait des compléments qui enrichissent la réflex- ion et qui puissent permettre à ce combat d’être fort et soutenu à travers le monde.

KDO: Et aussi, je voulais vous poser la question concernant justement ce genre de plateforme où les décisions doivent être prises et au départ, à mon sens, doivent être initiées par les réalisateurs producteurs. Le fait est que les docu- mentaires sont très peu diffusés sur les chaînes nationales parce que je pense qu’effectivement il n’y a pas de combat commun sur le continent pour imposer des quotas en terme de documentaires aux chaînes nationales. En même temps nous voyons qu’il y a une émergence des chaînes de télévi- sion privées et que d’un autre côté, c’est un terrain qui est aussi libre parce qu’il n’y a pas de communion entre elles. La sous-région par exemple de l’Afrique francophone doit imposer des quotas de films de fictions et des films de docu- mentaires à ses télévisions libres qui se multiplient et qui s’autofinancent. Est-ce qu’il ne faut pas essayer de créer un système de pression aussi pour que les films soient vus sur les chaînes de télévisions privées?

MO: D’accord avec vous, mais comme je l’ai dit, le problème de l’Afrique c’est que nous créons des institu- tions qui parfois ont des difficultés à jouer leur rôle. Il existe partout aujourd’hui en Afrique des instances de régulation qui effectivement, en attribuant les chaînes, imposent des cahiers des charges, mais ces cahiers des charges ne sont pas respectés, ni par les télévisions nationales publiques ni par les télévisions privées. Et qu’est-ce qu’on fait pour remettre en cause ou pour qu’effectivement les cahiers des charges soient respec- tés?

KDO: Quel est l’institut qui peut faire respecter les cahiers des charges?

MO: Ce sont les instances de régulation de chaque pays parce que les chaînes sont octroyées et ont le droit de diffuser parce qu’elles ont une autorisation.

KDO: Par pays?

MO: Par pays, par naissance de régulation. A partir du moment où effectivement il y a un cahier des charges que vous remplissez avant d’avoir l’autorisation, il faudrait après ça, la structure veille à ce que le cahier des charges soit respecté. Mais même si la structure n’arrive pas à faire respecter le cahier des charges, il revient aux professionnels de chaque pays de voir ce qui est écrit dans les cahiers des charges des télévi- sions publiques et des télévisions privées pour créer des lobbies afin que ces charges là soient respectées. Et c’est ça le combat qu’il faut mener, un combat doit d’abord être mené par les Africains, par les réalisateurs africains eux même, parce que les instances de régula- tion font ce qu’elles peuvent. Mais lorsqu’une instance de régulation prend la délicate décision, je mesure bien, la délicate décision de supprimer ou d’interdire la diffusion d’une chaîne, automatiquement elle est at- taquée par la société civile et politique. Donc il y a un travail qu’il faut faire, et ce travail nécessite effective- ment qu’il y ait des lobbies forts, que les réalisateurs africains s’organisent. A ce moment-là, les lobbies politiques peuvent les soutenir. On peut accepter et faire passer positivement une décision des instances de régulation. Et si cela est fait, effectivement, ça peut faire date dans l’histoire. Actuellement tous les diffu- seurs sont obligés de respecter les cahiers des charges qu’ils mettent en place. Voilà d’où peut venir le salut de la diffusion et de la production en quantité des films africains et des documentaires africains sur les chaines de télévisions tant privées que publiques.

 

INTERVIEW DE GUY DESIRE YAMEOGO REALISATEUR, SCENARISTE, FORMATEUR A L’ISIS

KDO: Bonjour vous êtes Monsieur Guy Désiré Yameogo, vous êtes scénariste réalisateur et formateur à l’école ici de Ouagadougou qui est une école de cinéma qui s’appelle Isis. Est-ce que vous pouvez brièvement nous décrire votre parcours en tant que scénariste, en tant que réalisa- teur et vos fonctions au niveau de l’Isis.

GDY: J’ai d’abord une formation de sociologue. Et puis je suis allé à Cuba à l’école internationale de cinéma et télévision où j’ai appris le cinéma pendant quatre ans. De là, je me suis spécialisé en écriture. Quand je suis rentré, j’ai travaillé à la direction du cinéma. Progres- sivement, j’ai été appelé pour assurer des cours au niveau de l’école qui venait de se créer l’Isis, où je suis donc enseignant. Mais je continue d’écrire, de dévelop- per des projets soient pour d’autres personnes, soit pour moi même. Voilà. J’interviens depuis la création de l’Isis comme formateur et au delà de l’Isis j’ai aussi formé des étudiants au Bénin et au Cameroun.

KDO: Et au Bénin c’est à l’Isma.

GDY: Tout a fait, intervenant en écriture de scénario à l’Isma aussi.

KDO: D’accord et ici à l’Isis vous intervenez comme…?

GDY: Comme professeur de scénario.

KDO: Dites-moi alors votre vision en tant que réalisateur par rapport au documentaire. Quelles sont vos réflexions du fait que les documentaires africains ne sont pas vus au niveau international alors que la fiction l’est ? On sait que les films de fiction rayonnent partout dans le monde et que le documentaire n’est quasiment pas présent au niveau de la scène internationale.

GDY: Je dirais qu’il y a deux choses. D’abord parce que, à mon avis, la production du documentaire au niveau de l’Afrique est très faible par rapport à la fiction. Si on devait comptabiliser tous les reportages, on dirait qu’il y a un volume assez important, mais de vrais documen- taires, on n’en trouve pas beaucoup. Déjà du fait, peut- être, que le mode de production est assez difficile. C’est dû en partie au fait qu’au niveau local, il n’existe qu’une structure d’accompagnement de cinéastes qui ont des projets, pour pouvoir les développer. Pour la majorité des gens quand on parle de cinéma, c’est d’abord la fic- tion, c’est les comédies. Le cinéma s’est développé dans nos pays par le cinéma documentaire plus proche de l’actualité. Il n’a pas beaucoup été valorisé, et il y a très peu de jeunes qui sortent en salle des documentaires.

Donc le fait que les productions africaines ne soient pas présentes sur les scènes internationales, est dû en partie à ça. Comparé à la fiction, on ne propose pas d’histoires nouvelles, même si je sais que les auteurs font de gros efforts. On a l’impression de connaître l’Afrique parce qu’il y a plein de reporters européens qui sillonnent le pays et qui sont toujours là. Beaucoup d’agences ont leur base en Afrique et rapportent des images pas tou- jours positives du continent. Il faut travailler longtemps pour trancher au niveau du contenu et de la forme. Le discours a beaucoup évolué ces dernières années avec le travail de quelques associations comme AfricaDoc. Les vrais auteurs se sont investis en s’exprimant dans le documentaire de création, le documentaire comme une nouvelle forme de renaissance. Je pense qu’aujourd’hui cela va beaucoup mieux

KDO: Un de vos collègues, Monsieur Clément, a fait la réflexion tout à l’heure à savoir qu’il y a une nouvelle génération de réalisatrices africaines qui se dirigent de plus en plus vers le documentaire. Il disait que le regard des femmes était un peu différent du regard des hommes et qu’aujourd’hui y a beaucoup de femmes qui font des documentaires, qu’est ce que vous en pensez?

 

GDY: Moi je n’ai pas le recul du critique nécessaire pour pouvoir faire un discours, à savoir s’il y a un regard de femme, mais il est évident que la sensibilité, l’approche, les cultures ne sont pas forcément les mêmes. Il y a beaucoup de femmes actuellement qui s’investissent dans le documentaire, beaucoup viennent du journal- isme, elles ont trouvé dans le documentaire une nou- velle forme d’expression qui leur va très bien. S’ajoute à cela la démocratisation des moyens audiovisuels acces- sibles aujourd’hui.

KDO: Dans la formation de scénaristes au niveau de l’Isis est ce que vous voyez une nouvelle école du documentaire au travers d’AfricaDoc, ou au travers de jeunes que vous formez à l’Isis. Comment voyez-vous l’avenir du docu- mentaire en Afrique?

GDY: D’abord j’ai eu la chance de faire quelques écoles, de faire quelques ateliers et je dois dire que c’est dom- mage que le documentaire n’occupe pas une place prioritaire dans ces écoles. C’est dommage, je parle de l’Isis comme des autres écoles et il n’y a pas une véritable politique de formation aux documentaires. Les programmes, j’allais dire, c’est nous même qui les initions au jour le jour. Moi on m’appelle on me dit vous avez un volume horaire de cent heures pour le cours de scénario avec les étudiants, je propose mon programme et puis ils l’arrêtent. Je sais que j’ai beau donner aux étudiants une formation générale, ils restent dans l’attente de la formation fiction, ils sont passion- nés, ils ont écrit des histoires, ils veulent tout de suite en découdre. Je leur dis une fois sortis de l’école, c’est peut-être le documentaire qui va vous faire vivre, donc mieux vaut déjà commencer par cette voie avant de passer à autre chose. La majeure partie des écoles et des centres de formation que je connais, sont dirigés en général par des privés dont les objectifs sont beaucoup plus tournés vers la rentabilité.

KDO: Ce que je trouve intéressant c’est qu’il y a un vrai paradoxe, c’est qu’au moment où les sociétés civiles pren- nent plus de pouvoir et arrivent à faire bouger les choses, c’est à ce moment là que le documentaire a moins de force chez nous alors que ça devrait être l’inverse.

GDY: Tout à fait, justement je parlais de la nécessité de cet engagement. Effectivement c’est le devoir de la société civile de s’investir dans la question des droits humains, dans la question de notre bien-être de chaque jour, de l’environnement etc. Parmi les armes qui auraient pu, par exemple, porter quelques-uns de ces combats-là, peut être pas tous, mais en tout cas quelques-uns, le documentaire est le plus approprié. L’Afrique aujourd’hui est devenue comme je disais un champ immense de sujets. Les problèmes sont là, à coté de vous, il y a des mines inex- ploitées que le documentaire devrait investir. Je vois ça, moi, en tant que scénariste. Je me dis que j’aimerais bien partir vers le documentaire parce que ça va nous libérer, ça va nous permettre de parler, de témoigner sur notre temps, de nous engager. Mais c’est vraiment dommage qu’aujourd’hui, ce mouvement là ne soit pas accompagné. Mais je pense que c’est souvent par manque de moyens.

KDO: Et parlez-nous alors du cinéclub. Votre activité dans le cinéclub, qu’est ce que ça vous a permis de voir, quel est l’intérêt d’animer des cinéclubs faire naître des vocations? Vous disiez qu’il y a trois jeunes qui faisaient partie de votre cinéclub qui sont en formation aujourd’hui à Afri- caDoc à Saint-Louis du Sénégal?

GDY: Comme je vous l’ai dit, j’étais à l’université, j’étudiais la sociologie, j’ai eu tellement de difficulté à faire une école, j’ai réussi malgré tout à aller à Cuba. Je suis revenu, j’avais vu un cinéclub là-bas. Je me suis dit que je pouvais faire la même chose. J’ai retrouvé certains anciens, et puis nous nous sommes investis beaucoup plus, dans les écoles notamment. Nous avons aujourd’hui une vingtaine de lycées qui ont des clubs cinéma où les enfants peuvent apprendre à regarder les images. Le langage des images est très important. Il va dominer le monde, nous leur inculquons la connais- sance du cinéma de façon globale. C’est là que nous nous rendons compte qu’il y a de véritables passions qui naissent. Au départ on trouve des gens qui veulent être des stars, des acteurs, qui veulent faire du cinéma. Des gens qui pensent que le cinéma est une fabrique de rêves. C’est important que beaucoup de jeunes vien- nent. Mais après ça, les moyens se rétrécissent et nous voyons après une dizaine d’années sur le terrain, qu’il y a des gens qui nous suivent depuis longtemps. Mainte- nant ils comprennent très tôt que le cinéma tel qu’il se pratique n’est pas toujours ce qu’ils veulent et à partir de ce moment ils se demandent « Quelle est la voie que je peux choisir? ». Le documentaire à ce moment là devient une option importante.

KDO: Dans un continent envahi par les images, où on a accès à des centaines de chaînes de télévision, où toutes les chaines mondiales sont à notre portée, où les enfants sont inondés d’images, n’est-il pas nécessaire de se pencher sur l’éducation à l’image? Or il n’y a pas une heure d’éducation à l’image dans les écoles – domaine complète- ment laissé à l’abandon. Est-ce que vous pensez que c’est quelque chose à quoi on doit réfléchir, l’explication de l’image dans les écoles avec un vrai programme, avec des animateurs d’audiovisuel qui viennent expliquer, dans les classes? Et éventuellement faire quelques modules d’explication pour désamorcer aussi la violence des im- ages et la manière de décoder les images?

GDY: C’est tout à fait envisageable et je vais même vous dire que nous sommes en voie de le faire avec l’institut Imagine de Gaston Kaboré. Nous avons déjà entrepris la formation d’un certain nombre d’encadreurs au sein des lycées, les professeurs de français notamment. On a estimé que, s’ils étaient bien outillés, ils pourraient aider les cinéclubs. Nous avons déjà un projet avancé, avec le partenariat du Ministère des Enseignements Supérieurs, nous sommes en train de mettre en route l’introduction du cinéma au niveau des lycées, nous voulons déjà quelques classe pilotes dans les années à venir. Il y a du matériel, et le lundi et le jeudi il y a un groupe d’élèves à qui j’ai prêté ce matériel pour qu’ils aillent faire un reportage sur leur lycée. Ils en sont revenus encore plus motivés, ils étaient contents – ils ne l’ont pas encore monté, on va le faire la semaine pro- chaine. Mais ce cinéclub c’est ça, et nous espérons que, si déjà dans quelques lycées on introduit l’enseignement de l’audiovisuel, les gens seront mieux préparés. Cela va faire naître des générations de gens éveillés, conscienti- sés sachant quelles opportunités leur offre le cinéma de façon globale et le cinéma documentaire en particulier.

KDO: Vous pensez que l’émergence de cinéclubs dans les lycées et autres pourraient éventuellement ouvrir un accompagnement de réouverture des salles de cinéma en Afrique ? Elles ont tendance à disparaître parce que le Burkina est une exception dans la sous-région, c’est le seul pays où il y a encore des salles de cinéma sinon tous les autres pays que j’ai faits, y a une salle, deux salles, ou les cinémas ont complètement disparu. Comment voyez- vous le retour des salles de cinéma en Afrique, comment peut-on l’imaginer et qu’est ce qui pourrait aider à la réouverture des salles de cinéma?

GDY: Nous sommes favorables à la formation des jeunes, nous avons beaucoup misé sur ça, éduquer leur regard, leur apprendre à mieux connaître le cinéma, à mieux l’apprécier, ça va porter des fruits dans l’avenir. Nous avons par exemple au sein des cinéclubs des sé- ances bi-hebdomadaires où nous faisons une projection d’un film suivi de débats. Lorsque le rythme se casse, nous sentons déjà un manque au niveau des membres des clubs. Au niveau des écoles ils ont la possibilité de voir des films à la télévision, ce qui n’est pas le même effet que quand ils ont une projection sur grand écran. Nous incitons nos jeunes à aller régulièrement, au moins dans un centre culturel, voir des films, une fois tous les trois mois, de leur propre initiative. Faire la démarche d’aller vers le cinéma et ne pas attendre qu’on vienne vous donner le cinéma. Ne pas attendre non plus ce que nous appelons ici le film cadeau, et donc nous avons ce travail là à faire auprès des jeunes. Nous espérons une meilleure cinéphilie, de qualité, qui va forcément porter les gens vers les salles. Ils vont être plus exigeants et la programmation devra suivre dans les années à venir. Nous espérons que les salles vont rouvrir ou que certaines salles vont se construire car les anciennes ne sont plus adaptées aux réalités actuelles.

KDO: Que pensez vous du fait que les télévisions natio- nales ont tendance à oublier dans leur programmation le documentaire ? Evidemment leur plage horaire est très réduite mais malheureusement, ils projettent des telenovelas qui évidemment intéressent tout le monde mais c’est au détriment des documentaires sociaux, et avec une identité africaine complètement balayée, complète- ment gommée au profit des telenovelas ou de séries télés américaines. Comment arriver au niveau des instituts et des instances cinématographiques pays par pays, à réussir à faire reculer un peu ça ou, en tout cas, avoir des accords d’entente avec les gens de la télévision? 

GDY: C’est effectivement un grand problème pour les télévisions nationales et je pense qu’il y a un travail qui doit se faire parce que ce sont des télés qui ont vocation de service public. Une large réflexion devrait être menée, les cases existent, on peut poser le problème même à l’occasion des rencontres comme le FESPACO. Ce sont des choses qui sont envisageables en plaidant pour une meilleure prise en compte du documentaire dans le programme, souvent présenté à des heures indues. Une véritable mise en valeur du documentaire africain de bonne facture, c’est une vraie plaidoirie. C’est une sug- gestion à faire pour les chaînes publiques. Les chaînes privées peuvent faire l’effort de mieux programmer, donner plus de place et mieux valoriser le documentaire. Mais c’est aux principaux acteurs de faire ce plaidoyer. Des exemples récents les y contraignent, car le succès de certains documentaires à des festivals internationaux, ou la sortie en salles de documentaires va être pris en compte. Il y a encore des documentaires africains qui sortent en salle comme je vous l’ai dit mais nous travaillons et nous espérons que les générations futures vont pouvoir porter les leurs à l’écran et cela peut rejaillir sur les télés.

KDO: La problématique en Afrique je pense est liée au fait que le cinéma dépend du ministère de la culture et que la communication, la télévision sont dans un autre ministère. Des ministères séparés qui chaperonnent les deux sans connexion, alors que normalement la télévision devrait aider à la promotion du cinéma. Or on s’aperçoit que dans nos pays la plupart du temps c’est l’inverse. En fait les deux vont de pair, ces deux entités peuvent co- habiter et se servir l’une de l’autre, alors qu’en Afrique à cause de cette problématique de tutorat ministériel, nous nous retrouvons en contradiction avec les fonctions même de la télévision et les fonctions du cinéma.

GDY: Il y a peut être deux ans le ministère de la com- munication et de la culture étaient réunis. Télé et ci- néma étaient donc regroupés et y a eu des affectations. Des gens qui étaient à la télé sont passés à la direction du cinéma etc. Aujourd’hui il s’agit de deux ministères différents culture à part, communication à part. Quelquefois il y a des gens qui se trouvent écartelés, je dirais même que les productions elles aussi sont écar- telées. On sait qu’aujourd’hui les Etats mettent l’accent sur les ministères de la communication. Voilà c’est un peu le lieu où il faut mettre tout ça pour que ça renvoie l’image du pays, des gouvernants, des politiques.

KDO: Le cinéma devient le parent pauvre par rapport au ministère de la communication et donc nous nous re- trouvons dans un paradoxe qui fait que quelle que soit la politique appliquée au cinéma nous sommes toujours un peu en retard au niveau financier.

GDY: C’est tout à fait ça, il y avait un certain mécanisme que les cinéastes essayaient de mettre en place, notam- ment la perception d’un pourcentage sur les droits d’entrée des salles mais les salles sont fermées. On a demandé à la télévision à travers une autre taxe qu’elle perçoit sur les courants électriques, de reverser dans un fonds de pro- duction pour pouvoir alimenter, en tout cas soutenir les nouvelles productions. Ça n’arrive pas à se mettre en place. Aujourd’hui le budget moyen consacré au cinéma ne dépasse pas les cinquante millions au Burkina.

KDO: Bien sûr le cinéma fiction est plus rentable.

GDY: C’est dérisoire.

KDO: Mais vous êtes quand même optimiste en ce qui concerne le documentaire en Afrique?

GDY: Oui parce que justement, l’exemple nous est souvent donné de films faits avec des bouts de ficelle qui ont crevé l’écran. Il existe certains films formi- dables, j’allais dire c’est de l’espoir qui est là, brut mais inexploité c’est pour ça que nous, on y croit toujours, on peut toujours s’en sortir.

 

INTERVIEW DE MICHEL SABA

DIRECTEUR DES ETUDES ET STAGES DANS L’INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DE L’IMAGE ET DU SON

KDO: Bonjour Monsieur, on se trouve ici à l’Isis, est-ce que vous pouvez vous présenter, nous dire votre parcours et présenter la fondation de l’école l’Isis.

MS: Michel Saba. Je suis ici le directeur des études et stages à l’Institut Supérieur de l’Image et du Son. Mon petit parcours: je suis d’abord, à la base, professeur de lycée et de collège, et j’ai rejoint la direction du cinéma en 2003 pour intervenir dans le cadre d’un programme de relance de formation aux métiers de l’image et du son. Il fallait contribuer à restructurer des programmes de formation au niveau pédagogique, donc j’ai dû suivre une formation en ingénierie de la formation au CE- SAG de Dakar pour être plus opérationnel au niveau de ce poste de management de la formation, surtout au plan de la structuration pédagogique. Je dois dire que l’Institut Supérieur de l’Image et du Son a été créé officiellement en 2006 et l’institut a été d’abord ouvert pour former des techniciens, des réalisateurs en deux ans. Par la suite nous avons ouvert un cycle d’ingénierie et aujourd’hui nous avons un cycle de master en réalisa- tion qui se fait en cinq ans. Les études pour la première année ont un tronc commun. A partir de la deuxième année les participants sont orientés à travers deux sec- tions, une section technique et une section création. La section création regroupe essentiellement la filière réali- sation et la section technique regroupe les filières liées à l’image, au son et au montage. Pour la troisième année, tu prépares une ingénierie à travers ces quatre filières pour le master. Il y a seulement la filière réalisation, option fiction et option documentaire qui est fonction- nelle en attendant que les autres filières soient ouvertes dans les années à venir.

KDO: Et pouvez-vous me dire si vous faites une forma- tion technique, une formation théorique, est ce que vous faites aussi des résidences d’écriture de documentaire ou de fiction?

MS: Disons que nous recevons en dehors des cours donnés en classe par les formateurs, nous recevons des professionnels qui viennent dans le cadre de master classe et de leçon de cinéma pour partager leur expéri- ence. Nous en avons ici de plusieurs pays notamment de la Belgique dans le cadre de notre coopération

et partenariat avec Bruxelles international. A travers l’ONG nous en recevons aussi d’autres pays africains. Dernièrement nous avons reçu un Nigérien qui don- nait un master class sur le documentaire en Afrique. De Belgique nous avons reçu en janvier quelqu’un qui est venu parler du montage du cinéma aux étudiants, en dehors des conférences académiques voilà.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler un peu de vos partenaires au niveau international, les autres écoles ou les ONG, les associations ou les festivals avec lesquels l’école est en relation?

MS: Disons que l’Isis est d’abord né d’une volonté com- mune, en tout cas du Burkina et de beaucoup d’autres partenaires, de relancer la formation de l’image et du son. Il fallait soutenir le cinéma, et donc dans ce regis- tre, avant même l’ouverture, il y a eu le programme de relance de formation par les partenaires de la commu- nauté française de Belgique. Nous avons reçu l’appui d’un assistant technique qui est resté au niveau du Burkina pour nous aider à mettre en place un dispositif pédagogique, c’est à dire l’infrastructure d’accueil de l’institut. Nous recevons ces partenaires de l’académie française notamment des écoles partenaires qui sont l’institut des arts de diffusion de l’ENSAS de Brux- elles, des formateurs qui viennent animer des modules spécifiques en collaboration avec nos professionnels qui interviennent dans la formation. Nos profession- nels arrivent à produire des compétences au niveau pédagogique pour nous permettre d’être autonome afin d’animer certains modules au niveau de l’institut. Donc je peux dire que déjà au niveau de la Belgique nous avons ces écoles, ces instituts notamment Bruxelles International, qui nous permettent financièrement de mener ces activités dans le cadre de partenariat pédagogique avec les écoles belges. A coté de Bruxelles International pour la Belgique, il faut citer l’ONG Africalia qui intervient également en appui à l’école à divers niveaux. D’abord au niveau des étudiants à partir de la deuxième année la plupart des étudiants béné- ficient de la prise en charge par Minerval des frais de scolarité qui coûtent environ mille euros au niveau de l’école. Il n’est pas toujours possible à tout le monde de payer ces frais. Avec l’appui d’Africalia, les étudiants à partir de la deuxième année bénéficient d’une prise en charge à hauteur de 75%, puis à hauteur de 85% à partir de la troisième année. Ce qui permet à beaucoup d’étudiants qui ont des difficultés, de suivre jusqu’au bout leur cursus. Africalia permet également d’accueillir des professionnels de renom, d’Europe – notamment de Belgique – mais aussi d’autres pays africains au niveau de l’institut pour donner des masters class. Voilà ce qui permet aux étudiants de renforcer la formation qu’ils reçoivent en classe. Nous avons aussi d’autres appuis matériels accordés par cette ONG qui permet, à un autre niveau, aux étudiants, à trois étudiants par an, d’aller effectuer un stage dans des conditions profes- sionnelles de niveau très actuel en Europe notamment en Belgique. Cela dans des studios, dans des télévisions, et cela permet aux étudiants en fin de cycle de voir les réalités technologiques, de travailler avec les profession- nels de ce pays et donc de renforcer leurs capacités dans les disciplines spécifiques pour lesquelles ils ont été formés. Je dois dire que l’école bénéficie d’un appui très fort de la France. L’institut a eu l’appui en tout cas dans le développement de l’infrastructure mais aussi à travers l’appui pour l’acquisition des équipements de départ, les caméras, les matériels de prise de vue, les équipements de montage. Tout cela a été obtenu grâce à l’appui de la France qui nous envoie aussi chaque année au moins trois formateurs dans des disciplines spécifiques, ce qui nous permet de partager les expériences avec les écoles françaises. Nous avons d’autres pays, je veux parler par exemple du Canada, nous avons un partenariat avec l’Institut National de l’Image et du Son de Montréal qui nous envoie des formateurs et nous avons aussi un échange au niveau étudiant. L’échange au niveau étudiant concerne des projets que l’on appelle ‘regard ctroisé’. L’occasion est donnée d’envoyer des étudiants dans ces écoles au Canada. C’est un séjour de quarante jours en moyenne pour trouver un sujet documentaire, pour tourner et revenir monter ces documentaires ici. Ces documentaires sont souvent présentés dans des écoles, dans des festivals de cinéma où nous sommes invités. Donc, ce genre d’échanges nous en avons avec le Canada, avec la Belgique mais aussi avec les Pays Bas et avec d’autres écoles avec lesquelles nous sommes en train d’établir de nouveaux partenariats. Il faut dire que l’institut adhère à un réseau international d’écoles du cinéma et de télévision qui s’appelle le CILECT Centre International de Liaison des Ecoles du Cinéma et de Télévision. A travers ce cadre nous participons à des échanges, à des rencontres du cinéma et dernière- ment nous sommes rentrés de Ouarzazate au Maroc où nous avons pris part à un festival d’écoles du cinéma qui s’appelle Rencontres sous les Temples. Nous avons rencontré plusieurs responsables d’écoles du cinéma et des étudiants de l’Isis ont présenté, avec un responsable de la pédagogie et le directeur général de l’institut, un film réalisé au niveau de l’institut. Voilà à peu près ce qui est fait dans le réseau international avec les écoles partenaires qui donnent l’occasion aux étudiants de découvrir d’autres réalités, de travailler avec d’autres étudiants d’Afrique et d’Europe.

KDO: Et vous m’avez parlé aussi de cette fondation Doune qui a permis à des étudiants d’aller dans trois pays africains, vous pouvez développer un peu?

MS: Bien sûr. Je dois dire qu’en 2010 nous avons signé un projet avec nos partenaires néerlandais, notam- ment la fondation Doune qui a bien voulu financer un programme qui a permis d’envoyer des groupes d’étudiants de l’Isis dans trois pays. Au Niger où ils sont été accueillis par l’Istic (Institut des techniques de l’information et de la communication) qui est une école qui forme dans les locaux de la télévision; nous avons envoyé un groupe dans une école privée qui s’appelle Isma au Bénin, nous avons un partenariat avec cette école là; et nous avons envoyé un autre groupe au Ghana dans une école bien connue qui s’appelle Nafti (National Film and Television Institute) où ils ont été accueillis par les professeurs. Ces étudiants et ces groupes ont réalisé chacun un documentaire dans ces pays là.

KDO: Et ils restent combien de temps dans les pays?

MS: Ils sont restés trois semaines.

KDO: Et en trois semaines, ils ont réalisé avec les équipes en place un documentaire, un petit module d’école?

MS: C’est au cours de ces trois semaines, qu’il fallait trouver le sujet, le développer, tourner, le montage étant effectué au retour au niveau d’une structure à Oua- gadougou. Et dans le cadre de nos partenariats avec les écoles africaines et européennes, nous organisons chaque année en marge du FESPACO, ce qu’on ap- pelle la Finec, des écoles de cinéma qui sont une occa- sion de retrouvailles des directeurs d’école, enseignants, formateurs mais aussi des étudiants qui présentent les films qui sont réalisés au niveau de ces écoles et dével- oppent les échanges sur les thèmes en rapport avec nos préoccupations.

KDO: Comment l’appelez-vous, c’est un festival, c’est en marge du festival?

MS: Cela s’appelle la Finale des écoles de cinéma. Notre école devient un espace de projection de films, d’exposition, avec un stand où vous pouvez avoir des informations, de la documentation sur tous ces écoles partenaires mais aussi sur les institutions qui nous ac- compagnent notamment Bruxelles International, Africalia. Toutes ces fondations qui nous accompagnent font des expositions au niveau des stands que nous ouvrons au sein de la structure. Parallèlement il y a les films qui sont en compétition, films d’école qui sont en compétition au niveau du FESPACO de la dernière édition.

KDO: Cela veut dire quoi, c’est à partir de l’année dernière que vous avez commencé à présenter des films?

MS: Non, la fenêtre des écoles existe déjà depuis l’avant dernière édition, ça fait déjà trois ans qu’il y a différen- tes écoles de cinéma et leurs partenaires.

KDO: Par rapport au travail de tous ces partenaires européens et africains, si l’école ou la personne qui gère l’école avait quelque chose de plus à demander pour rehausser un peu le niveau du documentaire qui existe en Afrique, qu’est-ce qu’elle pourrait demander comme nouveau système d’installation pour l’émergence du documentaire vous qui dirigez une école, vous qui voyez une nouvelle ouverture pour les jeunes que vous êtes en train de former, est ce qu’on pourrait imaginer qu’il y ait une visibilité du documentaire au niveau national et au niveau international?

MS: En terme de suggestion sans trop me formaliser, moi je dirais qu’il faut, dans un premier temps, soutenir la formation. Surtout quand on parle de documen- taires de création. Il faut dire que beaucoup de gens de l’ancienne génération pratiquent les documentaires en salle classique traditionnelle. Pour faire émerger une nouvelle génération de réalisateurs qui s’investissent dans cette option documentaire de création, il faut d’abord qu’il y ait une formation à la base. Je voudrais dire qu’il est important qu’il y ait un appui à des écoles comme l’Isis, notamment pour accueillir des forma- teurs, mais pour donner aussi l’occasion aux étudiants nouvellement formés d’avoir des possibilités de réali- sation. S’ils ne sont pas appuyés financièrement pour réaliser des films, ils ont beau être formés, ils resteront toujours dans la même situation. Un appui à la forma- tion et un accompagnement à la production seraient donc à notre avis une bonne chose au niveau du docu- mentaire en Afrique.

KDO: Est-ce que l’Isis arrive à obtenir des fonds d’aide au développement du scénario et est-ce que vous, en tant qu’école, vous arrivez à trouver des partenariats au niveau des entreprises privées locales qui pourraient ou qui auraient vocation à sponsoriser l’école?

MS: Disons que, pour le moment je dirais non, mais dans nos préoccupations, dans nos investigations, dans nos contacts, notre souci c’est d’arriver à intéresser le maximum soit d’institutions, soit d’entreprises privées qui participent vraiment au financement de certains films, de certains documentaires. Cela fait partie aussi des thèmes de réflexion et de recherche de certains étudiants au niveau de l’institut. C’est vrai que nous sommes encore très jeunes et que nous avons beaucoup de travail à faire pour convaincre et pour mobiliser ces acteurs, ces partenaires pour qu’ils nous accompagnent dans le financement de la formation.

KDO: Est ce que vous pensez qu’il serait intéressant pour une école comme l’Isis de travailler en collaboration avec une école de journalisme notamment pour relever un peu le niveau de l’écriture, de mettre en association par exemple un étudiant de chez vous, sorti réalisateur, et qui puisse être accompagné par quelqu’un qui sort de l’école de journalisme au niveau écrit, pour pouvoir travailler sur des projets ensemble ? Et pourquoi pas aussi mettre en cohabitation une école de management et de market- ing pour chercher un peu de financement, pour aider un élève qui sort de la réalisation, qui n’a aucune notion de comment chercher les fonds ? Mettre ensemble trois écoles différentes mais qui pourraient collaborer pour essayer de trouver des financements au niveau local ou en tout cas chercher des partenaires et travailler ensemble. Est-ce que vous pensez que ce sont des choses envisageables?

MS: Oui je trouve même qu’il faut y arriver, il faut que les réalisateurs formés puissent être en contact avec d’autres profils, dont notamment des producteurs, des spécialistes du marketing, de la promotion, ce n’est que de la conjugaison des efforts de plusieurs profils que l’on peut y arriver. C’est d’autant plus pertinent ce que vous dites que dans la relecture des programmes actuels de l’Isis, nous avons un projet d’ouvrir une filière production couplée avec le marketing. Il est tout à fait pertinent, si nous avons l’occasion de travailler avec des écoles qui forment des jeunes à ce secteur, que les étudiants puissent partager leur expérience. Dans tous les cas, ils sont formés pour travailler dans un univers où la collaboration s’impose avec ces profils-là. Donc je trouve que c’est pertinent de donner l’occasion aux étu- diants, aux réalisateurs de travailler avec d’autres profils.

KDO: Je vais vous demander quelle est la relation qu’Isis a instauré ici au niveau de la télévision nationale, parce que nous voyons qu’il y a très peu de documentaires dif- fusés ? Est ce que vous avez réussi à négocier un parte- nariat avec la télévision nationale en terme de diffusion des films de vos étudiants ou en terme de pré-achat, ou en terme de coproduction ne serait ce qu’au niveau apport matériel par rapport à la télévision, comment se passe la relation de l’école et de la télévision?

MS: Je vous remercie pour cette question qui est vrai- ment d’actualité parce qu’au moment où nous réalisons cet entretien, il y a les étudiants de la troisième année en réalisation qui sont en formation à la télévision nationale. Nous avons reçu un formateur de l’Institut des Arts de Diffusion de la Belgique pour un module de réalisation multi-caméra, et ces cours se font présente- ment à la télévision nationale parce que l’Isis ne dispose pas, pour le moment, de studio, ni d’équipements suffisants pour réaliser une telle opération. Chaque fois que nous avons un tel module, c’est toujours en collaboration avec la télévision nationale que nous pouvons le mettre en œuvre. Maintenant sur d’autres aspects liés à la diffusion et à d’autres questions, nous avons un projet effectivement de revoir avec la télévision nationale à quel type de partenariat nous pouvons parvenir de manière beaucoup plus formalisée. Nous ne pouvons pas évoluer sans la télévision nationale, puisque nous formons aussi en partie pour la télévision. Donc, il est grand temps que nous arrivions à un accord avec la télévision nationale. Du reste, nous avons des propositions avec des chaînes privées comme Africâble qui reçoit déjà des stagiaires de l’Isis et donc à Bamako, nous avons des chaînes privées comme BF1 au Burkina qui reçoit aussi des stagiaires. Nous avons le projet de formaliser tout ça de manière à prendre en compte d’autres dimensions pour diffuser les productions de notre école.

KDO: AfricaDoc a des antennes maintenant partout en Afrique dans la formation du documentaire, avez-vous déjà eu des collaborations avec AfricaDoc?

MS: Pour AfricaDoc en terme de collaboration avec l’Isis nous avons un début de partenariat, oui, mais je pense que c’est encore trop tôt pour en parler, nous avons déjà eu des entretiens et nous avons un projet d’accord.

KDO: Et d’un autre coté je voulais vous demander par rapport aux promotions qui sont déjà sorties de cette école, pouvez vous me dire globalement que sont devenus les élèves qui ont eu leurs diplômes, où se sont-ils dirigés à la sortie de cette école avec leur diplôme?

MS: Les sortants de l’Isis aujourd’hui, si je fais le point, je pourrais dire que pour beaucoup, ils évoluent déjà dans des structures de production, cinéma audiovi- suel au niveau national comme dans d’autres pays. Il faut dire que nous recevons non seulement des étudi- ants du Burkina mais aussi des étudiants qui viennent d’autres pays de l’espace UEMOA et même des pays de l’Afrique Centrale comme le Gabon, la Centre Afrique, le Rwanda. Nous avons reçu souvent des cellules de ces pays-là donc une demande parfois très forte à laquelle nous n’avons pas toujours accédé. Si je prends le cas des Gabonais, ce sont des jeunes déjà recrutés par la télévision gabonaise et qui sont envoyés ici en forma- tion. C’est à dire que quand ils repartent, ils ont déjà des postes garantis, et ils sont affectés à ces postes-là pour travailler. Mais beaucoup, au niveau national, s’orientent vers l’entreprise privée ils sont dans des structures de production où ils ont des emplois. Les au- tres évoluent en freelance, et la plupart du temps ils ont des contrats avec les productions et arrivent à se pren- dre en charge. Il y a aussi ceux qui ont eu l’opportunité de poursuivre leur formation soit en Europe soit aux Etats-Unis, ou dans d’autres pays africains comme l’ESAV de Marrakech au Maroc.

KDO: Quel est votre point de vue sur la manière de promouvoir l’Isis au niveau régional, au niveau de tous les pays africains francophones et même des pays anglo- phones ? Qu’est-ce que vous envisagez pour faire la pro- motion de votre école, est-ce par le biais de votre festival, ou est-ce par le biais d’associations des écoles de cinéma, ou est ce que vous envisagez autre chose pour faire la promotion de cette école?

MS: Bon je dois dire que l’Isis est d’abord né d’une volonté commune de structures en charge du cinéma des pays de l’espace UEMOA, parce qu’en 2003, cette réunion à Ouagadougou – un atelier de réflexion sur la formation aux métiers de l’image et du son en Afrique de l’Ouest – a regroupé les directeurs du cinéma et des professionnels, responsables des structures de produc- tion. La rencontre a abouti à une recommandation forte de créer à Ouagadougou un centre de formation qui prendrait en charge toute la demande de formation au niveau de l’espace ouest-africain francophone. De ce point de vue, l’Isis est créé sur le droit burkinabé mais a vocation dans son statut sous-régional d’accueillir des jeunes et des professionnels de ces pays, désirant se former dans les métiers du cinéma. Et donc, à travers les directions de cinéma de ces différents pays, je peux déjà dire que nous avons des canaux d’information et de diffusion de l’offre de formation, des possibilités de formation au niveau ouest-africain. Il est vrai que nous prenons part à des rencontres comme les festivals qui sont aussi des occasions pour faire connaitre l’institut, et je peux dire qu’au niveau de chaque pays nous avons quand même une visibilité, du répondant. C’est vrai que ce n’est pas encore suffisant. Nous recevons parfois des gens qui viennent de ces pays en cours d’année et qui veulent s’informer des possibilités d’entrer à l’institut. Cela veut dire que nous avons encore un travail à faire au niveau de la communication pour faire connaître d’avantage notre institut. C’est du reste, la raison pour laquelle nous sommes entrain de réactualis- er le site web de l’institut qui permettra donc de mieux présenter notre offre de formation au niveau de l’espace africain mais aussi à travers le monde.

 

INTERVIEW DE SANOU SUZANNE KOUROUMA REALISATRICE, RESPONSABLE DU MICA (MARCHE INTERNATIONAL DU FILM AFRICAIN)

KDO: Bonjour vous êtes Madame Kourouma, vous êtes responsable chargée du MICA Marché International du Cinéma Africain. Donc j’aurais voulu avoir votre parcours rapidement et pourriez-vous expliquer en quoi consiste votre travail.

SSK: Je suis Madame Kourouma née Sanou Suzanne, je suis cinéaste parce que j’ai fait une formation de cinéma à l’institut d’éducation cinématographique à Ouagadougou pendant trois ans, et ensuite j’ai fait une maîtrise à Paris, à la Sorbonne. Et mon travail portait sur le montage de film. Donc après la maîtrise, je suis rentrée au pays et j’ai commencé à travailler à la télévi- sion nationale du Burkina comme monteuse. Je faisais aussi de temps en temps la scripte sur les plateaux des tournages. Et en 1993 j’ai été élue trésorière générale de la FEPACI Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes. J’ai fait 10 ans avec Monsieur Gaston Kaboré et ensuite après la fin de mon mandat j’ai fait une année à la direction du cinéma et depuis 2005 j’ai atterri au FES- PACO où je m’occupe du marché du film.

KDO: Et en quoi consiste votre travail au niveau du marché du film?

SSK: Le marché du film est vraiment basé sur la promotion des films. Notre travail se situe sur deux plans d’une part, en année FESPACO, nous avons plusieurs missions et nous mettons à la disposition des producteurs, des réalisateurs, des stands promotionnels. C’est à dire que les sociétés de production viennent, prennent des stands et puis elles font la promotion de leurs structures. Et d’autre part nous faisons aussi la promotion des films en éditant un catalogue. On inscrit les films, et les réalisateurs qui sont intéressés, remplis- sent des fiches et à partir de ces fiches nous éditons un catalogue. Ce catalogue est mis à la disposition des festivaliers qui viennent pendant le FESPACO. Nous donnons aussi aux réalisateurs l’opportunité de projec- tions à la carte c’est à dire, tu peux prendre une heure pour faire passer ton film. Si le film fait une heure trente, c’est deux heures et tu fais passer ton film, et cela peut être suivi de débat. Tout ça dans le but de donner une visibilité aux films africains. Ce qu’il faut noter c’est que MICA, ce n’est pas seulement des films africains. Il y a des films du monde entier, des films de la diaspora. Et puis, au niveau du MICA, au niveau du marché du film, il n’y a pas d’âge pour s’inscrire. Si le thème est toujours d’actualité on peut i’inscrire- ce qui n’est pas le cas pour la compétition officielle du FES- PACO, là il faut deux ans d’âge.

KDO: Vous êtes aussi la Présidente des JCFA (Journées Cinématographiques de la Femme Africaine) d’IMAGE. C’est la deuxième édition cette année qui a eu lieu du 3 au 7 mars 2012, est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler de ce festival?

SSK: C’est le délégué général du FESPACO qui est le responsable des JCFA ( Journées Cinématographiques de la Femme Africaine), mais pour cette édition ef- fectivement il y avait un président et moi j’étais la vice-présidente. Comme je suis la présidente des femmes professionnelles de l’IMAGE, du coup j’ai assisté le président pour l’organisation des JCFA qui se sont tenues du 3 au 7 Mars. La clôture s’est faite à Kédougou, c’est à dire l’idée même des JCFA, c’est d’accompagner la journée internationale de la femme qui se tient chaque 8 Mars. Nous organisons les JCFA du 3 au 7 et on fait la clôture dans la ville où on com- mémore la journée de la femme. Dans le programme des JCFA cette année, il y avait des projections et à l’Institut Français on avait deux séances par jour. Il y a deux jours nous avons fait un atelier sur le documen- taire car on a remarqué que beaucoup de femmes font du documentaire, mais sans avoir les outils nécessaires pour parfaire nos documents. Il était intéressant, im- portant même d’instituer cet atelier pour montrer aux femmes, apprendre aux femmes comment il faut mont- er un dossier pour un film documentaire et construire le sujet. Les documentaires qui fonctionnent sont ceux de création il faut donc vraiment s’investir, faire un bon travail de recherche pour avoir un bon résultat. Cela a vraiment profité aux femmes. Il y a eu une rencontre avec les ONG et les partenaires dans l’optique de voir comment ils peuvent nous accompagner dans la réalisa- tion de nos documentaires.

KDO: Et donc vous avez fait une journée de formation pour le documentaire en atelier avec des femmes?

SSK: Il y avait des professionnels, Monsieur Guy Yaméogo, Raymond Tiendréogo et Monsieur Tagsoba Kourouma en tant que critique, et deux autres étaient des formateurs en tant que documentaristes. D’autres étaient critiques et ont donné leur point de vue sur les produits des femmes. Cela s’est bien déroulé, on a échangé et puis il y avait au moins six femmes ayant des projets. On a fait le pitch pour présenter un peu les documentaires, pour voir si effectivement l’idée même est vendable. Ils ont donné des conseils mais on a décidé que les femmes vont continuer de travailler et que fin mai on pourra se retrouver pour voir l’évolution des dossiers.

KDO: Et donc vous avez six femmes réalisatrices qui ont des projets de documentaire de création qui sont parties de ce festival avec un travail de réécriture sur leur projet, c’est formidable.

SSK: C’était vraiment un des points positifs de cette année. Parfois on fait des ateliers, on repart sans résultat concret, mais cette fois-ci, il y a eu vraiment un travail qui a été fait. On a réfléchi, et je crois que les femmes qui ont des projets, vont continuer à travailler par rapport aux critiques qui leur ont été faites, et améliorer leur tra- vail jusqu’à fin mai. A ce moment là, on verra si le travail est abouti ou bien s’il faut encore continuer. L’objectif recherché c’est qu’aux JCFA 2014 on puisse projeter ces documentaires, c’est l’objectif recherché.

KDO: Dans le cadre du MICA, est ce que vous vous avez constaté qu’il y a un engouement pour le documentaire actuellement, est-ce qu’il est plus présent en 2012? Est-ce que la recherche a augmenté?

SSK: Nous, on a commencé à nous occuper du MICA, et ce que je peux dire c’est que la tendance documen- taire est plus grande. Quand on prend par exemple sur 100 films inscrits au MICA, il y a plus de la moitié constituée de documentaires. Quant à la recherche du documentaire, se sont les distributeurs qui s’en chargent. Cela veut dire que pendant le MICA, notre rôle c’est la promotion, mettre en contact avec les dis- tributeurs, les programmeurs, les festivaliers, les festi- vals présents – puisque il y a des festivals qui viennent aussi faire leur sélection. C’est comme ça, ou bien si le FESPACO se tient avant Milan ou avant Amiens, ils peuvent venir faire les sélections à partir du FESPACO pour l’année d’après.

KDO: Et cette année au niveau des journées ciné- matographiques de la femme africaine combien de réalisatrices et combien de nationalités avez-vous reçues cette année? 

SSK: Cette année a été particulière. Le délégué général a tenu à ce qu’on y aille. On s’est dit qu’il fallait le faire sinon on risquait de créer un vide. La première édition a été organisée avec 30 millions et là on a pu inviter les femmes de l’extérieur. Cette année le budget n’a pas suivi donc on a mobilisé les femmes de Burkina pour organiser les deuxièmes JCFA au niveau national.

KDO: Parce que vous n’avez pas reçu les subventions que vous attendiez?

SSK: Exactement. L’Etat nous a aidés mais cela n’a pas suffi pour prendre les billets d’avion, mettre les gens dans des hôtels, donc on a préféré mettre l’accent sur le national et on s’est dit qu’il fallait se préparer pour mieux sauter en 2014.

KDO: Et en 2014 vous espérez avoir un peu plus de fi- nancement pour inviter des femmes du monde entier?

SSK: En tout cas c’est ce qu’on espère parce que nous, on s’est dit: cette année on le fait pour maintenir la manifestation. On a vu nos faiblesses et ce qui ne marche pas donc avec ces faiblesses-là, on va essayer d’étudier, voir comment obtenir les moyens. Peut-être qu’en réfléchissant plus, on peut trouver des solutions pour que toutes puissent participer, puisque il y en qui peuvent se prendre en charge, elles peuvent payer leurs billets d’avion jusqu’à Ouagadougou. On peut aussi es- sayer de voir comment faire pour les loger et les restau- rer. Voilà des solutions qu’on envisage mais bon on va travailler pour qu’effectivement à partir de ce mois déjà, on essaye de voir avec nos consœurs ce qu’on peut faire. Pendant le FESPACO on aura l’occasion vraiment de rencontrer celles qui seront là.

KDO: Parce que votre festival a lieu tous les deux ans?

SSK: Tous les deux ans les années paires.

KDO: Et au FESPACO les années impaires. Ecoutez je souhaite qu’en 2014 vous ayez des réalisatrices du monde entier parce que s’est dynamisant et puis cela permet un échange formidable et fructueux entre les réalisatrices.

SSK: Actuellement on se découvre, on apprend de l’autre. Il est vrai que cette année on est restées ensem- ble, mais l’atelier a permis quand même d’apprendre quelque chose.

 

INTERVIEW DE MAMOUNATA NIKIEMA & DE NABIE WABILE

REALISATEURS AFRICADOC

KDO: Bonjour est ce que vous voulez bien vous présenter, dire votre fonction?

MN: Je suis réalisatrice, documentariste je m’intéresse depuis quelque temps à la production de films docu- mentaires et je suis aussi membre de l’association AfricaDoc du Bénin qui fait la promotion de films documentaires ici au Burkina.

KDO: Et toi, tu te présentes?

NW: Moi je m’appelle Nabie Wabilé, je suis comédien au départ, et je suis réalisateur aussi de films documen- taires, je suis le président de l’AfricaDoc Burkina.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez tous les deux, à tour de rôle, m’expliquez votre rencontre avec AfricaDoc, et l’expérience que vous avez eu à vivre avec AfricaDoc en tant que formation d’abord, et en tant que réalisateur aidé par AfricaDoc?

MN: Ma rencontre avec AfricaDoc de façon générale a commencé en 2006 dans un master class organisé par le cinéclub FESPACO et dont le formateur était Guy Désiré Yaméogo. Il y avait un appel à projet et une rési- dence d’écriture AfricaDoc. Il travaille aussi au FES- PACO et pendant le Master Class d’écriture de docu- mentaire, il nous a montré l’appel à projet. Si on était intéressés, on pouvait envoyer les projets sur lesquels on travaillait en master class, en 2006. C’est ainsi que l’on a connu le programme AfricaDoc. J’ai postulé et mon projet a été retenu pour une résidence d’écriture que j’ai faite en 2007. Et après la résidence d’écriture j’ai fini aussi ma formation en journalisme et communication à l’université de Ouagadougou. J’ai trouvé intéressant de continuer sur ma lancée une formation en docu- mentaire. C’était l’ouverture de la première promotion de master de réalisation documentaire de Saint-Louis, et j’ai postulé pour cette formation pour me spécialiser spécifiquement en documentaire. C’est ainsi que je suis allée à la résidence d’écriture, et plus tôt à la formation Master 2 de Saint-Louis en 2007. Je suis sortie avec un master 2 réalisation en documentaire, avec un film d’étude qui s’appelle LA VALLEE qui a fait quelques festivals de films d’école. A partir de 2008, j’ai com- mencé à écrire des projets, aller au TENK, aux rencon- tres internationales de Saint-Louis, et à pouvoir réaliser quelques œuvres.

NW: Et il faut dire aussi que c’est la même année que j’ai rencontré AfricaDoc avec un appel à projet. Il y avait un thème pour participer à une résidence d’écriture qui était organisée sur Bobodioulasso en 2007, et moi j’avais un projet pour lequel j’ai postulé, ils m’ont sélectionné et ce projet a été bien noté aussi. Cela participait au bulletin 2007, ce qui se fait au Sénégal, et ce projet a retenu beaucoup l’attention des producteurs. Mais jusqu’à aujourd’hui, je n’ai pas encore réalisé ce projet- là, parce que y a eu des problèmes de financement avec le producteur. Mais il faut dire que ma rencontre avec AfricaDoc c’était en 2006-2007. Après cette résidence d’écriture 2007, à laquelle Mamounata a pris part aussi, puis d’autres résidences, on a créé cette structure ici qui est AfricaDoc Burkina. Depuis on essaie de faire la promotion du documentaire en faisant des projections au niveau de l’Institut Français ici, au CCF Centre Culturel Français) et on fait aussi d’autres projets à coté. Cela veut dire qu’individuellement j’ai essayé de réaliser d’autres films sans passer par une résidence d’écriture, donc c’est tout le temps dans cette dynamique.

KDO: Et donc vous venez de gérer les rencontres Afri- caDoc documentaire ici, à Ouagadougou, pouvez vous nous expliquer votre expérience entre le première édition et la deuxième édition? 

MN: Après avoir mis en place l’association, on s’est dit que faire la promotion du genre documentaire à travers des projections mensuelles c’est bon, mais il est aussi intéressant que durant quelques jours, on se retrouve entre professionnels, jeunes et aînés, dans le genre documentaire et professionnels du cinéma. De façon générale pour réfléchir sur la problématique du genre documentaire africain, et c’est en cela qu’on a initié les rencontres documentaires de Ouagadougou. Au Bénin, depuis 2010, nous sommes appuyés par l’institut français qui donne ses locaux pour les différentes projections. Et il faut dire que dès la première édition, on a eu du public, parce que personnellement cela nous a étonné. On se disait qu’il n’y avait pas d’engouement pour le genre documentaire. On était agréablement surpris parce que les gens venaient aux projections, ils étaient intéressés et cela nous a donné beaucoup plus de courage de continuer à vouloir faire la promotion du genre documentaire. Par rapport à la deuxième édi- tion, il faut dire que la période du festival a coïncidé avec la crise socio-politique que le Burkina a traversé en 2011. Cela a joué énormément sur le festival, parce que non seulement on ne pouvait pas inviter quelqu’un, mais on ne pouvait pas faire de Master Class parce que personne ne venait. Par rapport aux dates, on a reporté à trois reprises la date! Il y avait un couvre feu et si on programmait les projections, personne ne pouvait sortir de chez eux. Finalement la deuxième édition ne s’est pas passée comme on le voulait parce qu’on était dans un contexte, en fait, qui ne favorisait pas la partici- pation du public. On vient de terminer la troisième édition et on peut dire que le bilan est assez satisfaisant parce qu’on a eu près de mille spectateurs durant ces cinq jours venus voir des films. Ils ont débattu sur les enjeux de la production documentaire, ont échangé même sur les thématiques de certains films qui tou- chaient de près la réalité des populations.

KDO: Etes-vous plutôt optimiste par rapport à l’avenir du documentaire en Afrique et particulièrement ici au Burkina Faso? Est ce que vous pouvez nous parler de votre vision? Comment voyez-vous l’avenir de votre travail en tant que réalisateurs de documentaire en terme de production, en terme de diffusion?

NW: En tant qu’association AfricaDoc, on est optimiste pour la réussite du documentaire dans le futur, parce que le festival qu’on a lancé en 2010 a attiré du monde. Les gens viennent, se disent très contents que les problèmes évoqués par les films diffusés les touchent vraiment. Quand ils regardent les films documentaires, c’est le réel qui est vécu, et eux-mêmes ne savaient pas que ça pouvait se trouver sur leur propre continent. A cette troisième édition lorsqu’on voit les débats engagés entre les spectateurs après nos projections, on trouve vraiment que le cinéma documentaire a de l’avenir. A chaque fois les gens disent qu’ils ne connaissent pas le sujet abordé, du coup ils sont prêts à aller voir des films documen- taires. C’est ce qui me fait dire que ça a de l’avenir!

MN: Moi je pense que le genre documentaire a de l’avenir. Je pense que ce sera un avenir radieux pour le genre documentaire. Peut-être ce genre en viendra-

  • il à supplanter la fiction, car il y a de plus en plus un besoin d’expression. C’est ce que j’ai remarqué, surtout au niveau de la Les jeunes cinéastes ont besoin de s’exprimer à partir du réel, et ils le font à travers des projets documentaires de plus en plus écrits, qui attendent sûrement d’être produits ou qui sont en cours de production. Je pense qu’il y a un avenir pour le cinéma documentaire africain. Pour cet avenir là, il faut qu’il y ait des mesures d’accompagnement parce qu’avec l’expérience du programme Africa Doc, il y a certes un début de professionnalisation des réalisateurs, des producteurs, une formation offerte non seulement aux réalisateurs, mais aux producteurs à travers bien sûr les résidences. Mais je pense qu’il faut renforcer ces formations parce que la majeure partie des gens qui s’intéressent au documentaire, n’ont pas les moyens de suivre autant de résidences d’écriture ou de faire autant de formations. Nous, par exemple, au niveau de l’association AfricaDoc Burkina, on a un projet, c’est vraiment un grand projet parce qu’on s’est dit pourquoi pas une école du documentaire africain ici au Burkina? Une école de documentaires où il y a non seulement un master en production. Il y a déjà un master en réalisation à Niamey, un master 2 en réalisation au Sénégal alors pourquoi pas un master 1 en production et un master 2 en production et en distribution ici au Burkina? A ce moment cela renforce les compétences parce que certes il y a des productions, mais est-ce que les producteurs qui travaillent sur ces films ont les compétences requises pour chercher les financements pour les productions des films? Ce n’est pas évident. Il y a aussi le problème de diffusion. Par exemple pendant cette troisième édition des rencontres documentaires de Ouagadougou, la plupart du temps, le public dit « Mais pourquoi vous présentez ce film ici uniquement à l’Institut Français? Pourquoi vous ne venez pas dans tel quartier le présenter? » En tant qu’association, on a l’intention de nous rapprocher du public, des popula- tions pour présenter les films. Mais qui parle de films, parle de production et des droits d’auteur, d’ayant droits, par rapport aux films etc. Si on arrive à payer les droits de diffusion de ces films, on peut faire des pro- jections, genre cinéma mobile auprès des populations en dehors des lieux où on a les droits de diffusion de ces films. Moi je pense que le genre documentaire af- ricain a de l’avenir et tout dépend, non seulement de la prise de conscience de nous les jeunes et notre volonté à nous battre – parce qu’il faut qu’on se batte, c’est un genre nouveau. Mais il faut qu’on intéresse plus les gens pour qu’ils voient, en fait, l’enjeu et l’importance.
KDO: Aujourd’hui, est ce que vous pouvez me parler brièvement de vos projets de réalisation et de vos projets de production documentaire sur l’année 2012 éventuelle- ment l’année 2013?

NW: En parlant de production et de projets, je peux dire que j’ai commencé un projet sur la parenté à plai- santerie, c’est un petit film de huit minutes, un court métrage qui raconte la parenté à plaisanterie entre deux ethnies du Burkina, les Guistas et les Gounousis.

MN: En tant que réalisatrice, je travaille actuellement sur deux projets, l’un c’est sur le foncier, la question de la terre, qui est en train de poser de plus en plus de pro- blèmes ici, au Burkina. L’autre projet c’est sur la santé de la femme, notamment le cancer du sein qui, depuis quelques années, est en train de toucher la tranche jeune de vingt à trente ans. Ce n’était pas le cas avant, et ça m’a interpellée, et je m’intéresse déjà à ces deux aspects en tant que réalisatrice et je fais des recherches et je travaille sur ces deux projets. Maintenant en tant que productrice, j’ai accompagné un projet pendant les rencontres internationales à Saint-Louis, le projet d’une collègue réalisatrice qui s’appelle Marie Léontine Bayala. Elle travaille sur l’histoire d’une métisse franco- burkinabé qui est à la recherche de son père. C’est un projet sur lequel on travaille, et pour lequel on vient d’obtenir une coproduction avec une école française. On va entamer les démarches d’échange pour accom- pagner la démarche artistique du projet et entamer d’ici là le tournage.

INDUSTRIES TECHNIQUES DOCUMENTATION

MINISTÈRE DE LA CULTURE BURKINA FASO ET DU TOURISME
Unité-Progrès-Justice
 
SECRÉTARIAT GENERAL
FESTIVAL PANAFRICAIN DU CINEMA
ET DE LA TELEVISION DE OUAGAGADOU
2ème edition des JCFA 2012

 

RAPPORT COMMISSION RENCONTRES PROFESSIONNELLES

Ouagadougou, 05 mars 2012

Dans le cadre de la deuxième édition des JCFA se sont tenues les 4 et 5 mars 2012 à l’institut français les rencontres professionnelles organisées autour du programme suivant

  1. un master class sur le thème montage d’ un projet de film documentaire organisée dans la matinée du 4 mars
  2. une séance de travail réunissant les porteurs de projets documentaires avec les script doctors organisée dans l’après midi
  3. l’animation d’un panel le 05 mars sur le thème femmes et actions prioritaires des partenaires institu- tionnels et des ONG en Afrique

 

  1. DU MASTER CLASS

L’objectif du master class était de montrer l’importance de la présentation des dossiers, textes et images d’un projet documentaire, à préparer les participantes à défendre leur projet auprès des producteurs, à faire évaluer leur projet en le confrontant aux regards des formateurs et des participantes; à donner les pistes pour trouver un diffuseur une fois le film réalisé etc.

Le master class a été animé par messieurs Raymond TIENDREBEOGO, documentariste et Guy Désiré YAMEOGO, scénariste, et modéré par Monsieur

Clément TAPSOBA en présence de gens de médias, professionnels et amateurs. Les animateurs doivent présenter les démarches de montage d’un projet de film documentaire.

Le premier présentateur, Raymond TIENDREBEO- GO a présenté ses œuvres et indiqué qu’il est formateur à l’ISIS/SE (Institut Supérieur de l’Image et du Son/ Studio Ecole). Ainsi, il a différencié le reportage qui est un recueil d’informations et d’interviews montées et le documentaire de commande où le point de vue du commanditaire prime du documentaire de création où le point de vue de l’auteur prédomine. L’écriture documentaire comporte deux phases, à savoir la docu- mentation (savoir de quoi on parle) et la narratologie (écriture). Cette documentation peut être audiovisuelle (visionner les films pré-existants) ou écrite (ouvrages):

  • La documentation qui peut être audiovisuelle, la recherche de documentation écrite et l’entretien avec des spécialistes sur le sujet afin d’éviter les répétitions
  • L’écriture du canevas du film pour avoir une idée des apports du

Le dossier de production se compose de plusieurs élé- ments qui sont:

  • La conception du sujet ou l’idée qui énonce l’enjeu du sujet et dégage les grandes idées en trois lignes
  • Le résumé en sept lignes ou en un quart de page développe l’idée, expose brièvement l’histoire et met en valeur les personnages principaux
  • La note d’intention en une page fait apparaître l’engagement de l’auteur par rapport au sujet et son intention. En quoi l’auteur peut-il apporter du nouveau? Comme l’a souligné Pierre MAYO « Le vrai problème n’est donc pas dans l’histoire mais dans le sens de l’histoire ». Ce qui voudrait dire que la vraie question, ce n’est pas qu’est-ce que je dois raconter? mais qu’est-ce que je dois dire en racontant?
  • La fiche de traitement avec la mise en image, le traitement filmique et son En un mot, la fiche de traitement donne la vision à transmettre
  • Le synopsis qui énonce la problématique, présente les personnages, l’enchaînement des évènements et fait ressortir la vision de l’auteur. L’essentiel n’étant pas dans l’action mais dans le point de vue
  • Le CV (Curriculum Vitae) et la filmographie de l’auteur en trente lignes
  • La fiche

Pour la réalisation, plusieurs manières s’offrent à l’auteur et les quatre modes narratifs les plus récurrents sont:

  • Le commentaire ou voix off écrit par l’auteur porte l’histoire. Il a deux variantes
    • Il peut être écrit puis illustré par le montage
    • Il peut être écrit d’après le montage achevé (en exemple nous avons les films de Jean Rouch). Cette variante a été utilisée en 1950 et en Son seul reproche a été que le réel passe en second plan.
  • Le récit où un personnage principal porte le récit. Il a également deux variantes
    • Le récit du personnage en in et en off peut être la bande son du film et la seule source d’information
    • Le récit du personnage principal peut être rajouté à d’autres éléments.
  • Le commentaire récit et témoignages alternés où il y a la présence de voix off, de témoignages de personnages et de commentaires introductifs ou alternés
    • Le pré-éminence de récits croisés sur un sujet donné (pour et contre).

Le deuxième intervenant Guy Désiré YAMEOGO, scénariste, formateur à l’ISIS/SE, sélectionneur de pro- jets a révélé les conditions de réussite d’un film docu- mentaire. Il faut de ce fait réussir la note d’intention et avoir le point de vue de l’auteur qui est sa conception de l’art. Il faut également se poser des questions avant d’écrire sur le pourquoi du thème et de la réalisation puis se baser sur les moments émotifs. « Le cinéaste n’est pas extérieur à ce qu’il filme. Il doit y mettre corps et âme. La construction d’une histoire va nous conduire à choisir des moments émotifs ».

Ensuite se sont suivis des échanges de compréhen- sion des participants et des partages d’expérience. Les échanges de compréhension ont porté sur le mode narratif idéal pour le film documentaire, l’importance du choix de la musique en documentaire et l’habillage du documentaire, la durée idéale du film documentaire, les difficultés dans le film documentaire de commande, l’appropriation des concepts série, épisode, documen- taire, film de sensibilisation, documentaire de fiction.

En réponse, il ressort qu’il faut être motivé, connaître l’environnement, choisir le mode qui convient à l’auteur en tenant compte du genre de public, savoir que la musique renforce l’ambiance dans un film. Le récit est conditionné par le canal de diffusion et le sujet dicte le mode narratif qui sied le mieux. Mais, il faut se faire accompagner et protéger ses œuvres. La durée du film documentaire varie de 13 à 52 minutes.

En ce qui concerne les concepts, le film est la grande famille du documentaire et de la fiction. Le documen- taire est basé sur des faits réels avec des personnages. La fiction est un film à partir d’une invention. La série est un film à épisode et le feuilleton est un film con- tinu. Le documentaire de fiction est un documentaire avec des moments de fiction insérés.

Les échanges d’expériences ont porté sur la difficulté de réalisation du documentaire de commande où l’auteur est orienté dans sa réalisation par le commanditaire.

Les participantes ont souhaité disposer des documents présentés par les animateurs.

A l’issue de ces échanges, une pause est intervenue et suivie dans l’après-midi par la séance de travail en plénière par les porteurs de projets.

 

  1. DE LA SEANCE DE TRAVAIL DES PORTEURS DE PROJETS

Concernant la séance de travail des porteurs de projets, sur sept projets inscrits, cinq femmes étaient présentes pour défendre leurs projets.

Ce sont
  • Marie Noëlla POUNZO, membre de l’ONG Télé Vidéo et réalisatrice dont le projet portait sur la problématique des filles excisées « Droit à un foyer»
  • Aissata OUARMA, comédienne et réalisatrice avec « La honte doit changer de camp » qui portait sur la problématique des violences faites aux femmes
  • Adeline NANEMA, cameraman monteuse à ImpacTV avec « Le péril des légumes » portant sur les femmes battantes, vendeuses de légumes
  • Suzanne KOUROUMA avec « Les soldats de feu » portant sur les sapeurs-pompiers
  • Adjaratou LOMPO avec « Conseil National de Lutte contre la Pratique de l’Excision (CNLPE), 22 ans après » portant sur les acquis et insuffisances du CNLPE depuis sa création.
  • Chacune de ses femmes a défendu à tour de rôle son projet devant un jury de professionnels du septième art à savoir Raymond TIENDREBEOGO (réalisateur), Guy Désiré YAMEOGO (scénariste) et Clément TAPSOBA (critique de cinéma).
Remarques et recommandations

A l’issue de ce pitch, il ressort que chaque projet présente des insuffisances qu’il faudrait combler par une documentation audiovisuelle et écrite.

En vue de permettre aux candidates d’améliorer l’écriture de leur projet d’une part et d’autre part d’enrichir leur culture cinématographique en matière de documentaires, les encadreurs ont suggéré de mettre à la disposition des candidates des œuvres cinématographiques documentaires qu’elles pourraient visionner au Fespaco afin d’ approfondir leurs connais- sances sur le documentaire.

Aux candidates le jury a souhaité que chaque candidate remonte un dossier selon les normes proposées. Ces nouveaux dossiers seront présentés d’ici au mois de mai au comité de suivi composé des membres du jury qui s’est engagé à soutenir les candidates par leurs conseils.

  1. L’ANIMATION DU PANEL FEMMES ET ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES DES PARTENAIRES INSTITUTIONNELS ET DES ONG EN AFRIQUE

Le panel sur le thème « Femmes et actions prioritaires des partenaires institutionnels et des ONG en Afrique » s’est déroulé le 05 mars au CCF entre les partenaires et les professionnelles de  l’image. L’objectif du panel était de donner l’occasion aux ONG et partenaires institu- tionnels œuvrant dans le sens de l’épanouissement de la jeune fille et de la femme en Afrique, de définir leurs ac- tions sur le terrain et de dégager en adéquation avec les femmes de l’image, les voies et les moyens pour produire des images sur les préoccupations au quotidien de la femme africaine. Au sortir du panel des actions concrètes devaient être engagées pour la production de films docu- mentaires de femmes touchant les actions prioritaires définies par les partenaires d’ici au JCFA 2014.

A cet effet plusieurs courriers ont été adressés aux ONG œuvrant dans les domaines en faveur des femmes. De même des institutions régionales et internationales ainsi que les ambassades ont été invitées par voie de courrier. La modération du panel a été assurée par Mme Valé- rie Kaboré. Les participantes présentes étaient Mme Dorothée Batiga représentant l’Ambassade des Pays Bas; Mme Meig Riggs de l’Ambassade des USA et Mme TRAORE de l’Association des Veuves et Orphelins du Burkina (AVOB).

Après le mot de bienvenue de M. TAPSOBA Clé- ment représentant le FESPACO, la modératrice Mme KABORE Valérie, a fait la présentation des partenaires présentes dans la salle. La parole a été donnée à Mme Dorothée pour sensibiliser sur le fait que rien ne peut être fait en dehors des objectifs du millénaires tels que

  • l’éducation des filles
  • le désenclavement
  • la réduction de la pauvreté
  • la réduction de la mortalité
  • la protection de l’environnement
  • l’égalité des sexes
  • combattre le VIH SIDA et le

Elle a ajouté que les PTF ont été créés en 2005 dans un cadre de concertation qui ambitionne de réunir tous les partenaires dans le but d’éviter les doubles financements. Les PTF se réunissent tous les mer- credis. Le premier bénéficiaire est l’Etat. Les ONG bénéficient rarement de ces fonds. Quant aux Fonds communs Genres, la compétition s’avère énorme. Selon Mme Dorothée, chaque partenaire a un canevas de financement et il faut entrer dans ce canevas pour être bénéficiaire.

Après l’intervention de Mme Dorothée, la parole a été donnée à Mme TRAORE de l’Association des Veuves et Orphelins du Burkina (AVOB).

A son tour, Mme TRAORE a donné les objectifs de son Association qui sont l’écoute et l’aide des veuves et orphelins. L’Association n’a jamais réalisé de films sur les violences, faute de financement et à cause de difficultés de montage de projet. Elle souhaiterait que les thèmes traités aillent jusqu’au fond du problème. Vu que les femmes victimes des violences refusent de témoigner à visage découvert, les films de fiction seront les bienvenus

Mme Meig Riggs a, pour sa part, évoqué l’opportunité de diffuser des films suivis de débat dans leur centre qui n’est autre que le centre américain. Selon elle, des bourses d’études son disponibles uniquement pour les femmes de l’image. Elle a déploré le fait qu’aucune femme profes- sionnelle de l’image n’ait eu à solliciter ces bourses. Elle a invité les femmes à venir à la source pour les informations à cet effet. Après l’intervention des différentes partenaires, les femmes professionnelles de l’image ont posé des ques- tions de compréhension, d’éclaircissement et d’autres ont apporté leur contribution.

Quelques femmes professionnelles de l’image ont partagé leur expérience par rapport aux recherches de financement, et ont aussi suggéré à celles qui ont des projets, d’aller à la recherche de l’information auprès des structures de financement ou sur le net.

Quelques structures de financement ont été recommandées à savoir

  • la Coopération Canadienne
  • l’Ambassade du Danemark
  • l’Ambassade des Pays Bas
  • la Coopération Suisse
  • le Fonds des Nations Unies pour le Développement
  • le PNUD
  • l’Ambassade d’Autriche
  • l’Ambassade de Suède
  • l’UEMOA
  • synergenre.org.

Les femmes professionnelles de l’image expérimen- tées ont souligné que les chances sont plus grandes d’obtenir les financements lorsque les demandes sont faites au nom d’un structure ou d’une société plus que par de simples individus. il faut aussi que le projet soit convaincant et qu’il entre dans la ligne droite et le canevas de la structure sollicitée.

Dans l’après-midi, les débats se sont poursuivis autour des suggestions et recommandations à faire dans le but d’une mobilisation concertée des femmes à travers l’Unafib, dans le but de permettre aux femmes profes- sionnelles de proposer des oeuvres audiovisuelles de qualité. Plusieurs propositions ont été faites.

A l’attention de l’Unafib
  • les participantes ont souhaité une re-dynamisation de l’Unafib dans la dynamique des travaux des rencontres professionnelles.
  • Une synergie d’action au sein des femmes professionnelles afin d’aboutir à une meilleure élaboration des projets filmiques (documentaire ou de fiction) basés sur des scénarios au contenu originaux
  • Dans le cadre des recherches de financement pour les projets des femmes professionnelles que l’Unafib assure la mise en place d’un comité de suivi basé sur un réseau auquel chaque professionnelle doit contribuer. A cet effet et dans le même ordre d’idée les femmes professionnelles doivent être à même de constituer un lobbying efficace au bénéficie des projets porteurs auprès des bailleurs et des autorités.
  • L’Unafib est invitée a élargir son réseau de partenaire avec d’autres associations.
  • Enfin les femmes sont invitées à se mobiliser davantage pour les activités des JCFA et du Fespaco en général.
A l’attention du Fespaco

Au regard de la faible représentativité des partenaires sollicités, les participantes ont souhaité que pour l’organisation prochaine de telles rencontres un meil- leur suivi soit assuré. Mme Kabore a suggéré que l’organisation de tels panels soit confiée à une agence de communication chargée de mobiliser les partenaires, tout en félicitant la délégation générale du Fespaco pour l’initiative prise de créer les JCFA. Les femmes professionnelles ont encouragé la délégation générale du Fespaco à renforcer l’implication des femmes dans l’organisation des éditions du Fespaco notamment en invitant le maximum de professionnelles africaines et autres aux éditions du Fespaco et des JCFA; en assurant davantage la promotion des films des femmes africaines de l’image lors des différentes éditions.

A l’issue du panel des motions de remerciements ont été délivrées à l’intention de la marraine du Fespaco, du ministre de la culture et du tourisme; du ministre de la promotion de la femme, ainsi qu’au délégué général du Fespaco(voir en annexe) Conclusion générale: Les leçons à tirer dans l’ensemble les rencontres professionnelles ont répondu aux objectifs visés. Le master class a connu une partici- pation relativement moyenne (environ une trentaine de participante) et a été bien animée. Les personnes ressources sollicitées ont été à la hauteur des attentes. Les questions posées par les participantes ont reflété le niveau inégal des participantes; il y a d’une part celles qui n’avaient aucune connaissances sur le cinéma et encore moins sur le documentaire ( essentiellement cer- taines comédiennes) et celles qui avaient déjà réalisé ou participé à la réalisation de documentaires. Les ques- tions posées par ces dernières visaient à renforcer leur connaissances ou à éclaircir certains points développés par les animateurs. D’où le souhait par les participantes de bénéficier de supports écrits sur le thème développé. Malgré l’intérêt manifesté par les participantes il est souhaitable néanmoins que de tels masters class soient plus ciblés en fonction du profil des participantes.

Le panel n’a pas répondu aux attentes de l’organisation au regard du faible taux de participation des parte- naires. De fait, l’objectif premier qui visait a aboutir au terme du panel à l’élaboration d’un partenariat entre porteurs de projets et partenaires n’a pas été atteint. L’intérêt du thème nécessite cependant que le thème soit reconduit sous une autre forme en vue de favoriser les échanges entre les partenaires institutionnels et le Fespaco dans le cadre des prochaines JCFA.

CINÉMA DOCUMENTAIRE DU NORD ET DU SUD
QUEL TYPE DE COOPÉRATION?

par Laurentine Bayala (Burkina Faso) Cinéaste, Journaliste

INTRODUCTION

Le village planétaire que prédisait Mac LUAN[1] est plus que jamais une réalité. L’époque contemporaine a su briser les échelles de temps et d’espace. Ce qui convainc Dominique WOLTON d’affirmer qu’ « après avoir maîtrisé les distances et conquis la nature et la matière, les hommes retrouvent un désir d’infini dont la multitude des mots, des images et des données serait la plus parfaite illustration[2]». Parlant d’images, on peut dire que le développement des moyens de diffu- sion de type électrique et électronique, nous familiarise avec une restitution exhaustive de la réalité. A l’heure actuelle dans le domaine du cinéma, le documentaire semble marquer le pas. Genre cinématographique se basant sur le réel, le documentaire est un puissant outil de communication et d’éducation, un moyen d’investigation sur la réalité et un lieu d’affirmation de l’identité. Des images provenant de contrées éloignées et captant le vécu des êtres vivants, nous donnent l’impression de connaître l’autre, sa vie et son histoire. En effet, « Puissant support médiatique mondialement reconnu, le cinéma s’est avéré au fil du temps être un moyen de transmission d’informations sur le mode de vie, les idéologies, les pratiques et les cultures des peuples du monde. Il a donc servi à façonner, à former et à transformer les représentations sociales que les groupes sociaux se font les uns des autres[3] ».

Des réalisateurs font la chasse à l’image dans les quatre coins du monde, pour ensuite la représenter sous son as- pect esthétique. Des documentaristes de renom comme Thierry MICHEL et Chris MARKER ont promené leur caméra en Afrique pour en ressortir avec des chefs d’œuvres. Il s’agit notamment de « Mobutu roi du Zaïre[4] » pour l’un et « Les Statues meurent aussi[5] » pour l’autre. Selon Jean Marie BARBE[6], « l’Afrique n’est pas filmée par les Africains ». On est donc tenté de se demander ce qui explique cette léthargie car « une société quotidiennement et quasi exclusivement submer- gée par des images absolument étrangères à sa mémoire collective, à son imaginaire, à ses références et à ses valeurs sociales et culturelles perd peu à peu ses repères spécifiques et son identité; du même fait, elle perd son aptitude fondamentale à imaginer, à désirer, à penser et à forger son propre destin[7] ». Si l’Afrique n’est pas filmée par les Africains, est-il possible et envisageable, que des réalisateurs de ce continent filment d’autres horizons comme l’Europe pour une diversité culturelle et une pluralité des regards? Pour le moment, ces cinéastes africains ne courent pas les rues. Quelques-uns travail- lent à renverser le rapport filmeur/filmé. Dans « Un Africain à Annecy », le jeune réalisateur nigérien Mal- lan SAGUIROU s’infiltre dans la société française pour établir les similitudes et les divergences d’avec sa culture d’origine. C’est un premier pas qui se montre concluant et qui mérite d’être suivi. Il faut donc persévérer dans cette logique pour que le documentaire soit « le lieu de réfléchir à notre quotidien, notre réalité, sans laisser l’autre, celui qui vient d’Europe, s’approprier cette réalité, en ne passant souvent que trop peu de temps avant de s’approprier ces images[8]» . Alors, pour qu’advienne un regard croisé dans le domaine du documentaire, il doit exister une coopération entre le cinéma du Nord et celui du Sud. Mais déjà, nous nous demandons s’il existe une quelconque coopération et sur quels plans s’opère cette coopération? Pour mieux cerner les contours de notre recherche, nous formulons la question centrale suivante Cinéma documentaire du Nord et du Sud quels types de coopération? Notre question vise à vérifier s’il existe d’ores et déjà une coopération entre le Nord et le Sud dans le domaine du documentaire. Par ailleurs, quels sont les acteurs de cette coopération pays, réalisateurs (africains et européens), techniciens, …? Enfin, s’il n’existe pas une coopération, quels sont les domaines possibles dans lesquels peuvent germer une coopération?

  1. ETAT DES LIEUX DU CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE EN AFRIQUE

L’Afrique est documentaire. C’est une affirmation du Sénégalais Moussa TOURE, vivement salué au FES- PACO (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma de Ouagadou- gou) 2005 pour son film « 5×5 » qui est un portrait désopilant d’un polygame aux 5 épouses et aux 25 en- fants. « Il n’est qu’à en juger par la sélection étonnante et florissante des films documentaires de cette dernière édition (c’est-à-dire la 20è édition), depuis la condition de Pygmées en République Démocratique du Congo filmée par le journaliste camerounais Saïd Penda, aux débuts du cinéma africain à travers un pays, le Niger, dans « Al’lèèssi, une actrice africaine » de Rahmatou Keita, en passant par « Le Malentendu colonial » de Jean Marie Téno. Cette année, les films documentaires entrent en compétition au FESPACO. Preuve s’il en fallait, qu’ils réunissent un public enthousiaste. Car l’avenir du cinéma africain tient aussi aux sujets traités. Plus que jamais, le public est demandeur d’images de son continent, qui relatent son histoire, son passé, mais aussi son actualité [9]»

Une des forces du documentaire, c’est d’être en prise avec la réalité. Il sollicite directement le spectateur comme témoin. De nos jours, produire soi-même majoritairement les images que l’on consomme, n’est pas un luxe, ni pour un individu, ni pour une société, un peuple, un pays ou un continent. « Si l’Afrique, ce continent de 850 millions de femmes et d’hommes, se démettait de sa responsabilité de devenir produc- trice d’images, elle renoncerait du même coup à celle de décider et de conduire son propre développement. L’image de soi joue une fonction proprement vitale ».

Cependant, à voir la réalité, on dira que l’Afrique est le continent où le documentaire a du mal à prendre son envol. En témoigne la faible production d’œuvres documentaires.

1.1 PRODUCTIONS DES ŒUVRES DOCUMENTAIRES

Le cinéma africain en général et le cinéma documentaire africain en particulier connaissent une faible pro- duction. En effet « la production cinématographique en Afrique semble être à la croisée des chemins en rai- son de la quasi-absence sur le continent de mécanismes de financements locaux et de l’absence d’un véritable marché intérieur bien structuré et fiable pouvant as- surer la rentabilité des productions. Il n’est pas exagéré de dire que bon nombre de cinématographies de pays africains survivent ou vivent grâce aux appuis extérieurs au continent[10] » Certains pays font exception à la règle en se distinguant par une production nationale documentaire assez remarquable, même si les œuvres ne revêtent pas un caractère artistique. Il s’agit par exem- ple du Burkina Faso qui produit des documentaires in- stitutionnels, ethnographiques. Mais il reste beaucoup de choses à faire pour ce pays qui ne fait qu’entamer ses premiers et timides pas dans le documentaire. Alors, pour un rayonnement du documentaire en Afrique, on pourrait méditer sur cette réflexion de Jean Michel

FRODON « pour qu’un film en appelle d’autres, pour qu’un auteur puisse continuer de travailler et qu’il fasse des émules, il faut des espaces d’action et de pensée, des cadres de travail. Il faut des lois et des financements, des machines et des hommes qui savent s’en servir, des publics et des lieux pour les accueillir, des dispositifs de transmission et de partage. Et il faut que puissent en bénéficier tous ceux qui aiment le cinéma, parce qu’ils le font, ou simplement parce qu’ils y vont[11] »

 

1.2 LA DIFFUSION DES ŒUVRES DOCUMENTAIRES

« On constate aujourd’hui qu’à peine né, le cinéma africain se débat, noyé par les problèmes de la dis- tribution, de la production, de la taxation et de la formation des hommes…La plupart des structures nationales de distribution sont tombées en faillite, ou connaissent d’énormes difficultés de fonctionnement et d’approvisionnement en films ». En plus d’avoir une faible production, il se pose un réel problème de diffu- sion au Sud. Le peu d’œuvres documentaires produits sont difficilement vues par le public africain. Au Nord comme au Sud, les festivals s’affirment de plus en plus comme une alternative à la faible diffusion des films d’Afrique en salles. Fruit de beaucoup d’implication, un festival est un moment privilégié de découverte, d’éducation et de rencontre. « A côté de festivals bril- lant par l’intelligence de leur programmation (théma- tiques, rétrospectives, séminaires et évènements cul- turels), le paternalisme en quête de bonne conscience de certains autres, fait froid dans le dos. Présenter un film africain devient parfois une action humanitaire, voire le nécessaire pilier de sa promotion [12]».

Il n’en reste moins que « face à la faiblesse de la diffu- sion et la quasi-absence de prise en compte des films d’Afrique dans les revues de cinéma, les festivals restent une vitrine essentielle et le seul lieu encore trop rare, de réflexion critique[13] »

De façon générale, les œuvres documentaires africaines sont vues par un public extérieur qui a la chance de les regarder lors des festivals. « L’inorganisation générale du secteur cinématographique conduit au paradoxe que le film africain est un produit étranger sur son marché. Il est plus aisé pour un film américain, asiatique ou européen que pour un film réalisé par un cinéaste nigérian, malien ou camerounais d’atteindre les écrans d’Afrique. N’ayant pas accès à son propre marché, l’on comprend que le film africain éprouve du mal à se financer[14] ». Le public du Nord est mieux exposé au cinéma documentaire du Sud, grâce à des chaînes de télévisions internationales qui prennent part à la pro- duction des œuvres. Nous pouvons citer CFI, ARTE

 

  1. LES CAUSES DU SOUS-DEVELOPPEMENT DU DOCUMENTAIRE EN AFRIQUE

Le documentaire africain souffre de multiples maux de la production sous perfusion à une diffusion sinistrée. Le manque de soutien de la part des décideurs poli- tiques est l’une des raisons fondamentales du retard ac- cusé par le documentaire africain. Les gouvernements voient ce genre cinématographique comme une menace à la stabilité de leurs pouvoirs. En effet, le documen- taire a cette force de se baser sur le réel qui nous en- toure. Il peut donc être une arme de dénonciation des maux qui minent l’Afrique « l’image des cinéastes af- ricains est souvent critique par rapport à la réalité locale et donc facilement suspectée de subversion; Les images venues d’ailleurs sont politiquement moins dangereuses même si elles sont terriblement plus nocives pour les populations ». Ce qui est du genre à détourner le regard des décideurs politiques qui préfèrent plutôt soutenir la fiction, qui, comme son nom l’indique, relève de l’imaginaire. Pourtant, « les gouvernements africains et les cinéastes sont des partenaires obligés aux respon- sabilités illimitées car les peuples africains ont faim et soif de leurs images. Combien de temps survivront-ils encore avant d’être culturellement étouffés?[15] ».

On ajoutera également que par rapport à la situa- tion très critique de sous-développement culturel et économique que vit le cinéma africain, la responsabilité des Etats est indiscutablement prédominante. En ef- fet, la seule prise de mesures judicieuses sur les plans juridique, législatif et réglementaire par les décideurs publics pourrait opérer une transformation de l’environnement cinématographique. Il est réellement affligeant de constater comment dans leur majorité, les gouvernements africains ne semblent pas vouloir se persuader que le secteur du cinéma réclame d’être organisé, structuré, soutenu, développé tout comme le secteur minier, l’hôtellerie ou les transports.

Une autre cause du sous-développement du documen- taire en Afrique réside dans l’insuffisance du finance- ment qui provient généralement du Nord. Le finance- ment demeure un réel problème pour l’émergence du documentaire. Il manque une politique de soutien au sein du continent. La plupart du temps, les réalisa- teurs se tournent vers les producteurs étrangers dont l’Europe, pour obtenir un financement. Gaston KA- BORE, réalisateur burkinabé le mentionne bien dans les propos suivants « Cet état de fait amène les réalisa- teur d’Afrique à se tourner vers l’extérieur à la fois pour la diffusion et la production des œuvres. Grâce à des subventions de quelques pays du Nord et à des co-pro- ductions de divers types réalisées avec des organismes publics et des chaînes de télévision, de nouveaux films africains se font [16]». Ainsi donc, beaucoup de projets de documentaire ne parviennent pas à voir le jour, faute de moyens.

En outre, les télévisions nationales qui sont des dif- fuseurs de documentaires, n’ont paradoxalement pas un système de soutien à l’initiative créatrice des réal- isateurs. Ces télévisions locales se sont habituées à la facilité et l’assistanat. Elles obtiennent gratuitement des œuvres cinématographiques grâce à des chaînes internationales comme CFI (Canal France International) qui sélectionne, achète et achemine chaque jour, au moyen d’un réseau de satellites, des programmes de télévision et de cinéma français mis gratuitement à la disposition des télévisions des pays émergents. Cet appui tue toute responsabilisation de ces télévisions du

Sud, qui, pourtant à elles seules peuvent financer des œuvres documentaires. Le directeur des programmes à CFI du nom de Pierre Block de FRIBERG ne manque pas de justifier la politique de sa maison dont les programmes « sont adressés aux télévisions partenaires de notre réseau dans cinq zones du monde l’Afrique, l’Europe centrale et orientale, le Monde Arabe, l’Asie et Haïti. Ces programmes sont distribués par voie satellitaire, cryptés de manière à ce que seules les télévi- sions partenaires puissent les exploiter pour alimenter leurs grilles de programmes et permettre ainsi aux images françaises d’être diffusées dans des régions où les marchés n’existent pas, ou sont en voie d’émergence. En concertation avec les directeurs de programmes des télévisions partenaires, nous affinons constamment la sélection des programmes, pour être en phase avec leurs demandes et leurs besoins. L’objectif n’est pas de «noyer » ces télévisions avec une masse d’images inutiles, mais de les aider à construire leur grille et, au delà, de permettre à ces chaînes d’attirer plus d’annonceurs afin qu’elles puissent financer leurs productions[17] ». Ces propos du directeur de CFI montre clairement le parte- nariat dont il est question avec le Sud et ce partenariat n’est pas pour arranger le Sud.

 

  1. ETAT DES LIEUX DE LA COOPERATION ENTRE LE NORD ET LE SUD DANS LE DOMAINE DU DOCUMENTAIRE

La coopération entre le Nord et le Sud en matière de documentaire est surtout remarquable dans le domaine du financement. Comme nous l’avons déjà indiqué, les réalisateurs du Sud, dépourvus de fonds, se dirigent vers des institutions et partenaires du Nord. Ceci est une forme de coopération déjà existante. Cependant cette coopération n’est autre qu’une dépendance de l’expression artistique du Sud vis-à-vis du Nord. Nom- bre de projets de film sont restés au stade du scénario parce n’ayant jamais été sélectionnés pour un finance- ment quelconque.

Ainsi, le désir de certains réalisateurs de se spécialiser dans le documentaire s’anéantit. D’ailleurs pour Pierres-Yves VANDEWEERD « on ne vit pas du documentaire en Afrique ». Pour dire que le documen- taire ne nourrit pas son homme.

La co-production est aussi un domaine de coopéra- tion existant entre le Nord et le Sud. De plus en plus, des producteurs du Nord co-produisent des films documentaires du Sud en collaboration avec des pro- ducteurs locaux du Sud. Des exemples sont légions. Tout dernièrement, le documentaire intitulé « Pour le meilleur et pour l’oignon » du réalisateur nigérien Sani MAGORI a été simultanément coproduit par la société Adalios de Magali CHIROUZE de France et par Mallan SAGUIROU du Niger.

Une nouvelle collaboration est entrain de prendre forme. Elle se dessine dans le domaine artistique où l’on observe un travail artistique commun entre réalisateurs du Nord et du Sud. « Le monologue de la muette » fraîchement réalisé par Khady SYLLAR et Charlie VAN DAMME, montre qu’il peut exister une coopération dans ce secteur. Des associations comme AFRICADOC mènent une bataille pour instaurer un nouvel ordre en Afrique dans le domaine du documentaire. Elle contribue à l’émergence d’une vague de documentaristes au Sud, dans le but de briser la fracture numérique.

 

  1. DOMAINES DE COOPERATIONS POSSIBLES ENTRE LE NORD ET LE SUD

Le documentaire constitue un vaste champ dans lequel des opportunités de coopérations existent à toutes les étapes de l’acte de création. De l’écriture à la réalisation en passant par le montage, des possibilités de coopéra- tions s’offrent aux deux hémisphères.

  • L’écriture c’est la première étape de la création ar- C’est le regard singulier porté par un auteur sur un sujet bien donné. Le documentaire de création, parce qu’il est nanti d’une approche artistique, néces- site un travail d’écriture de fond. C’est pourquoi, nous soutenons que le documentaire de création est une brèche ouverte pour un enrichissement réciproque entre le Nord et le Sud. « Si la co-production est inévitable, son véritable génie ne doit pas se ramener à une mathématique financière et commerciale, mais doit consister précisément à préserver ce que chaque partenaire a de plus spécifique et de plus authentique dans sa vision du monde. En d’autres termes, le parte- nariat ne doit pas s’exprimer en des termes exclusive- ment économiques mais doit prétendre à se réaliser également en des termes de créativité [18]»

Cette option peut favoriser une divergence de regards sur des sujets traités sur le réel du Nord et du Sud. Aussi, le Sud est-il beaucoup plus filmé par le Nord. Il faut changer cette donne pour que le Sud puisse donner son opinion sur le Nord.

Par ailleurs, cela permettra au Sud d’acquérir une cer- taine légitimité et aidera à faire exister des documenta- ristes dans le Sud.

  • La réalisation c’est à ce stade que se concrétise l’acte de cré Le réalisateur conçoit le projet de film à travers des images et du son expressifs et créatifs. La réalisation est un métier à travers lequel le Nord et le Sud peuvent unir leur force pour constituer un binôme artistique enrichissant. En effet, que ce soit le cadrage, l’éclairage, la prise de son, le Nord et le Sud ont des approches qui peuvent être une force pour le documentaire. Une complicité entre un caméraman du Nord et un réalisateur du Sud peut renforcer la qualité du produit final qui est le film. La co-réalisation est capable d’insuffler une dynamique dans les deux pôles. Elle est le lieu par excellence, de l’imbrication, de l’interpénétration des regards de deux réalisateurs sur une réalité vécue différemment par chacun d’eux. Ceci rejaillit sur l’œuvre de créa- tion et lui confère une dimension artistique nouvelle et multidimensionnelle. En nous basant toujours sur « Le monologue de la muette » co-réalisé par Khady SYLLAR et Charlie VAN DAMME, nous osons dire que ce documentaire est d’une approche artistique particulière. Elle est dotée d’une force artistique qui certainement, est l’œuvre de deux intelligences. Ce type de coopération est à encourager entre le Nord et le Sud.
  • Le montage est très important pour le documen- taire de cré Au fait, il fait appel à la technique d’agencement des images pour donner un sens artis- tique à celles-ci. Elle constitue la dernière écriture du film et conditionne énormément sa réussite. Le Nord comme le Sud regorge de monteurs. Mais nous savons pertinemment que le Nord est mieux avancé en matière de montage. Une coopération dans le domaine du montage est un moyen pour gratifier les œuvres réalisées au Sud. En outre, le montage en tant qu’acte artistique peut permettre au Nord et au Sud
  • Gaston KABORE, L’Afrique et le centenaire du cinéma, Présence Africaine, 1995 de poser une fois de plus, des regards singuliers et différents sur une œuvre donnée. Chaque partenaire monteur, qu’il vienne du Nord ou du Sud apporte son savoir-faire.
  • Le tournage concerne la période de la conception de l’œuvre artistique. D’une manière générale, les réalisateurs du Nord qui viennent tourner au Sud se munissent au préalable du matériel nécessaire au tournage. L’inverse étant rare, nous ne pourrons nous exprimer sur ce point. On trouve du matériel ciné- matographique au Sud, même si souvent ce matériel n’est pas au diapason de l’évolution technologique. Une coopération est envisageable à l’étape du tour- nage et cela permettra à l’industrie quasi-inexistante du Sud d’engranger des devises grâce à la location du matériel de tournage (par les réalisateurs du Nord qui viennent tourner au Sud) et à la perception de recettes fiscales par les autorités. On peut donc assister à l’essor d’une économie locale autour du cinéma du Sud. Cette économie pourra financer et rehausser notre cinéma « qui tarde à prendre son envol[19] ».

Le financement: est une équation qui n’est pas en- core résolue au Sud. Il constitue d’ailleurs l’un des problèmes majeurs du retard accusé par l’avancée du documentaire en Afrique. Comme nous l’avons évoqué précédemment, les Etats du Sud se méfient du docu- mentaire qu’ils trouvent préjudiciable à leur stabilité.

Le financement est le domaine de coopération le plus en vue entre le Nord et le Sud. Mais nous nous deman- dons s’il s’agit d’une réelle coopération? Nous dirons qu’il s’agit plutôt d’une dépendance du Sud vis-à-vis du Nord. Ici, c’est le Nord qui fixe les règles du jeu et le Sud fait ensuite la courbette pour bénéficier des bonnes grâces du Nord.

 

  1. LES CONDITIONS D’UNE COOPERATION FRUCTUEUSE
5.1 L’engagement des cinéastes africains

Les cinéastes du Sud en particulier africains ne doi- vent pas dormir sur leurs lauriers. Ils doivent s’engager réellement pour faire du documentaire du continent un secteur émergent. L’engagement s’entend ici par « une prise de conscience selon laquelle l’avenir du cinéma africain dépend du travail qu’ils abattront pour se dé- marquer de la vieille génération dont les œuvres furent qualifiées de cinéma calebasse ». Il faut penser le documentaire africain à court, moyen et long terme. Et chaque durée ou étape demande une stratégie adaptée pour atteindre des objectifs mesurables dans le temps. Les cinéastes africains doivent penser à une stratégie pour se départir du financement extérieur. Le finance- ment extérieur nuit à l’éclosion de l’esprit artistique du réalisateur « le cinéma africain, si les cinéastes n’y prennent garde, peut perdre son propre point de vue et devenir un cinéma dépersonnalisé, livré au diktat du marché occidental qui le façonnera tant dans sa forme que dans l’essence profonde de son contenu[20] ».

Les réalisateurs auront tendance à écrire des projets pour séduire les producteurs. Il n’est plus question de conviction, il n’est plus question d’expression artistique. Il est plutôt question d’enjeux financiers. Charlie VAN DAMME met en garde les réalisateurs contre la ruée vers le financement extérieur. Selon lui, le financement a des effets pervers qui déteignent sur la créativité des réalisateurs. L’essors du documentaire incombe aux cinéastes qui doivent imaginer des actions idoines pour booster ce domaine. L’Afrique regorge de potentiali- tés et « le documentaire africain est vécu aujourd’hui comme un combat[21] »

5.2 Une coopération basée sur le partenariat

Au delà de l’engagement, les cinéastes africains doivent travailler à rompre avec la situation d’éternels assis- tés. Un nouvel ordre doit s’instaurer dans les relations Nord/Sud pour aboutir à une relation de partenariat.

Toutes les personnes intervenant dans le cinéma, gagneront à établir une coopération équitable. Que ce soit sur le plan de la réalisation, du montage ou de l’écriture. La question qui demeure cependant et la suivante les cinéastes africains sont-ils prêts à vivre et à accepter les conditions de ce partenariat qui font d’eux des partenaires égaux aux réalisateurs du Nord? Sont- ils donc aptes à assumer les mêmes responsabilités que leurs confères du Nord?

5.3 Le déploiement de moyens techniques et financiers provenant du Nord et du

Il est vrai que le Nord est plus avancé que le Sud dans les technologies qui entrent dans la conception de l’image. Depuis l’invention des Frères Lumière jusqu’au 21è siècle, des outils performants sont conçus au Nord pour capter des images de qualité. Le rôle du Sud s’est confiné à consommer les inventions technologiques provenant du Nord. Dans le domaine du cinéma, les matériels de prise de vue et de son sont souvent inadap- tés au contexte africain. Les matériels sont sensibles à la poussière, très présente sur le continent. En plus, la caméra ne parvient pas restituer une image nette de la peau noire. Ce qui suppose, que c’est une caméra conçue uniquement pour la peau blanche, donc pour le Nord. Il est donc temps que l’Afrique se mette à la tâche pour fabriquer ses propres caméras, ses propres matériels de prise de son comme la mixette, le tascam, la perche etc. Ce n’est pas un idéal mais une possibilité.

 

ECOLES/ FORMATION

PRESENTATION DE LA INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DE L’IMAGE ET DU SON (ISIS)

01 BP 647 – Ouagadougou Burkina Faso tel.1 (+ 226) 50.34.03.01 fax (+ 226) 50.34.03.01 [envoyer un mail] site http://www.iris.gov.bf

S’appelle aussi ISIS (Programme de Formation aux Métiers de l’Image et du Son).

Cet institut à vocation sous-régionale installé dans des lo- caux entièrement rénovés et équipés en matériel professi- onnel par l’Ambassade de France au Burkina Faso, offrira, dès septembre 2005, aux futurs techniciens du cinéma africain des formations et diplômes de niveau BTS.

Ce “Cycle de Spécialisation” d’une durée de 2 ans, encadré par des professionnels du Nord et du Sud, s’adresse à toute personne désireuse de se former et de se spécialiser aux métiers techniques et créatifs de l’image et du son.

Face à ces constatations, les professionnels du cinéma burkinabé ont émis un certain nombre de proposi- tions, dont celle d’un plan de relance du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel comportant un ambitieux Programme de Relance de la Formation aux Métiers de l’Image et du Son (PROFIS).

L’Institut Supérieur de l’Image et du Son (ISIS), école supérieure de formation, représente la dernière étape du Programme de Relance de la Formation aux métiers de l’Image et du Son (PROFIS) développé au sein de la Direction de la Cinématographie Nationale (DCN).

 

MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU TOURISME
SECRETARIAT GENERAL
INSTITUT SUPERIEUR DE L’IMAGE ET DU SON/STUDIO ECOLE
DELEGATION GENERALE
DIRECTION DU STUDIO ECOLE

 

BURKINA FASO
Unite- Progrès- Justice

 

PRESENTATION DU STUDIO-ECOLE

Le Studio-Ecole de l’ISIS dispose d’equipements professionnels complets de productions et de postproduction ans tous les formats. Grace au soutien de l’Union Européenne, son pare materiél s’est renforcé avec l’acquisition d’équipements numériques de demieres générations dont la caméra HDW F900R avec accessoires de toumage. Elle permet désormais d’opérer des prises de vues de réve.

Son atout majeur qui fait la difference réside dans chaine de postproduction intégrée. Cette chaine s’articule autour de la station de montage virtuelle “PYRAMIX”, la demière-née de la haute technologie.

Elle comprend :

  • Un studio de et d’etalonnage AVID SYMPHONY HD et magnétoscope HDW-F1800
  • Un studio d’effets spéciaux (compositing, trucage et habillages)
  • Deux stations PYRAMIX qui permettent de réaliser toutes les étapes (enregistrement, montage, mixage, édition en synchronisation et réseau)

L’ensemble fonctionne en symbiose dans un processus intégré (workflow), méthodique, générant des produits répondant aux exigences de qualité conformes aux normes intemationale.

LES EQUIPEMENTS

  • Un nodal HD avec magnetoscope HD et disques durs extemes
  • Un studio d’enregistrement et de montage PYRAMIX
  • Un auditorium de mixage avec PYRAMIX et Console RAMSES MSC
  • Une caméra HDW F900R avec accessoires de tournage
  • Un ensemble de matériels d’éclairage Cineflo et HMI 1200 avec accessoires d’électricité
  • Une station de montage et d’étalonnage AVID SYMPHONY
  • Deux stations de montage et AFTER EFFECT, MEDIA COMPOSER avec palette

Dans sa mission de remise à niveau des professionnels et leur perfectionnement, le Studio-Ecole a defini un programme a court, moyen et long terme de stages de formation continue. Il a déjà organisé plusieurs ateliers qui ont porté sur plusieurs domaines dont entre autres :

  • La maintenance : pour développer et incruster la culture de l’entretien et l’esprit de durabilité chez es techniciens et gestionnaires de structures de production
  • Le jeu d’acteur : en vue de perfectionner les qualités d’interprétation des comédiens de cinéma
  • La prise de vue HD et la direction photo : familiariser et perfectiofl!ler les opérateurs de prise de vue a la camera hd900r et à la direction photo avec les normes nouvelles que l’outil numérique
  • Le mixage son sur PYRAMIX
  • Le montage AFTER EFFECTS (03 ateliers)
  • Le montage et l’etalonnage sur AVID SYMPHONY (02 ateliers)

L’accompagnement des projets et l ‘appui aux productions se sont traduits de manière plus visibles avec sa participation à des films de court et long métrage don

  • Le poids du serment de Daniel KOLLO SANOU (long métrage)
  • En attendant le vote de MISSA HEBIE (long métrage)
  • Julie et Romeo de Boubacar DIALLO (long métrage)

STUDIO-ECOLE

La création d’un studio école au sein de l’Institut de l’Image et du Son relève de la dynamique de la relance des secteurs du cinéma et de 1’audiovisuel qui vivent depuis quelques années une crise de croissance. Elle répond aux besoins de recyclage des professionnels en déphasage avec l’évolution technologique et d’accompagnement des projets pour les rendre compétitifs. Le cadre de l’ISIS SE favorise le brassage entre les professionnels et les étudiants. Les missions du Studio Ecole consiste en la definition et à la mise en reuvre d’une politique nationale d’amelioration de la qualite technique et artistique de la production cinematographique et audiovisuelle. Pour se faire la structure a mis en place un programme de formation continu au profit les professionnels de tous corps de m é tier. Elle a en outre la charge de :

Suivre 1’encadrement et 1’accompagnement des projets spécifiques des professionnels

Coordonner les présentations techniques initiées où soumises à l’ISIS SE

Organiser et superviser 1’animation professionnelle

Renforcer les relations entre 1’institut et son environnement

Aider à l’insertion professionnelle des étudiants

Organiser et coordonner les activités du comité de gestion du matériel technique.

 

INSTITUT DE FORMATION IMAGINE

L’Institut de formation IMAGINE a organisé un atelier de formation au profit de 12 étudiants venus du Nigeria et du Burkina Faso. Débutée le 21 novembre 2005, cette formation a pris fin le 19 décembre dernier.

Premier atelier du genre en anglais, dix étudiants nigérians et deux burkinabé ont reçu durant un mois au sein de l’Institut Imagine, une formation dans le domaine de la scénarisation pour la télévision et le cinéma. Cet atelier vise à offrir selon M. Gaston Kaboré, coordonnateur général de l’Institut IMAG- INE, à offrir au cinéma africain et à la télévision des « professionnels expérimentés et aguerris dans div- ers domaines de la scénarisation »  précisément en ces volets, « direction d’acteurs, production, caméra, prise de son, montage, décoration, maquillage, etc ».

Les étudiants en fin de formation venus du Nigerian Film Institute de Jos (sept étudiants), d’Independant Télévision Producers Association of Nigeria (trois étudiants) et de l’Université de Ouagadougou (deux étudiants) ont bénéficié de l’expérience d’enseignants irlandais, canadiens et burkinabés. L’Institut IMAG- INE, pour l’organisation de cet atelier a fait jouer son partenariat avec Houston School of film and digital media dans le but d’échanges d’étudiants et d’enseignants. Durant un mois, les étudiants ont travaillé 8 heures par jour avec des professeurs dans l’écriture des séries de télévision et de la fiction pour le cinéma. Selon une participante venue de Jos, Ngong Q. Janvier, cette formation a été bénéfique dans la mesure où elle a beaucoup appris dans l’écriture des scénarios de télévision et de cinéma.

Au déjà de cette formation en scénarisation, le coordon- nateur général d’IMAGINE, Gaston Kaboré, pense que son institut n’est pas seulement un centre de formation, mais une entité qui a une certaine vision de ce que le cinéma et la télévision peuvent apporter à l’Afrique en terme d’affirmation des identités culturelles.

IMAGINE selon M. Kaboré, créé en février 2003 lors de la XVIIIeme édition du Fespaco, veut permettre aux Africains de raconter leurs propres histoires en vue d’apporter dans un monde où on lutte pour la diversité culturelle, ce qui est propre et singulier à l’Afrique. D’où « l’ambition de l’Institut de ne pas former seule- ment des professionnels et des techniciens d’horizons divers mais d’ouvrir leurs préoccupations à des do- maines de réflexion qui touchent au destin de nos sociétés » a confié M. Kaboré.

De ce fait, IMAGINE se propose d’offrir des possi- bilités de formation initiale, de perfectionnement et de former des formateurs dans l’ensemble des métiers liés au cinéma, à la télévision et au multimédia. Selon M. Kaboré, les cours à vocation nationale et internationale reposent sur un système d’atelier et de panels profes- sionnels. Trois niveaux de formation sont proposés au public selon les capacités des étudiants.

Ainsi le niveau 1 s’adresse à des jeunes débutants désirant consolider leurs connaissances techniques. Le niveau 2 s’adresse à des professionnels qui désirent se perfectionner et le niveau 3 concerne des ateliers de formation de formateurs. C’est pourquoi, le coordon- nateur général de l’Institut IMAGINE Gaston Kaboré dit s’inscrire dans la devise de l’institut qui est « d’être un lieu où se transmettent le savoir et le savoir-faire ».

Daouda Emile OUEDRAOGO

Dans le cadre de ses activités, le Pôle Archives Audio- visuelles (PAA) de l’Institut IMAGINE organise, les 29 et 31 mars 2012, un camp mémoire à l’intention des élèves et étudiants de la commune de Ouagadougou. En effet, le camp mémoire se veut un cadre qui offre à la jeunesse une opportunité de revisiter et de se réap- proprier une trame de son histoire par des communi- cations, des projections et des ateliers d’initiation aux techniques de numérisation de documents audiovisuels.

A cette occasion l’Institut IMAGINE invite les élèves et les étudiants intéressés à bien vouloir s’inscrire gratuitement en écrivant sur polearchives@institutimagine. com ou en appelant le 50 36 46 16.

Par ailleurs, il convie les différents organes de pres- se à venir couvrir l’événement qui se déroulera dans ses locaux à Wayalguin au secteur 27 de Ouagadou- gou, entre la gare et l’échangeur de l’est à 400m au côté gauche de la station Total au croisement des rues Bayenna et 27.50 non loin du grand Séminaire Saint Jean-Baptiste.

Ouagadougou — L’institut de formation en cinéma, télévision et multimédia “IMAGINE” qui a fêté ses huit ans d’existence le 28 février 2011, évolue “dans le bon sens” même s’il fait face à la limite des ressources financières, a déclaré son fondateur et directeur, le ciné- aste burkinabé Gaston Kaboré.

“Je pense que ça évolue dans le bon sens vu ce qu’on a pu attendre, malgré les limites objectives dues au manque de ressources”, a dit Kaboré dans un entretien accordé à l’envoyé spécial de l’APS à la 22ème édition du Festival panafricain du cinéma et de la télévision de Ouagadougou.

“Le bilan est positif, pas seulement du point de vue statistique (plus de 700 professionnels passés à l’institut depuis huit ans). Je me réjouis surtout du fait que beaucoup de gens se réclament de l’esprit IMAGINE “, a-t-il indiqué, précisant que, “fait intéressant”, les plus nombreux viennent du Nigeria.

Pour Gaston Kaboré, l’Institut a acquis “l’internationalité” recherchée à ses débuts, en plus des Nigérians, des ressortissants de 23 pays dont le Togo, le Mali, le Niger, le Bénin, le Sénégal, le Tchad, la Zam- bie, le Zimbabwe, le Gabon font partie de ceux qui ont bénéficié d’une formation à “Imagine”.

Les ateliers concernent notamment l’écriture de scénarios de films radiophoniques, la prise de son en dramatique radiophonique, l’analyse de scénarios, le cinéma d’animation, la formation des comédiens de cinéma, la technique de la réalisation, le montage, etc.

Les trois niveaux de formation s’adressent aux jeunes débutants, aux professionnels déjà expérimentés et à des formateurs souhaitant transmettre leurs connaissances.

Le fondateur de l’institut regrette qu’il n’y ait pas encore eu de stage pour des lusophones, insistant par- ticulièrement sur la question des ressources. “On aurait pu faire beaucoup plus si les ressources étaient mobilis- ables”, a-t-il dit à ce sujet.

“Il y a un esprit Imagine, a-t-il ajouté. Par exemple, une Nigériane et une Sud-Africaine, qui se sont rencontrées ici, sont en train de monter un projet de documentaire sur les rapports entre le Nigeria et l’Afrique du Sud à l’époque de l’Apartheid”.

Pour le Fespaco, l’institut réalise les Newsreel, un magazine à mi-chemin entre le reportage et le docu- mentaire sur les activités de la Biennale des cinémas d’Afrique, objet singulier diffusé avant la projection des films dans les salles et à la télévision. Lors de la 22-ème édition, il a abrité un symposium sur les imaginaires, les mythes fondateurs et récits.

Prié d’esquisser des perspectives pour la structure, Gaston Kaboré a dit qu’il s’agit aujourd’hui de “s’armer pour finir la première décennie d’existence et se pro- jeter”. Dans cette optique, il a été créé, en juin 2010, l’Association “Institut Imagine”, de droit burkinabé à vocation internationale.

“Elle a pour principal objectif de prolonger et de péren- niser l’activité de l’institut”, explique Gaston Kaboré, ajoutant “J’en assure la présidence même si je ne me sens pas propriétaire de l’esprit Imagine fait de partage d’une vision, d’une expérience commune”.

Kaboré précise que “tout le monde peut être membre de l’association. Ce qui est intéressant c’est la façon dont les gens prennent possession de l’esprit +Imag- ine+. Les professionnels en ont fait leur affaire”.

“IMAGINE” abrite un Pôle “Archives audiovisuelles”, qui a déjà organisé des formations pour des agents de la Bibliothèque nationale du Burkina Faso, de la Ciné- mathèque africaine, du Centre des Archives nation- ales, de la Télévision nationale du Burkina, du Musée national, de la Direction du Patrimoine.

“C’est très important ce travail, estime Gaston Kaboré. ça va nous permettre de régler des problèmes dans bien d’autres domaines. Nous avons fait le pari de les rendre accessibles pour qu’elles (les archives) soient utilisées comme carburant pour nous projeter.”

Selon lui, “si les gens reprenaient possession d’eux- mêmes en termes de mémoire, de connaissance d’eux- mêmes, on ferait un grand pas dans l’analyse et la compréhension de notre présent ainsi que la prépara- tion de l’avenir”.

“C’est utile de réfléchir et de capitaliser pour l’action d’aujourd’hui et les projets de demain”. Il remplit ainsi sa principale mission qui est “la restauration d’une forte identité africaine à travers les arts, les cultures et les imaginaires des peuples africains”.

Né en 1951 à Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), Gas- ton Jean-Marie Kaboré obtient une maîtrise d’histoire à La Sorbonne avant d’étudier à l’Ecole Supérieure d’Etudes Cinématographiques (ESEC). C’est à la vi- sion de Xala (1975), du réalisateur sénégalais Ousmane Sembène, qu’il envisage pour la première fois le cinéma comme un moyen d’explorer et de faire découvrir la culture africaine. Il réalise son premier long-métrage au Burkina-Faso Wênd Kûuni, (Le don de Dieu en 1982), récompensé par le César du film francophone ce qui lui vaut une reconnaissance internationale. Ce premier long métrage sera suivi de Zan Boko (1988), de Rabi (1992) qui remporteront également de très nombreux prix, et de Buud Yam (1997), Etalon d’ Or du FESPACO 97.

Scénariste, réalisateur et producteur, Gaston Kaboré a par ailleurs réalisé plusieurs documentaires ainsi qu’un chapitre de Lumière et compagnie (1995), film choral pour les cent ans du cinématographe. Gaston Kaboré n’a cessé de promouvoir le cinéma africain, notamment en dirigeant le Centre National du Cinéma du Burkina (1977-1988) mais aussi en tant que secrétaire général de la FEPACI (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes) entre 1985-1997. Il a fondé en 2003 l’Institut de For- mation en Audiovisuel Imagine basé à Ouagadougou.

 

SOCIETIÉS DE PRODUCTION
RESEAU AFRICADOC
BENIN

Clémentine Dramani issifou clementine.dramaniissi- [email protected]

Arnaud Akoha [email protected]

Faissol Gnonlonfin [email protected]

BURKINA FASO

Kouka Aimé Zongo [email protected]

Laurentine Bayala [email protected]

Loci Hermann Kwene [email protected]

Mamounata Safy Nikiema [email protected]

Michel K.Zongo [email protected]

Nabié Wabinle [email protected]

Parfait Kaboré [email protected]

Rachelle Somé [email protected]

Sanon Bakary [email protected]

Simplice Herman Ganou [email protected]

CAMEROUN

Anne Elisabeth Ngo Minka [email protected]

Cyrille Masso [email protected]

Georges Biyong [email protected]

Kisito Jacques Mvondo Eyegue [email protected]

Martin Nganguem Kamdem [email protected]

Simon-Pierre Bell [email protected]

CONGO(s)

Delphe Kifouani [email protected]

Ori huchi kozia [email protected]

Relaine Aimé Nkounkou Banzouzi [email protected]

Robert Nzuzi Ngoyi [email protected]

Rufin Mbou [email protected]

MALI

Kassim Sanogo [email protected]

Boubacar Sidibe [email protected]

Bilaly Konaté [email protected]

Awa Traoré [email protected]

Andrey S. Diarra [email protected]

Aboubacar Gakou [email protected]

MAURITANIE

Abdrahmane Ahmaed Salem [email protected]

Djibril Diaw [email protected]

Ethmane Tijany Diagana [email protected] [email protected]

NIGER

Abba Kiari [email protected]

Malam saguirou [email protected]

Moussa Djingarey [email protected]

Moustapha Seini [email protected]

Rakia Laminou Kader [email protected]

Sani Magori [email protected]

SENEGAL

Adama Salle [email protected]

Adams Sie [email protected]

Aïcha Thiam [email protected]

Alassane Diago [email protected]

Alioune Babee Ndiaye [email protected]

Amadou Ndiaye mour[email protected]

Angèle Diabang [email protected]

Dièynaba Ndiaye Dia [email protected]

Gora Seck [email protected]

Mame Woury Thioubou [email protected]

Marie Louise Sarr [email protected]

Ndeye Souna Dieye [email protected]

Oumar Ba [email protected]

Rama Thiaw [email protected]

Sébastien Tendeng [email protected]

Sellou Diallo [email protected]

Serign Mbodj [email protected]

Siga Diouf [email protected]

Soukeynatou Diop [email protected]

TOGO

Augustin Battita Talakaena [email protected]

Gentille M.Assih [email protected]

Joël Tchedre [email protected]

Koffi Segla Oloubegnon [email protected]

Koffivi Assem Paulin [email protected]

Luc Abaki [email protected]

 

ARCHIVES

LA CINEMATHEQUE AFRICAINE DE OUAGADOUGOU
Salle de conservation des films

La Cinémathèque Africaine de Ouagadougou a été créée en 1989 à l’occasion de la commémoration du vingtième anniversaire du FESPACO. Créée à l’initiative des cinéastes africains qui y réfléchissaient depuis 1973 au fil des congrès et des rencontres profes- sionnelles, cette Cinémathèque Africaine vise à sauveg- arder le patrimoine cinématographique de l’Afrique. Elle répond à l’attente des cinéastes et hommes de cul- ture, soucieux de la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel de l’Afrique.

La Cinémathèque Africaine de Ouagadougou est une institution publique de l’Etat, placée sous la tutelle du FESPACO et affiliée à la Fédération Internationale du Film (FIAF) depuis 1994.

LES OBJECTIFS
  • La collecte des films africains et de toute oeuvre relative à l’Afrique.
  • Le traitement, la conservation et la mise en valeur des films collectés à travers des consultations diverses par les chercheurs et les professionnels du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel.
  • L’inventaire et le catalogage du patrimoine cinématographique de l’Afrique.
  • L’élaboration de filmographies des pays
LES ACTIVITÉS
Collecte, inventaire et catalogage des films

Quarante copies de films constituaient les premiers fonds d’archives de la cinémathèque. Aujourd’hui, elle possède un centre moderne de conservation des œuvres (centre fonctionnel depuis 1995), où ont été traitées et stockées plus d’un millier d’œuvres des documentaires, fictions, actualités, longs et courts mé- trages représentatifs des cinématographies de toutes les régions d’Afrique.

Les films d’actualités

Les archives filmiques de la télévision nationale du Burkina ont été récupérées, identifiées, nettoyées et stockées dans les cellules de conservation. Quatre cents bobines de 16 mm pratiquement à l’abandon, ont ainsi été sauvées en 1998. Elles représentent l’histoire socio-économique et poli- tique du Burkina Faso, des années 60 à 70.

Les films de la période coloniale

Les films de cette époque sont importants, dans la mesure où ils constituent les seules images de l’Afrique dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle. La Ciné- mathèque africaine en possède une vingtaine dont les périodes de production s’étalent des années 1920 à celles de 1950.

Matériel de restauration de films Les films didactiques

La collection de la cinémathèque comporte également des films à caractère éducatif. Ces œuvres pour la plupart datent des années 1960. Elles étaient produites par les gouvernements et traitaient de thèmes différents tels l’agriculture, la santé, le civisme, … à l’intention des populations en majorité analphabètes.

Les films d’auteurs africains

Les films d’auteurs recueillis sont assez représentatifs des cinématographies africaines, du Maghreb en pas- sant par l’Afrique Occidentale, l’Afrique Orientale et l’Afrique Australe. Une quantité importante de copies d’œuvres a été collectée en 1988.

La cinémathèque africaine possède aussi la quasi- totalité des films de certains auteurs célèbres tels que Sembène Ousmane et de certains pays comme le Burkina Faso et le Gabon.

Autres films

Le reste de la collection est constitué d’une vingtaine de films de Cuba et de quelques classiques du cinéma Français et Européen.

La conservation

La Cinémathèque Africaine ne possède pas de labora- toire, mais du matériel nécessaire pour de petits travaux de restauration sur les copies de films usagées, analyse physique des copies, réparation des perforations, net- toyage à sec des bobines de film. Des prestations en la matière sont régulièrement accordées aux profession- nels, aux ciné-clubs, etc.

Les copies de films sont conservées dans des salles spé- cialement aménagées où la température et l’humidité sont rigoureusement contrôlées. Un système de pro- duction d’air conditionné permet de maintenir la température à l’intérieur des cellules entre 15°c et 20°c avec une humidité relative entre 30% et 40%.

La documentation

Un important matériel non film, relatif au cinéma africain a été réuni. Un centre de documentation très variée est mis à la disposition du public pour consul- tation. Ce centre possède un fond de plus de 6000 photos, plus de 500 affiches de films, plusieurs milliers d’articles de presse, des revues spécialisées, des revues de presse, des dossiers de presse des films, des livres, des scénarios, etc.

L’accès aux collections

La cinémathèque a déjà ouvert ses collections à de nombreux étudiants, enseignants, chercheurs et pro- fessionnels du cinéma. Des étudiants sont venus d’Afrique, d’Europe et d’Amérique pour voir des films, faire des recherches et rencontrer des personnes res- sources, dans le cadre de leurs mémoires ou thèses de fin d’études. L’accès aux collections est conditionné par une demande motivée.

La Cinémathèque Africaine dispose également de plusieurs unités de cinéma et de vidéo mobiles, ainsi que du personnel qualifié pour l’organisation de projec- tions de films dans les villes et villages du Burkina. Ces projections à but non lucratif se font en partenariat avec les ONG, associations, écoles et autres institutions publiques et privées.

En dehors de ces projections, le FESPACO œuvre pour la promotion du cinéma africain dans les festivals inter- nationaux. L’institution organise aussi des manifesta- tions cinématographiques diverses: semaine de cinéma, grandes premières de films, etc.

LA COOPÉRATION INTERNATIONALE

La Cinémathèque Africaine de Ouagadougou est membre de la Fédération Internationale des Archives du film (FIAF), depuis 1994. Elle est jumelée au service des archives du film du CNC/France depuis 1995. A l’instar des autres membres de la FIAF, la cinémathèque africaine contribue à la promotion des archives de films à travers des activités communes telles que

  • les stages de la FIAF à Londres en 1992 et 1996
  • la programmation des films à Amsterdam en 1996 et Paris en 2000
  • le congrès de la FIAF à Jérusalem en
LES PROJETS DE LA CINÉMATHÈQUE

La cinémathèque africaine de Ouagadougou envis- age de renforcer la collecte des films pour avoir une filmographie par pays et localiser les négatifs de films africains dispersés pour la plupart, dans des labora- toires européens.

Elle a aussi en projet
  • La construction d’une salle de projection de la cinémathèque africaine dotée d’un espace d’exposition pouvant recevoir un marché de films et de programmes de télévision, un musée du cinéma, etc.
  • Le développement du centre de documentation, avec la création d’une banque de données sur le cinéma africain sur le site Web de l’institution.
DE L’IMPORTANCE DE LA CINÉMATHÈQUE AFRICAINE DE OUAGADOUGOU

La cinémathèque africaine de Ouagadougou sans conteste, assure au cinéma du continent une visibilité permanente et permet de stimuler la réflexion et une recherche endogène sur le cinéma africain.

En outre, elle contribue à une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire contemporaine de l’Afrique, par les consul- tations scientifiques des anciens films et est une source d’inspiration pour les professionnels du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel.

Enfin, la cinémathèque africaine de Ouagadougou participe à l’éducation cinématographique du public, à travers des programmations régulières de rétrospectives et par l’organisation d’expositions diverses.

 

FESTIVALS

FESTIVAL CINE DROIT LIBRE

http://www.cinedroitlibre.bf

Concours du meilleur projet de film documentaire sur les droits humains et la liberté d’expression. L’association SEMFILMS Burkina est organisatrice du festival “Ciné Droit Libre”.

“Ciné Droit Libre” est un festival autour de films enga- gés pour la cause des droits de l’homme et de la liberté d’expression.

C’est un festival annuel, qui se tient en trois phases la phase centrale se déroulant à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso avec des invités (réalisateurs, activistes des droits humains et défenseurs de la liberté de la presse) et la phase décentralisée qui se déroule dans les villes et vil- lages intérieurs du Burkina.

Enfin, la phase régionale qui accompagne le Forum So- cial Mondial (version africaine) notamment pour ceux tenus à Bamako 2006 et à Nairobi 2007, et maintenant une programmation autonome à Abidjan.

“Ciné Droit Libre” est le cinéma qui va droit au but sur les questions liées aux droits humains et à la liberté d’expression, c’est également un cinéma qui se veut libre d’expression et “d’accès”.

Le festival CDL a pour credo les trois principes suiv- ants – “Un film, un thème, un débat”, – “Une indépen- dance dans la sélection et la programmation des films”, – “Une liberté de diffuser les films censurés, engagés, polémiques”.

Ciné Droit libre c’est aussi une série d’activités qui se tiennent parallèlement aux projections débats tels les ateliers de formations sur la réalisation documentaire, le concours du meilleur projet documentaire, le forum, les expositions etc.

Pour la petite histoire, Ciné Droit Libre est né après une frustration de jeunes réalisateurs burkinabés et néerlandais, qui ont fait le constat que certains films politiquement “incorrects” avaient de la peine à être vus par le public africain. Ils ont vécu cet apartheid ciné- matographique lorsque leur film “Borry bana: le destin fatal de Norbert Zongo” a été refusé dans la sélection du Fespaco et dans presque toutes les salles du Burkina parce qu’il aborde la question de la liberté d’expression et les violations des droits humains au Burkina. C’est ainsi que l’idée de créer un festival alternatif au Fespaco est née.

La vocation de Ciné Droit Libre est résolument cul- turelle et citoyenne.

En quatre éditions Ciné Droit Libre est devenu un événement culturel qui mobilise le public, les intellec- tuels et les citoyens des villes et campagnes autour des questions d’actualités touchant aux droits humains et à la liberté d’expression.

Au nombre des personnalités ayant participés aux dif- férentes éditions de Ciné Droit Libre, on peut citer Pius N’djawé (Cameroun) Latif Coulibaly (Sénégal) Aminata Traoré (Mali), Joseph Ramaka (Sénégal), Thierry Michel (Belgique), Robin Shufield (France- Belgique) Djamel Tahi (Tunisie- France) Gilles Remische (Belgique), Kim Loginotto (Angleterre) Gahité FOFANA (Guinée) Abdoulaye Sangaré (Côte d’Ivoire), Samba KONE (Côte D’Ivoire), etc.

 

DIFFUSEURS

LES TÉLÉVISIONS DU BURKINA FASO

Télévision Nationale du Burkina (TNB)

BP 2530 Ouagadougou 01

Tél ( 226) 50 31-83-53/63

Fax (226) 50 32-48-09

Site web http://www.tnb.bf

 

Neerwaya Multivision (TV5, CFI, CANAL +)

128 rue Houari Boumedienne – Immeuble F. A. KABORE

01 BP 3340 Ouagadougou

Tél.(00226) 50 31 71 71

Fax (00226) 50 31 23 19

[email protected]

 

Canal Burkina 3 (CB3)

11 BP 340 Ouagadougou

Tél.(00226) 50 30 06 54/55

Fax (00226) 50 30 06 32

Canal Viim Koèga (CVK) 01 BP 108 Ouagadougou Tél.(00226) 50 38 18 16

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Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)-Bénin

Masterclasses

SYNTHESE BENIN

CINEMA DOCUMENTAIRE BENINOIS
  1. Etat des lieux

Au moment de la prise de fonction du Directeur de la Cinématographie Nationale du Bénin, les gens ne croi- ent pas au cinéma béninois, fiction ou documentaire par- ce que c’est un cinéma qui n’a pas de marché. Les salles de cinéma sont fermées au Bénin et le Nigéria, pays voisin, bombarde le Bénin de ses films. C’est la débrouil- leles gens du théâtre se reconvertissent en vidéastes.

  1. Formation

Avant de réaliser, il faut savoir comment écrire le scé- nario. Un atelier a été initié pour la fiction, mais aussi pour le film documentaire. Il s’agit de former des gens ayant déjà une base au niveau de la caméra, du son et de la réalisation. Pour les étudiants de l’ISMA- (Institut Supérieur des Métiers de l’Audiovisuel). Le vrai prob- lème au Bénin, c’est qu’il n’y a pas de grande société de production. Les étudiants apprennent la théorie et aussi la pratique. Mais ils ne vont pas vers la production. Donc on s’est dit qu’il faut tout faire, chaque année, pour qu’il y ait une production plus importante.

  1. Rouvrir les salles de cinéma

Il faut aussi rouvrir les salles de cinéma. Nous avons au Bénin des réalisateurs qui ne vivent pas de leur œuvre, car il n’y a pas de marché. Les films finissent sur DVD et c’est en support VCD qu’ils sont piratés. Il y en a peu, car la plupart sont financés, avec à peine deux millions ou trois millions de CFA. Et leurs films ne sortent pas du Bénin. L’idée est de rouvrir les salles de cinéma afin d’y faire revenir le public. L’Etat doit avoir l’obligation de développer le cinéma.

  1. Droits d’Auteurs

Un bureau de droits d’auteur existe, surtout dans le domaine de la musique, du théâtre. Le cadre est là. Actuellement, au Bénin il n’y a pas encore de films distribués sur le plan international. Un bureau de droits d’auteur existe, mais il n’y a pas d’avocats spécialisés dans le domaine du cinéma. Il faut envisager la forma- tion de juristes et d’avocats spécialisés dans les droits d’auteurs pour l’audiovisuel.

  1. Les Archives

Il faut faire une estimation des films documentaires existants, réalisés au Bénin après les années 1960. Du- rant les années 1980 les films étaient tournés en super 16 mm. Aujourd’hui il n’y a pas d’archives d’actualité conservées de ces périodes au Bénin. Les films sont conservés en France. Il n’y a pas de cinémathèque au Bénin, pas de cadre, pas d’entretien, les conditions de conservation ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Il est préférable de conserver les éléments en France et lorsque le Bénin sera prêt, le pays pourra les réintégrer. La France cède les droits des films d’actualités des années 1960 c’est-à- dire des films du début des indépendances. Jusque dans les années 80, 85 on a tourné en 16mm en 35mm. Les droits correspondants à ces films sont acquis pour le Bénin, et cela veut dire que les archives sont libérées au niveau du droit français. Si un réalisateur béninois veut faire un documentaire sur le début des indépendances, il peut solliciter la cinémathèque française et avoir libre accès à ces archives. La directrice de la Cinémathèque Afrique de Paris a été explicite mais rien d’officiel n’a été concrétisé au Bénin.

  1. Financement des films

Au niveau d’une coproduction d’un film béninois, il faut chercher des systèmes de coproduction avec le Bé- nin. Aux guichets en France, et surtout l’Union Euro- péenne qui peut intervenir. Il faut produire des dossiers et c’est aussi un métier. Le Bénin n’a pas vraiment de spécialistes de la production dans ce domaine. Il y a une concurrence entre les jeunes confrontés aux aînés. Il est impératif de faire une formation pour monter des dos-siers de production, surtout sur le plan international. Les projets adressés à la communauté européenne sont assez difficiles et complexes.

  1. Coproduction avec la Chine

Des accords peuvent éventuellement être passés avec la Chine, sur les apports en industrie et dans le cadre d’accords de coproduction particuliers au Bénin. La politique est de faire des demandes de fonds afin d’obtenir des caméras et du matériel technique. Si nous proposons un projet de cinq cent millions de franc CFA, ils vont financer à raison de trois cent millions.

Tout l’équipement de tournage peut être importé de Chine. Ils peuvent également intervenir dans la post- production, et peuvent également déplacer une équipe technique. La pellicule, la caméra, la lumière, les grues et tout peut venir de Chine.

  1. Fonds d’Appui à la Production Audiovisuelle du Bénin

Nous sommes partis de ce constat que pour attirer l’attention du gouvernement, le Bénin doit pouvoir traduire ses réalités. Cela fait partie des attentes de la population. Il faut limiter la diffusion à plus 50% des images venues du Nord.

La particularité du Fonds d’Appui à la Production Audiovisuelle du Bénin est ouvert aussi aux profession- nels indépendants, aux stations de télévisions, aux radios, aux sociétés de production garantissant les compétences de ces professionnels pour la faisabilité d’une œuvre. Le Fonds s’adresse aux réalisateurs ayant des œuvres ici, pour que ces films là, après une diffusion à la Télévision, puissent être vues au Cinéma. Des promoteurs investis- sent dans les salles. Il y a une très belle salle aujourd’hui à Cotonou et il y a d’autres initiatives. Les œuvres appuyées par le Fonds doivent être exploitées dans des salles. Pour le documentaire, l’expérience de la diffusion proposée peut permettre d’obtenir plus d’entrées que des films de fiction dans les salles.

  1. Exploitation des films en salles

Il y a au Bénin une structure de cinéma numérique ambulant. En 2009 une dizaine de films documen- taires ont été proposés dans les petites villes et villages. L’engouement, la réception du public a été formidable. Les films documentaires ont eu autant de succès que les films de fiction. Le documentaire « Les Amazones d’Abomey » a été projeté, en outre quelques fictions à l’eau de rose, mais les gens étaient plus sensibles à certains documentaires. En 2010, la même démarche a été faite en direction des populations, avec le cinéma numérique du Bénin, pour que les populations des campagnes puissent voir les films.

  1. Rapports avec la télévision l’ORTB Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision du Bénin

Il y a des possibilités pour que les télévisions publiques programment un peu plus de documentaires au niveau des chaînes nationales. On s’aperçoit qu’en Afrique de l’Ouest francophone, globalement – c’est valable pour presque tous les pays – l’occupation des antennes est très forte sur les actualités, sur les déplacements des hommes politiques, sur les « telenovelas », les séries brésilienne et très peu de place est donnée aux docu- mentaires locaux. Il faut donc trouver une solution d’appui pour que les télévisions diffusent un peu plus de documentaires.

Des enquêtes sont faites afin de voir quelles sont les at- tentes de la population. Ce travail a également été fait en direction des chaînes de télévision du service public. Un contrat a été signé afin de programmer nos films pour qu’ils soient diffusés. C’est donc quelque chose de possi- ble et cette première expérience a été positive. Il y a donc une prise de conscience de la faiblesse effarante de la programmation des réalités béninoises sur nos télévisions du service public et du secteur privé. En 2011 l’année passée, nous avons tenté la même expérience mais cette fois ci au niveau des télévisions privées CANAL3.

Une petite banque de films a été créée, avec quelques documentaires et nous voulons créer des semaines de l’audiovisuel béninois sur toutes les chaînes. Il faut le faire accepter, jouer le jeu et diffuser à intervalles plus ou moins régulier des œuvres produites par des béni- nois. L’idée, c’est d’insérer dans la programmation des œuvres béninoises, parallèlement aux « telenovelas ». Au niveau des discussions, les responsables des télés disent que les œuvres ne sont pas abouties parce que les téléspectateurs font rapidement la comparaison entre une œuvre venue du Brésil, venue de France.

       11. Télévision satellitaires

D’après mes recherches qui se se sont déroulées lo- calement, les personnes concernées (réalisateurs pro- ducteurs), m’ont confirmé dans les interviews que j’ai réalisées que les télévisions satellitaires africaines ont peut-être le potentiel pour diffuser des films docu- mentaires, mais elles ne le font quasiment jamais, de même que les télévisions nationales. Cela est compensé par les accords signés avec les chaînes Francophones, dont le champ de diffusion est en Afrique, mais dont la gestion est menée depuis Paris (CANAL+ AF- RIQUE, CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL, TV5 AFRIQUE) Les contrats de coproductions passés entre les producteurs et ces diffuseurs varient selon certaines spécificités, par exemple CANAL FRANCE INTERNATIONAL propose des programmes aux chaînes africaines qui sélectionnent parmi ces “pack- ages”, des programmes dans lesquels se glissent parfois des documentaires, produits soit en coproduction, soit en pré-achat.

INTERVIEWS

INTERVIEW DE DOROTE DOGNON REALISATEUR

DIRECTEUR DE LA CINEMATOGRAPHIE NATIONALE DU BENIN

DD: Je m’appelle DD: , je suis réalisateur de formation, j’ai fait mes études en Chine, j’ai mon doctorat d’Etat en cinéma et je suis le Directeur de la Cinématogra- phie Nationale du Bénin. Ça fait un an et deux mois que j’ai pris cette fonction. Alors l’état des lieux quand j’ai pris mes fonctions, les gens ne croyaient pas au cinéma béninois, que ce soit fiction ou documentaire, car c’est un cinéma qui n’a pas de marché. Et s’il n’y a pas de marché ça s’explique… Il y a les salles de cinéma qui sont fermées au Bénin et nous avons le Nigéria à côté qui nous bombarde de films, et il y a aussi la Côte d’Ivoire et le Burkina. Avec la mondialisation, le Bénin n’a pas pu résister à cette invasion d’images, mais néanmoins des gens dans ce domaine se débrouillent. Des gens qui ont fait du théâtre, qui se reconvertis- sent, prennent une caméra numérique et copient le style du Nigéria. Quand nous avons pris la direction, le constat c’était quoi? La plupart des étudiants, en dehors de ceux qui ont été formés à l’ISMA, n’avaient pas de formation. Il fallait attaquer le volet forma- tion. Quelle formation? Ce n’est pas une formation de longue durée, ce sont des gens qui ont déjà une base et qui savent comment tenir une caméra. Il faut les former en commençant par l’écriture du scénario. Nous avons donc animé un atelier, dans la fiction, mais aussi dans le film documentaire. Nous avons aussi initié une forma- tion qui va commencer incessamment, toujours dans le même cadre, des gens ayant déjà une base au niveau de la caméra, au niveau de la réalisation, du son, et on – c’est à dire surtout les étudiants de l’ISMA – va faire le tour du pays… On a pu négocier une coproduction avec la Chine. Le vrai problème qui se pose au Bénin, c’est qu’il n’y a pas de grande société de production, donc les étudiants apprennent la théorie et aussi la pratique. Mais ils ne vont pas dans la production, donc on s’est dit qu’il faut tout faire, chaque année pour qu’il y ait une production plus importante, aussi bien dans le domaine documentaire que dans la fiction. On aimerait commencer avec la fiction et avec la Chine, nous som- mes en train de le faire. Nous avons dit qu’il faut aussi rouvrir les salles de cinéma. Au Bénin les réalisateurs ne vivent pas de leur œuvre car il n’y a pas de marché. Les films qu’ils font actuellement sont sur support VCD et non sur DVD. Et c’est en support VCD qu’ils sont piratés. Il y en a peu, car la plupart sont financés, sponsorisés avec à peine deux millions, trois millions de CFA. Et leurs films ne sortent pas du Bénin. Il n’y a pas de vrai marché. Nous avons proposé de rouvrir les salles de cinéma afin d’y faire revenir le public.

KDO: Donc au niveau de votre travail comme Directeur du Centre National de Cinéma vous avez des projets d’ouverture de salles de cinéma sur le Bénin?

DD: Nous sommes en train de faire l’état des lieux. On voulait que le patrimoine des salles soit réparti entre le public et le privé, afin que l’Etat seul ne soit pas proprié- taire des salles. On veut les ouvrir, en les faisant gérer par des privés et voir dans quelle mesure le gouvernement va soumettre les cahiers de charges pour l’exploitation de ces salles au Bénin. Surtout l’objectif principal est de recréer ces écrans pour retrouver un public.

KDO: Pour avoir une audience.

DD: Oui pour une audience. Nous avons pensé aussi à l’éducation du public. C’est un volet qu’on néglige. Quand on fait un film, c’est le public béninois qui a perdu l’habitude d’aller dans les cinémas. Donc nous avons aussi pensé à l’éducation du public. Et là, on a parlé de l’école et du cinéma. On veut aller vers les étudiants, les élèves peuvent devenir les acteurs de ce métier. En impliquant leurs parents. Ils vont com-mencer par s’intéresser parce qu’il y en a beaucoup qui ne savent plus ce qu’on appelle le cinéma. Il faut les éduquer. Nous avons aussi le volet de l’équipement. L’investissement est important, mais il peut y avoir un retour sur investissement. L’Etat doit avoir l’obligation de développer le cinéma. Et l’équipement coûte cher.

Nous avons pensé aussi à renforcer les festivals parce qu’en dehors des projections, il y a de multiples activités qui permettent aux jeunes de se former. Et les jeunes vont confronter leurs œuvres aux œuvres d’autres pays, cela afin d’élever le niveau qualitatif des films. Nous avons parlé de formation, de l’ouverture des salles.

Le cinéma, il faut également l’exporter, car si on con- sidère uniquement le marché béninois, cela est très lim- ité. Il est donc nécessaire que les films documentaires puissent être co-produit avec la France. Il faut que les télévisions puissent acheter mais il y a des normes, des qualités à respecter.

KDO: Vous pensez qu’il y a des possibilités de faire des partenariats avec d’autres festivals de la sous-région?

DD: Oui, ça fait partie de nos objectifs. Au Bénin, nous sommes neuf millions d’habitants. Sur les neuf millions d’habitants, combien voient des films? Il y a à peine deux millions, trois millions… je ne veux pas faire des statistiques. Pour avoir un marché il faut aller vers la sous-région d’abord. Et l’année passée nous avons initié l’idée de créer un marché de la cinématographie en Af- rique de l’Ouest. Nous avons initié un partenariat avec la Côte d’Ivoire, le Mali et le Niger. Pour qu’un film tourné au Bénin, par exemple, puisse être vu en Côte d’Ivoire et au Burkina et vice versa.

KDO: Donc ce que je voudrais vous demander, c’est par rapport à l’histoire justement des sociétés de vente, par rapport aux structures de distribution, par rapport au marché africain, est ce qu’aujourd’hui il existe une représentation de vendeurs internationaux pour les films africains?

DD: Ici, non, seulement en Europe. En Afrique je ne sais pas si cela existe. Au Burkina, il y a un jeune qui fait beaucoup de choses dans ce domaine.

KDO: Qui est un vendeur international, qui vend des films?

DD: Oui au Burkina.

KDO: En termes juridiques, est-ce qu’il existe des avocats spécialisés pour la question des droits d’auteur, ici au Bénin?

DD: Oui, nous avons un bureau des droits d’auteur. Le directeur se charge de ça. C’est vrai que c’est surtout dans le domaine de la musique, du théâtre. Mais le cadre est là. Actuellement, il n’y a pas encore de films béninois sur le plan international. Ceux qui font des films sur le plan international, ce sont des Béninois in- stallés en Europe. Mais la demande est là. Nous avons un bureau de droits d’auteur mais nous n’avons pas d’avocats spécialisés dans le domaine du cinéma.

KDO: Il faudrait envisager éventuellement la formation de juristes et d’avocats spécialisés dans la production des droits d’auteur et des droits audiovisuels.

DD: Tout à fait.

KDO: Sur l’estimation des films documentaire existants. Des documentaires ont été réalisés au Bénin après les années 1960, et durant les années 1980 les documentaires étaient tournés en super 16 mm. Aujourd’hui y a-t-il des archives d’actualité conservées de ces périodes?

DD: Non. Euh! C’est en France. J’ai vu la directrice de la cinématographie française et elle m’a promis de m’envoyer ces films. Mais il n’y a pas de cadre, il n’y a pas d’entretien, même si c’est sur dvd, les conditions de conservation ne conviennent pas. Il n’y a pas de cinémathèque au Bénin. Il est préférable de conserver les éléments en France et lorsque le Bénin sera prêt on pourra les réintégrer.

KDO: Ça veut dire que la France cède des droits des films d’actualités des années 1960 c’est-à-dire des films du début des indépendances. Jusque dans les années 80, 85, on a tourné en 16mm en 35, est-ce que ces droits-là sont acquis pour le Bénin libérés au niveau du droit français? Aujourd’hui, si un réalisateur béninois veut faire un documentaire sur le début des indépendances, il peut aller demain à la cinémathèque française, et là, avoir libre ac- cès à ces archives?

DD: La directrice de la Cinémathèque Afrique de Paris me l’a dit oralement mais je n’ai rien reçu d’officiel de sa part. Je l’ai rencontrée ici à Ouida et elle m’a simple- ment suggéré de faire la demande. Je lui ai expliqué que si je n’ai pas encore fait la demande, c’est que je n’ai pas les moyens de procéder à un stockage correct.

KDO: Et aujourd’hui le problème par exemple de la diffu- sion des films documentaires qui existent déjà, qui ont été produits au Bénin et qui ont été réalisés…Est ce qu’il y a un plan d’action pour la restauration de ces films?

DD: Oui, c’est ce que je disais, nécessairement pour restaurer, il faut savoir dans quelles conditions stocker les éléments. Et c’est pourquoi j’insiste sur l’idée de créer une cinémathèque au Bénin. Nous avons besoin de conserver notre mémoire. Elle est indispensable. Il y a des gens qui ont fait un travail extraordinaire avec une certaine rigueur. La nouvelle génération, non seule- ment doit connaître son passé, mais doit également le réapprendre. Il y a donc ce projet de Cinémathèque du Bénin qui devient indispensable.

KDO: Ici par exemple, au niveau d’une coproduction d’un film béninois – documentaire ou fiction – quels sont les guichets où vous, en tant directeur, vous pouvez aller chercher des systèmes de coproduction avec le Bénin.

DD: Oui c’est notre pays toujours, la France, et surtout après il y a la Belgique il y a l’Union Européenne qui peut intervenir. Mais il faut savoir que le vrai problème que nous avons maintenant c’est la compétition. Il faut produire des dossiers et c’est aussi un métier. Le Bénin n’a pas vraiment de spécialiste dans ce domaine. De la production. Ce sont surtout les jeunes qui ont vérita- blement ce problème. Ils vont être confrontés aux ainés qui peuvent être leurs concurrents. La nécessité d’avoir quelqu’un qui sait monter des dossiers de production est important. Faire une formation dans ce domaine est également indispensable.

KDO: Oui parce que le montage des dossiers destinés à la communauté européenne est assez difficile et complexe.

DD: Il faut former des personnes capables de monter ces dossiers sur le plan international.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pouvez me parler par exemple des accords éventuellement que vous avez passés avec la Chine, sur les apports en industrie et dans le cadre d’accords de coproduction particulièrement au Bénin. Est-ce que vous avez l’expérience de la Chine où vous avez vécu, et pour vous est-ce que c’est intéressant de collaborer et de faire des coproductions avec les Chinois, et quelles sont les possibilités envisageables?

DD: Ah! Probablement c’est vraiment intéressant de faire des propositions à tous les pays, non pas seulement en Chine. Moi, la chance que j’ai c’est que je connais le milieu, c’est pourquoi j’ai eu cette facilité. Ma politique est de faire des demandes de fonds afin d’obtenir des caméras et du matériel technique. Si c’est un projet de cinq cent millions de franc CFA, ils vont financer à rai- son de trois cent millions. Donc c’est tout l’équipement de tournage qui va venir de Chine. Ils peuvent inter- venir dans la post-production, et peuvent également déplacer une équipe technique. La pellicule, la caméra, la lumière, les grues, tout peut venir de Chine.

KDO: C’est une coproduction de partenariat, ils amè- nent l’équipement technique et sur place ils vont former des gens?

DD: C’est aussi une école.

KDO: C’est aussi une école et après, vous aller faire des films avec eux. Y a-t-il un système d’accroche de l’audience par la publicité au niveau de la télévision?

DD: Oui, il y a quelques têtes d’affiche qui le font mais le problème c’est que ceux qui font cette publicité, ne sont pas des gens qui ont une formation- comment- capter l’audience? Ce sont des gens qui font du théâtre, du cinéma et c’est eux qui utilisent leur cote de popu- larité. Mais on a constaté que c’est un peu monotone. La monotonie ne dépend pas d’eux parce que ce sont des gens qui n’ont pas appris. On a une seule télévision maintenant les gens savent déjà que pour faire passer son produit il faut nécessairement faire une publicité. Mais le problème qui se pose c’est qu’au Bénin les gens reçoivent des chaînes internationales. Ils reçoivent aussi la publicité sur les chaînes internationales. Si on fait une comparaison, on voit que ce qui se fait ici n’est pas vraiment de qualité d’où le problème de formation qui se pose. Parce que presque tous les Béninois ont main- tenant la télévision nationale qui couvre tout le pays.

KDO: Comment envisager vous de faire face à la piraterie?

DD: Le système actuel au Bénin encourage la piraterie. Ici, il n’y a pas cette politique offensive du Nigéria. Du moment où vous commencez à faire un seul cd, c’est vous qui permettez aux gens de pirater. Donc les films sortent, on interdit les DVD d’abord. On va faire une programmation, il n’y aura pas de DVD. Il faut d’abord exploiter dans les salles de cinéma, et après une péri- ode de trois à cinq mois, ou bien un an, on démarre l’exploitation des DVD. Parallèlement nous sommes en train de signer un partenariat avec tous les corps armée, police, gendarmerie. Les militaires sont répartis sur le territoire national et vont nous permettre de contrôler les entrées.

KDO: L’entrée des dvd piratés du Nigéria?

DD: Jusqu’à présent c’est toujours au Nigéria que cela se fait.

KDO: Vous dites qu’il n’y a plus du tout de salles de cinéma au Bénin alors que les salles existaient, elles étaient là, ce sont des salles qui étaient équipées en 35mm.

DD: En 35mm.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’il y a une possibilité de rééquiper ces salles en haute définition numérique?Aujourd’hui le 35mm n’existe plus, ça veut dire que toutes ces salles qui étaient équipées en 35m, il faut quasiment toutes les rééquiper?

DD: Naturellement, parce que nous voulons faire quelque chose dans une période où il y a quelque chose en vogue, quelque chose de pratique. On ne peut pas faire des salles maintenant et donner la priorité au 35mm! On va donner la priorité au numérique. Il faut malgré tout, ne serait-ce qu’une salle en 35mm. Quand des films en 35mm arrivent, on ne trouve pas un endroit pour les projeter. Donc nous étudions le projet de faire un multiplex et dans ce multiplex il y aura au moins une salle en 35mm et les autres seront en numérique.

KDO: Nous avons parlé de l’ISMA qui est une école audiovisuelle mais je pense qu’il faut aussi mettre en relation les écoles de cinéma avec les écoles de journalisme pour pousser le niveau de l’écriture qui est un point faible du cinéma africain en général. Etablir un lien, faire des ateliers d’écriture entre les gens qui font la fiction le docu- mentaire et le journalisme, et de l’autre coté pour trouver des sponsors sur le territoire localement et peut être aussi approcher les écoles de management. Qu’est-ce que vous en pensez?

DD: Tout à fait. C’est en cela que je dis qu’il faut penser au public parce que le cinéma c’est un produit et un produit doit avoir un marché et on ne pense pas, ici on produit, et on ne pense pas au marché. Il faut néces- sairement que, surtout les cinémas qui forment les jeunes, il faut nécessairement qu’ils aient des aînés ayant déjà cette expérience. Donc, c’est ce que le fondateur a compris parce qu’il travaille avec l’ORTB et également avec d’autres partenaires. Maintenant le marketing c’est très très important, les gens ne savent pas comment aller vendre leurs produits et moi je pense que l’économie du cinéma peut démontrer que le cinéma est un produit culturel.

 

INTERVIEW DE ANSELME AWANOU DIRECTEUR DU CIRTEF AU BENIN, FORMATEUR, MONTEUR

CIRTEF: Conseil International des Radios et Télévisions d’Expression Française siège Bruxelles

KDO: Voilà, on va démarrer et puis vous allez me dire un peu votre parcours, comment vous êtes arivé aujourd’hui à ce poste-là? Est-ce que vous pouvez vous présenter et nous expliquer ce que fait le CIRTEF aujourd’hui?

AA: Je suis monteur formateur pour le secteur et en même temps responsable du CIRTEF à Cotonou.

KDO: Et pouvez nous nous expliquer ce qu’est le CIRTEF ici dans la sous-région?

AA: Bon le CIRTEF c’est le Conseil International des Radios et Télévisions d’Expression Française et dont le siège, le secrétariat est à Bruxelles. CIRTEF Coto- nou a été créé en 1995 et sous un accord du siège avec le gouvernement béninois et depuis lors nous sommes là et nous faisons tout ce qui est film documentaire et fiction surtout en partenariat avec les télévisions francophones d’Etat.

KDO: Les télévisions francophones d’Etat? Et pouvez- vous me dire quels sont les pays qui viennent faire la post-production chez vous au CIRTEF, les pays de la sous-région et d’ailleurs?

AA: Il faut dire qu’à sa création en 1995, jusqu’en l’an 2000, le CIRTEF recevait presque toutes les télévisions francophones publiques, que ce soit d’Afrique ou du monde entier. On a eu à post produire des documents venant du Vietnam, du Canada, de la Suisse, surtout avec les premières séries que nous appelons habitats traditionnels. Le CIRTEF a eu à travailler avec 7 té- lévisions du Nord et du Sud francophone.

KDO: Et à partir de 2000?

AA: A partir de 2000, le CIRTEF a créé d’autres centres, le Centre de Yaoundé, le Centre de Niamey et le Centre de l’Ile Maurice. La plupart de nos réal- isateurs, qui viennent ici, sont des télévisions franco-phones dispatchées au niveau de ces trois centres selon la programmation. Au niveau de Bruxelles et selon les thématiques, les Ivoiriens, les Togolais, les Guinéens, les Marocains peuvent se retrouver à Cotonou ou à Niamey dans l’un des centres pour produire leur films.

KDO: Quels sont les chiffres que vous faites en post-pro- duction par an, en documentaire et en fictions.

AA: Quand nous avions commencé, on était à plus de 40 documentaires par an parce que dans l’année on peut avoir 3 séries, et chaque série peut mobiliser 8 pays. Vous voyez à peu près le nombre de docu- mentaires entre 1985 et 2000. Ensuite, le rythme des productions a diminué du Centre de Cotonou puisqu’il y a aussi les autres centres.

KDO: Quels sont les autres centres?

AA: On peut avoir maintenant 3 séries qui peuvent impliquer 4 pays c’est soit le Togo, soit le Bénin, soit le Mali et le Niger. Il faut dire que les réalisateurs des pays dans lesquels se trouvent les centres restent dans leur pays d’origine. Lorsqu’un béninois ne peut pas aller à Niamey pour produire son film, il reste ici à Cotonou. De même pour Niamey et Yaoundé. Donc depuis 2000, nous ne recevons plus de producteurs venant du Cam- eroun, de Niamey pour la post-production. Mais pour les ateliers, ils viennent ici. Comme ils ont un centre dans leur pays d’origine, cela a permis d’amoindrir les coûts au niveau du CIRTEF.

KDO: Et sinon ce que je voulais vous demander, sur quelle base technique vous travaillez en post-production?

AA: Je loue les efforts des responsables CIRTEF. Chaque année nous faisons la demande pour être à la page, être technologiquement à jour. Aujourd’hui à Cotonou nous pouvons travailler sur n’importe quelle plateforme, soit Avid, ou Final-Cut, ou Adobe qui est le logiciel le plus répandu actuellement en Afrique. Nous avons 3 salles de montage et une salle de mixage.

KDO: Une salle de mixage?

AA: Oui! Pour deux monteurs et un mixeur et du point de vue matériel, magnétoscope, nous avons presque tous les gammes, on peut travailler en DVCAM, on peut travailler en HD, on peut travailler aussi en HDV; c’est notre dernière acquisition.

KDO: Lorsqu’un documentariste vient d’une télévision d’un autre pays, il arrive et repart avec un produit fini?

AA: Ils participent d’abord à un atelier de scénarisation pour mettre à niveau tous les scénarios. Il faut que ça rentre dans un format. Ainsi on définit tous les con- tours, les formats.

KDO: Les activités d’écriture?

AA: Les activités d’écritures ont lieu dans un centre ou bien dans un pays. Soit dans un des centres, à Cotonou ou à Niamey. Après cette étape ils rentrent dans leur pays d’origine. Ensuite ils tournent, font la maquette qu’ils renvoient au siège du CIRTEF ou à l’atelier de formation que le CIRTEF organise tous les ans dans l’un des pays membres. Après le visionnage des ma- quettes il y a des recommandations. Si une maquette est relativement aboutie, le projet entre en post-produc- tion soit à Cotonou, soit à Niamey ou au Cameroun.

KDO: Quelle est la durée de la post-production chez vous?

 AA: Nous avons deux fonds, il y a les fonds qui consacrent les séries pour les séries du CIRTEF et il y a aussi le fond TV5-CIRTEF. Pour les séries TV5-CIRTEF c’est toujours en partenariat avec les télévisions publiques d’Etat et c’est une co-produc- tion où les télévisions mettent plus de moyens. Les réalisateurs viennent dans les différents centres, ils n’ont que 5 jours, c’est peu, mais comme la tech-nologie a évolué, on essaye de dire à ces réalisateurs de travailler sur les disques durs, de “digitaliser”, d’avoir toute la matière numérisée. Une fois ici, nous tentons d’améliorer le document. Pour les séri- es subventionnées par le CIRTEF en co-production, il peut y avoir deux semaines de post-production où on reprend la maquette, on reformate, on travaille sur les voix. Pour enfin sortir le produit, le PAD dif- fusable, voilà!

KDO: Vous pouvez nous parler de la plateforme AIME, – ce logiciel apparemment d’une base de données imaginé à la base par le CIRTEF – pour faire la sauvegarde des archives de tous les documentaires produits chez vous, ou sur lesquels vous avez des partenaires coproducteurs?

AA: Le CIRTEF a mis en place cette plateforme AIME qui existe depuis plus de dix ans. Mais ces dernières an- nées, il a subi une évolution ce qui a fait que le centre de Cotonou est doté de cette plateforme. L’année passée, avec l’aide de l’UNESCO, nous avons organisé un atelier pour sept télévisions d’Etat. Leurs informaticiens sont arrivés ici pour être bien outillés avec ce nouveau système AIME qui est le système d’archivage.

KDO: Ces sept télévisions d’Etat sont équipées aussi du système AIME?

AA: Oui, ces sept télévisions sont équipées du système AIME. Il s’agit du Bénin, de la Côte d’Ivoire, du Togo, du Niger, du Mali et du Sénégal. Disons presque toute la sous-région ouest-africaine.

KDO: Et eux ils étaient équipés avec le système AIME au niveau des télévisions depuis combien de temps?

AA: Je pense que ces dernières années presque toutes les télévisions sont déjà dotées de ce système d’archivage AIME. Ici au centre nous avons la nouvelle version qui va nous permettre de numériser ou bien d’archiver tout ce que nous avons comme production, cela depuis l’ouverture du centre.

KDO: Y a-t-il une bonne partie déjà archivée?

AA: Oui il y a une bonne partie qui était déjà ar- chivée sur les supports DVCAM et DVD, mais nous avons commencé petit à petit à les rentrer dans la plateforme AIME, ça nécessite beaucoup de temps, mais on s’y attelle.

KDO: Et d’un autre côté, je voulais vous demander par rapport au documentaire, à votre avis qu’est ce qui fait que les télévisions nationales programment peu de documen- taires au niveau de la diffusion nationale, c’est à dire que la programmation du CIRTEF en documentaire est utilisée par exemple sur CFI et TV5 mais qu’au niveau national, le repêchage de ce genre de documentaires est très faible.

AA: Oui, il faut remarquer que pour la plupart des télévisions africaines, c’est l’actualité, la politique qui occupent presque la majorité des temps de diffusion. Cela ne nous laisse pas assez de temps pour les films documentaires. Un autre aspect ce sont les telenovelas qui remplissent nos écrans parce que les télévisions ont besoins de ressources, sont obligées d’aller louer ces heures de diffusion à d’autres structures de production. Elles font diffuser ces telenovelas sur nos chaînes et toutes ces productions remplissent la grille de program- mation. Pour le film documentaire il faut dire aussi qu’au niveau de nos télévisions, il n’y a pas d’initiatives pour faire de très bons documentaires. Des magazines, des reportages sont faits, ils disent que ce sont des documentaires. Le documentaire a un coût, nos télévi- sions ne sont pas prêtes à y mettre assez de ressources d’où la co-production avec le CIRTEF. Malgré cela, on remarque qu’il n’y a pas assez de plages de diffusion pour ces documentaires et il faut dire que quand une télévision participe à une production du CIRTEF, si c’est 10 pays qui participent, la chaîne reçoit 10 émis- sions gratuitement mais je ne comprends pas pourquoi ils ne programment pas ces différentes productions.

KDO: Même lorsqu’on leur donne dix documentaires gra- tuits – parce que déjà produits par le CIRTEF et les gens de la sous-région?

AA: C’est une co-production!

KDO: C’est une co-production, ils ne diffusent même pas ces documentaires?

AA: Je ne sais pas pourquoi!

KDO: Et comment faire pour lutter contre ça? Comment pensez-vous qu’on puisse réussir à trouver une solution pour que ces documentaires soient présentés? Est-ce qu’il faut créer une agence spécifique du documentaire et faire du lobbying?

AA: Comment dirais-je? Il faut séparer tout ce qui est actualité et service de production. Il faut une grille de programmation stricte qui essaie de respecter les dif- férents genres, si c’est des telenovelas, il ne faudrait pas que durant toute la semaine on nous projette des séries brésiliennes et autres, il faudrait qu’on alloue des espac- es à des films documentaires. Pour faire cela, il faudrait qu’on scinde les actualités. Tous ceux qui s’occupent de la politique de la production.

KDO: Ce qui est paradoxal, c’est de constater que même aujourd’hui en 2013, il y a des écoles de cinéma, il y a des écoles d’audiovisuel à Cotonou, un peu partout sur la région, au Burkina Faso aussi, et qu’il y a moins de place pour les documentaires. En même temps on forme des jeunes à travailler dans l’audiovisuel. Quelle est la finalité pour ces jeunes-là, si ce n’est que pour travailler à la télévision et ne faire que des actualités. 

AA: Mais il faut dire que c’est un problème très im- portant que vous soulevez, car il ne suffit pas seule- ment de former. Si vous formez les jeunes il faut leur donner les moyens pour pouvoir faire des films et vivre de ça. Or, la filière documentaire ce n’est pas donné à n’importe qui. Il faut que vous soyez bien outillé pour aller affronter les gens, car qui parle de documentaires, parle de réalité. Si je veux faire un film documentaire et que je choisis la thématique, il faut que je sois bien armé, bien cultivé, pour pouvoir affronter tous les intervenants que j’aurai dans mon documentaire. Est ce que ces jeunes-là ont cette for-mation? Certes on leur apprend les rudiments à l’école mais il faut déjà des leviers… qui sont dans le métier pour les entraîner, mais on n’a pas ces leviers. Tous les gens que nous avons à la télévision ne font pas de documentaires. Sans l’initiative du CIRTEF, on ne parle pas de production documentaire à la télévision. Il n’y a que des reportages. Pas mal de réalisateurs ont été formés et sont à la télévision. Mais ils ne foutent rien. Ils travaillent, mais pas sur des sujets auxquels ils ont été formés. C’est vraiment écœurant parce que les sujets ne manquent pas, et quand vous prenez les jeunes, ils n’ont pas de financement pour produire, ils ont beau écrire, ils ont des thématiques, ils viennent vous voir pour dire « Je veux faire ceci, je veux faire cela », mais ils n’ont pas les moyens.

KDO: Est-ce que c’est lié au fait qu’il y a une scission – je pense globalement dans quasiment tous les pays afric- ains -, un clivage entre le Centre National de la Ciné- matographie et le monde de la télévision? Il n’y a pas vraiment de connexion car il y a possibilité de faire des partenariats mais les gens du cinéma, les gens qui font du documentaire cinéma, ne sont pas en connexion avec les réalisateurs de la télévision. Est-ce qu’il y aurait la pos-sibilité d’essayer de trouver une plateforme intéressante, demander aux gens du cinéma, du documentaire de faire une formation, pour qu’il y ait une vraie collaboration?

AA: Oui, une vraie collaboration, quand vous prenez les centres de cinématographie dont vous parlez, qu’est-ce qu’ils font? Nous avons un centre de ciné- matographie, mais moi je ne vois pas de films qui sortent. Si ce sont des fictions, ils ne sortent pas! Mais tous ceux qui font des productions de films docu- mentaires ou bien des reportages c’est avec la télévi- sion, parce que le format est là. Aujourd’hui c’est la vidéo, et la vidéo, c’est la télévision. Aujourd’hui la vidéo a gagné. Il n’y a pas de structure ici digne de ce nom ayant toutes les plateformes de production. Vous pouvez avoir des structures qui ont le matériel de tournage mais du matériel de post-production, il n’y en a pas du tout. Vous voyez une agence de post- production ou bien de production, vous entrez là, qu’est-ce que vous trouvez? Deux à trois caméras, un ordinateur et c’est fini! Cela ne peut pas booster la production cinématographique ou bien documentaire dont vous parlez, et quand je prends cette direction-là, de la cinématographie et le fonds d’aide à la culture, toutes ces structures, qu’est-ce qu’elles font? Elles ont des enveloppes pour permettre aux jeunes de produire, mais ces enveloppes là, où est-ce qu’elles vont? Pas dans la production, pas du tout, mais nous nous sommes là depuis 17 ans. C’est rare qu’on travaille avec le privé, ils viennent à nous pour post-produire. Puis on leur dit voilà les conditions dans lesquelles nous travaillons, pour un film de 52 minutes, il faut 3 semaines, ils disent que c’est trop coûteux! Alors qu’en fait, ils ont un budget, tous les postes sont définis et ils veulent faire des économies au niveau des charges de la post-production, ce n’est pas bien! Ce n’est pas possible! Donc il y a des productions, mais ces pro- ductions ne sont pas de bonne facture.

KDO: Par rapport aux documentaires du CIRTEF dont vous finalisez la post-production, quels sont vos partenaires au niveau des festivals, est-ce qu’il y a des documentaires du CIRTEF qui font des festivals dans la sous-région ou dans le reste du monde?

AA: Bon, presque la plupart des festivals de la sous- région. Chaque année, il y a le CIRTEF qui essaye d’identifier ces festivals, de positionner ses films. Il n’y a pas plus de 3 mois, j’ai reçu une fiche où je devais compléter les informations pour le festival de l’URT. Un film que nous avons post-produit ici, un film béninois est positionné au niveau de ce festival.

KDO: Quel festival?

AA: Le festival de l’URT (Union des Radios Télévi- sions), qui organise des festivals pour les télévisions, il y a aussi le FESPACO chaque année il y a au moins le CIRTEF qui positionne des films, il y a aussi Vues d’Afrique.

KDO: Vues d’Afrique au Canada.

AA: Au Canada aussi, il y a pas mal de festivals où le CIRTEF essaye de placer ses productions, ses films documentaires.

KDO: Et ça, c’est le siège à Bruxelles qui s’occupe des festi- vals, de placer les films.

AA: C’est le siège à Bruxelles qui s’occupe de ça, tout ce qui est production c’est le siège, nous nous sommes ici, on exécute, on reçoit les produits, les réalisateurs, on fait la post-production, on essaye de régler tout.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez que le documentaire dans une perspective utopique et optimiste, est-ce que vous pensez que le documentaire est quand même l’avenir pour tout ce qui est économie, société, environnement, pour pousser aussi la collaboration des sociétés civiles en Afrique? Pour que la production du documentaire gagne un peu de la hauteur dans les différents domaines, est-ce que vous pensez qu’on peut avoir un lien avec la société civile pour faire du documentaire de plus haut niveau?

AA: Quand on parle de documentaires, c’est à tous les niveaux, on veut des documentaires dans le secteur économique, dans le social. Le documentaire est présent, pas les moyens. S’il y a une structure qui dit « Aujourd’hui moi je finance les films documentaires de bonne qualité », il va falloir mettre en place une struc- ture, d’abord faire appel à la candidature des sujets. Les gens vont postuler, avec un comité rigoureux pour la sélection des sujets. Et un suivi sur tout le parcours réécriture, tournage et post-production, et là on aura des documentaires de bonne qualité. Mais il faut qu’il y ait un fonds approprié à ces productions là, et qu’il y ait des gens soucieux et conscients de la production de films documentaires. Si on prend un administratif pour se dispatcher les sous, si tous les postes sont respectés et que le financement est là, et qu’on arrive à mettre la main sur un certain nombre de réalisateurs sérieux, je pense que les productions de films documentaires, c’est l’avenir pour l’Afrique. Parce qu’on ne peut que révéler ce que nous avons sur tous les domaines, on ne peut pas faire de fictions, de l’imaginaire à tout moment mais le documentaire ça, il va falloir trouver les moyens pour pouvoir l’instaurer en Afrique!

 

INTERVIEW DE APPOLINAIRE AÏVODJI

DIRECTEUR DE L’ISMA – BENIN

KDO: Pouvez-vous vous présenter?

AA: Je suis cinéaste, directeur de la photographie, et j’ai un Master of Fine Arts. Je suis actuellement le di- recteur d’étude à l’Isma qui a été mis en place en 2006 par son fondateur Monsieur Maturin. C’est un officier de douane passionné par l’image, ils nous a toujours dit « si je n’étais pas douanier, je serais journaliste ». En 2006 il a pris des contacts en France et aux Etats- Unis, et il a fait des démarches au niveau du ministère de l’éducation pour avoir l’autorisation d’ouverture. Dans ses démarches, il a eu des partenaires. Le premier partenaire de l’Isma c’est l’Eica l’école internationale de création. L’Isma forme des journalistes, des JRI comme on les appelle, et la filière est le journalisme audiovisuel qui peut intervenir à la radio comme à la télévision. Pendant trois ans ils sont formés, suivent des cours, et après ces trois années, ils soutiennent un mémoire. Il y a aussi les réalisateurs. L’Isma forme des gens qui ont choisi de faire du cinéma. Il y a des réalisateurs de cinéma, de télévision, eux sont formés durant trois ans et ils reçoivent le diplôme de licence en réalisation cinéma et TV. Mais il y a les métiers de l’audiovisuel, les caméramans, les techniciens du son, les monteurs, les gestionnaires de production. Ceux là font ingénierie et exploitation de l’équipement. Ils font deux ans et ils passent l’examen de l’Etat béninois qui est le BTS. Par- allèlement ils reçoivent aussi un diplôme en interne, le diplômes des techniques audiovisuelles DT et reconnu par l’Etat béninois et le Cames. Donc après ces deux années ils peuvent continuer la formation pour avoir leur licence, un an après. Et puis, ils peuvent continuer pour avoir leur master et je reviens sur les autres filières en disant que ceux qui obtiennent leur licence en journalisme audiovisuel peuvent continuer et peuvent obtenir le master après deux années de formation.

KDO: Donc, le master c’est quatre ans, c’est deux ans pour la licence, deux ans pour le master.

AA: Non c’est trois ans pour la licence, le master c’est deux ans, donc cinq ans pour avoir le master. Pour les réalisateurs, il y a ceux qui obtiennent la licence en réalisation cinématographique, mais ils peuvent continuer et en deux ans, ils obtiennent le master en réalisation cinéma, c’est la même chose pour les métiers de l’audiovisuel, ceux qui ont eu le DUT ou le BTS peuvent obtenir leur licence en complétant un an de formation et en deux ans ils peuvent obtenir un master dans les métiers de l’audiovisuel.

KDO: D’accord et dans le cadre de la formation, est-ce que les jeunes qui sont en formation chez vous arrivent à trouver ou à faire des stages au niveau de la télévision ou au niveau des sociétés de production ici sur le Bénin?

AA: Ah oui, vous avez raison, parce que la formation à l’Institut Supérieur des Métiers de l’Audiovisuel allie la théorie et la pratique. Il y a 30% de théorie et 70% de pratique. C’est par rapport à ça, que nous sommes entrés en partenariat avec les chaînes de télévision, nationales ou privées. Nous sommes en production avec Golf télévision, Canal 3, l’ORTB et TV Carrefour et ainsi de suite, et aussi les radios privées. Parallèlement, nous avons aussi des partenariats avec des structures de production, des structures de communication, et tous nos étudiants font leur stage dans ces structures. Soit, ils choisissent de faire de la radio, ils vont à la radio, c’est vrai que nous avons assez de matériel qui permette aux étudiants de faire de la pratique, mais pour décou- vrir la réalité professionnelle, on les envoie dans ces structures là pour rencontrer, voir les difficultés, mieux connaître le monde de la profession.

KDO: Quel est le pourcentage d’étudiants béninois par rapport au pourcentage d’étudiants de la sous-région? J’ai appris qu’apparemment vous recevez des élèves d’autres pays voisins qui viennent et qui restent ici dans le cadre de leurs études?

AA: Ce que je peux vous dire par rapport au pourcent- age c’est que les Béninois forment 80% de l’effectif et le reste, les 20%, viennent des quinze pays de la sous- région. Actuellement nous avons des étudiants venant de seize à dix sept pays différents. Nous formons des étudiants qui sortent polyvalents, les journalistes que nous formons sont des JRI ( Journalistes Reporters d’Images). Le journaliste est formé, en tant que cadreur, en tant que journaliste, bien sûr, et il est formé en tant que monteur. Quand il prend lui seul sa caméra, il part en reportage, il revient, il peut monter et rendre à la diffusion. C’est la même chose pour les techniciens, ce- lui qui choisit la caméra ne fait pas que la caméra, il fait le son, il fait le montage. Ils sont formés polyvalents, donc ils n’ont pas de difficultés à la sortie. Ou alors ils ouvrent leur propre structure, c’est ce qui est plus facile. C’est ce que font la majorité, et il y a des gens qui sont recrutés par ces structures, là où ils ont fait leur stage. Il y en a d’autres qui sont recrutés au niveau des stations.

KDO: Est-ce que vous faites des résidences d’écriture au sein de l’école?

AA: Ce que nous faisons c’est que bien que le pro- gramme permette aux étudiants d’avoir des cours d’écriture du scénario, nous donnons la possibilité aux étudiants de faire des recherches sur les résidences d’écriture organisées par telle fondation, organisées par tel institut, et ainsi de suite. C’est vrai que ce n’est pas fréquent mais ça arrive.

KDO: Et par rapport à l’école de formation, la spécificité de la protection des droits et des droits audiovisuels, est-ce que c’est un des secteurs prévus dans le cadre de l’enseignement? Car nous n’avons pas sur le continent beaucoup de juristes formés en droit audiovisuel pour faire face à la déferlante des nouvelles technologies liées à l’image dans le système de la mondialisation.

AA: Oui, c’est vrai ce que vous dites, mais nous ne for- mons pas les gens, nous ne formons pas les spécialistes de droit. Nous avons toutefois des matières qui ont rap- port au droit, à la déontologie, à l’éthique. Tout ça pour permettre quand même aux journalistes de connaître leurs droits et devoirs. Ils ont des cours de droit public, de droit pénal.

KDO: Lorsqu’un jeune qui veut faire du documentaire, sort de l’école dans un contexte où – et c’est vrai de toute la région d’Afrique francophone -,les salles de cinéma ont tendance à disparaître; que nous savons qu’il y a des pays où il y avait des centaines de salles de cinéma – je prends le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire que je viens de quitter – et aujourd’hui il n’y en a plus que trois, donc quel est l’avenir de la diffusion du documentaire sur ce continent? Est-ce que nous devons créer et réfléchir à un nouveau mode de diffusion, parce que c’est bien beau de former des gens à faire de l’audiovisuel mais s’il n’y a pas de spectateurs, si la télévision est la seule entité de diffusion c’est insuffisant!

AA: C’est vrai que nous sommes actuellement en train d’appuyer le nouveau directeur de la cinématographie, un homme dynamique qui a été formé en Chine, qui a de l’énergie. Il faut forcément organiser les jeunes, prendre des initiatives, créer des projets pour qu’ils puissent démontrer de quoi ils sont capables. Actuelle- ment, ceux qui sortent de l’Isma ont plein de projets, ce qui leur manque c’est le financement. Ce qui fait que le fondateur de l’Isma a pris la décision, il y a à peine quelques semaines de créer un fonds pour assister les premiers projets des étudiants. On les accompagne un an, deux ans pour qu’ils ne soient pas livrés à eux- mêmes. Ces projets seront diffusés. Nous avons un am- phithéâtre de trois cent cinquante places à l’Isma que nous allons transformer en salle de projection. Et pour cela même nous sommes en partenariat avec le Centre Culturel Français. L’espace sera aussi exploité par le centre culturel français. (Aujourd’hui c’est l’Institut Français). Les films d’étudiants seront projetés et même d’autres films de la sous-région, puisque nous sommes en réseau, nous sommes désormais membre du CILET c’est l’association internationale des écoles de cinéma et de télévision. Désormais le réseau va per- mettre aux étudiants des échanges entre ces écoles.

KDO: Mais c’est une bonne idée de faire un fonds pour les étudiants qui sortent pour qu’ils ne soient pas livrés à eux-mêmes en terme de production, et qu’ils démar-rent. Et je veux vous demander avec quels matériels vous travaillez actuellement dans cette école?

AA: Nous avons des matériels performants, nous som- mes même mieux équipés que certaines télévisions, pour ne pas dire même toutes les télévisions de la place. Nous formons les étudiants avec tout type de caméras, tout type de microphones. Ce matériel audiovisuel peut leur permettre de ne pas être surpris sur le terrain professionnel. Vous prenez n’importe quel étudiant de l’Isma, vous le mettez dans une structure, dans une télévision, il va travailler sérieusement. Tout le matériel dont nous disposons est professionnel.

KDO: Je trouve ça très intéressant, et j’aurais voulu savoir l’approche de votre école par rapport aux mouvements sociaux et aux groupes de la société civile dans ce pays qui mènent des combats sur l’environnement, sur le monde social, sur l’économie. Est-ce que les étudiants ont accès aux gens de la société civile pour organiser des débats, et est-ce que vous avez des intervenants extérieurs en dehors des professeurs pour justement apprendre à ces étudiants à communiquer avec des intervenants extérieurs, c’est à dire des professeurs d’université ou l’équivalent?

AA: Nous avons des matières comprenant des échanges d’expérience et nous invitons des professeurs de haut rang sur tel ou tel cas, ils viennent faire des exposés. Ils échangent avec ces étudiants ou bien ces personnes res- sources. Nous sommes en partenariat avec l’UNICEF, qui vient évidemment une fois l’an pour faire des exposés, ou bien pour faire le point de la situation des enfants dans le monde et ça permet quand même de donner aux étudiants des informations qui leur per- mettent de réaliser des documentaires. Dans le cadre de ces partenariats-là, il y a deux prix qui sont donnés par le CIRTEF chaque année, ça peut être une caméra ou un laptop. C’est en préparation pour cette année, et c’est ce partenariat là qui nous permet de renforcer ces échanges ou ces invitations des personnes ressources. Individuellement je pense que ces étudiants n’ont pas d’initiative, il faut les orienter, les organiser.

Le seul objectif en perspective est de donner des ouvertures à nos étudiants. Il y a des matières qui sont prévues dans leur programme, il y a le management, il y a l’entreprenariat, il y a même le bain linguistique qui est prévu. Ils vont faire deux mois de stage au Crac pour leur permettre de maîtriser la langue la plus utili- sée, l’anglais. Au travers de ces matières, les étudiants découvrent les réalités du management, quelles sont les démarches qu’ils doivent mener pour convaincre un sponsor. C’est vrai qu’il faut rapprocher le partenariat avec d’autres écoles de management pur et dur pour maîtriser plus le domaine là ils ont plus d’outils, plus d’armes pour convaincre. C’est vrai que ce que vous avez proposé il faut le développer.

 

INTERVIEW DE MONSIEUR BONNAVENTURE ASSOGBA DIRECTEUR DU FONDS D’APPUI A LA PRODUCTION AUDIOVISUELLE DU BENIN

KDO: Dans un premier temps vous allez vous présenter, dire votre fonction et puis expliquer le Fonds.

BMA: Bonjour, je suis Bonnaventure Assogba, je suis le directeur du Fonds d’Appui à la Production Audiovi- suelle du Bénin. Ce Fonds dépend du Ministère de la Communication et des TIC. Qu’est-ce qui a amené le gouvernement béninois à créer le Fonds en 2008? C’est qu’avant, la direction que j’avais l’honneur de diriger s’appelait, Direction de la Production et de la Presse Audiovisuelle. A l’époque, la plupart des chaînes de télévision et de radio, les productions locales étaient en nombre nettement inférieur par rapport à la masse des programmes qui venaient de l’étranger. Donc, nous som- mes partis de ce constat pour attirer l’attention du gou- vernement sur le fait que le Bénin doit pouvoir traduire ses réalités, ses attentes. Les attentes de la population en support audiovisuel, et la diffusion presque exclusive- ment, c’est à dire à plus 50% , des images venues du Nord. Voilà rapidement la genèse du Fonds. Le Fonds s’adresse à qui? Le Fonds s’adresse aussi bien aux sta- tions, aux organes audiovisuels, qu’aux télés, radios pub- liques et privées. Ce sont des organes structurés. Dans un deuxième temps, le Fonds s’adresse aussi aux agences de production audiovisuelle établies en République du Bénin, c’est-à-dire ayant un registre de commerce. Et dans un troisième temps, le Fonds est ouvert aussi aux professionnels indépendants, c’est-à-dire les sociétés de production qui présentent les garanties nécessaires de compétences pour la faisabilité d’une œuvre ou d’un objet. Donc, voilà à qui le Fonds s’adresse.

KDO: Et pour l’année 2013, quel est le budget du Fonds?

BMA: Bon! Pour l’année 2013, le budget que nous som- mes en train d’exécuter comporte trois volets. Je ne sais pas si c’est le volet consacré à la production qui vous intéresse puisque les deux autres volets en dehors de la production c’est le renforcement de capacités des pro- fessionnels qui sont déjà dans le milieu, dans le secteur de l’audiovisuel et le dernier domaine c’est la diffusion; comment faire pour que les œuvres que nous appuyons puissent être vues aussi bien au Bénin qu’ailleurs. Donc pour cette année 2013, concernant le volet production audiovisuelle nous sommes autour d’un peu moins de cent millions pour ce volet.

KDO: Et comment expliquez-vous, par exemple ici au Bénin, nous constatons – pas seulement au Bénin – mais dans toute l’Afrique francophone, la disparition des salles de cinéma? Au moment où l’on a le plus d’images, com- ment expliquer la disparition des salles de cinéma?

BMA: Il faut dire que moi je m’occupe essentiellement du petit écran.

KDO: D’accord, essentiellement de la télévision.

BMA: Donc nous avions fait la recherche sur la ques- tion mais comme au Bénin, l’organisation administra- tive voudrait que le cinéma, le grand écran, les salles, soient au niveau du Ministère de la Culture où il y a un directeur de la cinématographie, je préfère vraiment que ceux qui s’occupent de la cinématographie puis- sent répondre à la question. Sans quoi, on a notre idée. Mais ce que je peux dire, si je puis me permettre, c’est qu’aujourd’hui, bien que la division du travail admi- nistratif soit ce que je viens de vous dire, à propos du Fonds d’Appui à la Production Audiovisuelle, celui-ci appuie des œuvres de télévision pour la diffusion, et de temps en temps nous faisons des projections sur grand écran. Donc les salles nous intéressent puisque nous finançons, appuyons financièrement le film documen- taire mais nous finançons aussi les téléfilms. Nous réservons une part du budget pour les téléfilms. Et en dehors de la télé, il y a un prolongement dans les salles. A ce titre, nous nous intéressons aux salles, au grand écran, pour diffuser ce que nous faisons. Je ne peux vous répondre sur la raison de la disparition des salles de cinéma. Au niveau de la direction, nous nous battons pour que nos œuvres, les œuvres que nous appuyons pour le petit écran puissent être vues sur grand écran. Et nous avons partagé avec les Burkinabés au mois de mars 2000 une expérience où on essaie de faire revivre les salles.

KDO: Oui parce que au Burkina, c’est l’exception culturel- le du Burkina où il y a encore 12 salles dans le pays .

BMA: Oui, ils ont connu aussi leur traversée du désert où il y n’avait presque rien, mais ils sont entrain de remonter la pente. Nous sommes allés au Burkina, et lorsqu’on est revenus, nous avons enclenché un travail avec les cinéastes qui ont des œuvres ici, pour que ces films puissent être vus aussi dans des salles. Il y a des promoteurs béninois qui investissent dans les salles. Nous avons une très belle salle aujourd’hui à Cotonou. Et puis on a d’autres initiatives. Même au niveau du documentaire, pour certaines œuvres nous allons tenter l’expérience de l’exploitation, et nous pensons pouvoir faire des entrées – peut-être plus d’entrées que pour les films de fiction dans les salles. Je vous donne juste l’exemple du film sur le roi Béhanzin, -le roi Béhanzin c’est un roi du Dahomey qui s’était opposé à la colo- nisation française. Il y a un réalisateur de la télévision béninoise, M. André Jonson, qui a réalisé un documen- taire en 2008 sur ce roi et nous pensons que, vu le sujet et son contenu, si on tente par exemple de mettre des sujets comme celui-ci dans les salles, les gens peuvent être au rendez-vous. Donc nous ne sommes pas com- plètement insensibles aux salles. Pour mettre en œuvre notre politique de diffusion, en appui à ce que nous avi- ons fait au niveau des villages et des campagnes. Nous avions signé des contrats de diffusion avec le CNA (Cinéma Numérique Ambulant) qui a montré en 2009 une dizaine de documentaires et des fictions dans les village, et nous avons constaté l’engouement du public. Je peux vous dire que les films documentaires ont eu autant de succès que les fictions.

KDO: Donc ça veut dire qu’il y aurait éventuellement un engouement de la population pour les documentaires, si on rouvrait des salles de cinéma.

BMA: Maintenant, il faut passer à l’exécution du pro- gramme et évaluer en fin d’année, pour voir ce que cela va donner. Et puis en 2014, corriger.

KDO: Est-ce que vous pensez qu’il y a des possibilités pour que les télévisions publiques programment un peu plus de documentaires au niveau des chaînes nationales? Est-ce une problématique lorsqu’on s’aperçoit qu’en Afrique de l’ouest francophone, en fonction des pays, mais globale- ment valable pour presque tous les pays, que l’antenne est occupée par les actualités, les déplacements des hommes politiques, les telenovelas brésiliennes, il reste très peu de place pour les documentaires locaux. Est-ce qu’il y a un moyen de trouver une solution d’appui pour que les télévisions diffusent un peu plus de documentaires? 

BMA: Oui on connait très bien le problème, et au niveau de la direction, on essaye de pallier à ça. En 2010, qu’est ce que nous avons fait? La même dé- marche que nous avons eu à faire en direction des populations, en signant des contrats avec le cinéma numérique du Bénin pour que les populations des campagnes puissent voir nos films. Nous envoyons des personnes faire des évaluations, pour voir un peu quelles sont les attentes de la population, leurs préoccupations, leurs souhaits. Nous sommes conscients qu’il y a une faiblesse effarante de la diffusion des réalités béninoises, par le documentaire, sur nos télévisions publiques ou privées.

KDO: C’est intéressant parce que les gens qui regardent la fiction et le documentaire vont venir au cinéma.

BMA: On a fait une petite banque de films qui contient quelques documentaires. Nous voulons les programmer sur toutes les chaînes, afin de diffuser à intervalles plus ou moins régulier des œuvres produites par des béni- nois. Nous sommes entrain de discuter, lors de séances de travail. Au départ on avait mis l’accent sur la pro- duction, l’aide à la production, pour produire des films. Mais on s’est rendu compte qu’au niveau compétence, il y a des ajustements à faire pour ceux qui sont dans le métier. Alors on a rajouté un grand volet d’appui à la production, au renforcement des capacités pour que les gens puissent s’aguerrir, améliorer déjà leur expertise, la diffusion.

 

INTERVIEW DE MODESTE MOUBEKI REALISATEUR

KDO: Bonjour, est-ce que vous pourriez vous présenter dans un premier temps, parler de votre parcours et après je vais vous poser des questions sur l’état du documentaire au Bénin.

MM: Bonjour, je suis Modeste Moubeki, réalisateur de formation, j’ai fait l’école des arts dramatiques du Caire, j’ai eu mon diplôme en 89, je suis revenu au pays croyant pouvoir travailler sur le support pellicule. Mais bon, la vidéo a pris le pas sur les pellicules et je me suis reconverti rapidement avec mon passage à l’ORTB et aujourd’hui je fais des films que ce soit des fictions, des documentaires plus sur support vidéo parce que s’est moins onéreux.

KDO: Et vous avez travaillé pendant combien de temps à la télévision? 

MM: Pour la télévision j’ai travaillé de 1996 à 2002 cela fait six ans, et après j’ai décidé de partir parce que je perdais du temps là et que ça ne bougeait pas trop.

KDO: Et donc là, vous êtes maintenant un réalisateur et producteur indépendant? 

MM: Indépendant oui j’ai une structure de production, production SITO, avec laquelle je fais des films.

KDO: Et en tant que réalisateur et producteur indépen- dant vous vous êtes dirigé vers quoi, plutôt vers le docu- mentaire?

MM: Non je fais les deux je fais de la fiction, je fais du documentaire mais je vois que là maintenant je suis sur beaucoup de projets. J’ai tourné déjà beaucoup de films documentaires que je n’ai pas encore montés, je viens de terminer un documentaire sur les divinités que nous avons au Bénin.

KDO: Et ce film-là il est monté?

MM: Il vient d’être monté et c’est un film de 26 minutes.

KDO: Et c’est un documentaire de création?

MM: Oui c’est un documentaire de création.

KDO: Quel est l’état des lieux du documentaire au Bénin ici, comment voyez-vous l’avenir du documentaire en terme de production et dans un deuxième temps en terme de distribution?

MM: En terme de production je vois que c’est plus facile pour nous de faire du documentaire, parce que on peut toujours s’arranger, ça ne demande pas autant de moyens que la fiction. La chose est faisable maintenant. Le problème c’est la distribution parce que nous devons supplier les distributeurs, les télévisions qui ne veulent pas acheter les films alors qu’ils en ont besoin pour leur grille de programme.

KDO: Vous dites que la télévision ne veut pas acheter mais est-ce qu’ils ne veulent pas acheter les films, ou est-ce qu’ils n’ont pas les moyens d’acheter des films?

MM: Non, c’est de la mauvaise volonté. Vous avez une chaîne de télévision, vous avez besoin de documen- taires, mais vous n’allez quand même pas toujours continuer de prendre gratuitement le programme des autres sous prétexte que vous avez des accords, non?

KDO: Et à votre avis, est-ce que ce sont les accords de CFI et de TV5 Afrique qui empêchent les télévisions nationales francophones d’acheter les documentaires dans chaque pays parce que finalement, ils peuvent aller se servir chez CFI ou TV5?

MM: Ce que j’ai constaté pour les télévisions nationales, je crois que leur accord avec CFI et TV5 est pour beau- coup à la base de cette situation. Et pour les chaînes privées c’est la même chose. Mais chez eux ce n’est pas TV5 et CFI, c’est plutôt le Voice of America et BBC. Ce sont les programmes de ces chaînes là que les gens nous montrent ici!

KDO: Et ce sont des programmes qu’ils ont gratuitement à votre avis?

MM: Je ne sais pas quel genre d’accord il y a entre eux, mais j’ai toujours constaté que quand nous faisons des films, quand c’est nos réalités, les gens sont vraiment intéressés quand bien même ce sont des documentaires. Ça les intéresse.

KDO: Donc vous, vous pensez qu’il y a un véritable public?

MM: Il y a un véritable public dans chaque pays pour consommer les films documentaires!

KDO: C’est juste les structures de distribution qui sont inexistantes, et à votre avis comment faire pour organiser cette structure, est-ce qu’il faut demander aux associa- tions de cinéastes, de professionnels de l’audiovisuel d’être un peu mieux organisés? Et pour faire face à la distribu- tion, parce que c’est quand même leur problématique. Cela veut dire que c’est eux qui sont pénalisés finalement, du fait qu’il n’y ait pas de distribution, du fait qu’il n’y ait pas de rapport de force qui obligerait les télévisions à avoir dans leur grille des documentaires?

MM: Oui, je pense que ça dépend des associations parce que quand vous êtes ensemble, vous êtes plus fort. Maintenant les associations devraient pouvoir s’imposer puisque quand nous travaillons sur support vidéo c’est de l’audiovisuel, donc on dépend, en fait, de la haute autorité chargée de l’audiovisuel. Comme ils le font déjà pour les gens qui produisent des chan- sons, des gens qui font de la musique, comme ils im- posent un pourcentage, un quota aux télévisions pour la diffusion, ils devraient le faire aussi pour les films documentaires, ainsi les bureaux de droits d’auteur pourront collecter des fonds, ce qui va relancer le financement des films documentaires.

KDO: Donc à votre avis, le problème relationnel entre les cinéastes et les vidéastes qui font des documentaires non diffusés, c’est un problème au niveau de l’office national de cinéma et au niveau des associations de cinéastes?

MM: Oui c’est au niveau des directions nationales de la cinématographie, et puis au niveau aussi des profession- nels de l’audiovisuel et du cinéma. Il faut s’organiser, les gens ont un engouement parce que souvent, même les films institutionnels, c’est avec plaisir qu’ils les voient, parce que ce sont des sujets qui leur sont proches. Maintenant quand on nous importe quelque chose d’ailleurs, des documentaires d’ailleurs, il faut avoir un certain niveau pour pouvoir s’asseoir et regarder. C’est une approche de plus mais ici, inconsciemment on ap- prend à nos populations certaines choses qu’ils côtoient et qu’ils ignorent. Donc on doit régler beaucoup de problèmes, faire un peu de sensibilisation inconsciemment, parler du problème de l’eau, de la sécurité, on peut sensibiliser beaucoup.

KDO: Et à votre avis, ici en terme de la relation entre les télévisions et les réalisateurs pensez-vous que c’est lié au fait qu’apparemment ce sont deux entités séparées et à aucun moment l’office national du cinéma n’est en rela- tion de force avec les télévisions. Parce que finalement des quotas pourraient être imposés?
KDO: C’est le ministère de la communication?

MM: Je pense que c’est le ministère de la communica- tion, mais quand même avec l’appui de la direction de la cinématographie qui gère. Il y a beaucoup de jour- nalistes qui font des documentaires quand ils sont dans les boîtes, c’est facilement diffusable. Mais quand ils ne sont pas dans les boîtes, tu supplies mais les gens ne veulent pas, parce qu’ils disent qu’ils n’ont pas d’argent pour acheter les films.

KDO: Et que pensez vous de la problématique des ar- chives ici au Bénin. Il y a eu des documentaires qui ont été tournés entre le début des années de l’indépendance et les années 80, des film qui ont été tournés en super 16, en 35 mm et en inversible. Pourtant aujourd’hui, nous avons du mal dans tous les pays africains à retrouver des traces de ces actualités-là. 

MM: Mon passage à la télé m’a permis de toucher du doigt ce problème. Ils veulent se débarrasser de ces bandes, pour avoir plus de place, ils font le ménage. Le problème, c’est ils ne savent pas qu’ils doivent conserver ce qui a été fait. Si bien qu’aujourd’hui même à la radio, il y a des enregistrements qui ont été détruits. Parce que quand on a le nouveau, on oublie que l’ancien est là, on suppose que l’ancien est obsolète et qu’il faut le détru- ire. C’est une perte pour la mémoire, de ne pas conserv- er les archives. Il faut voir aujourd’hui dans la pratique combien maintenant peuvent dire qu’ils ont même des photos de leurs familles? Non il n’y en a pas, cela devi- ent naturel pour eux de détruire. A votre arrivée vous avez dit qu’il y avait des caméras 16 mm. Il y avait un laboratoire film à la télévision, mais grande a été ma surprise quand j’ai découvert qu’il était détruit, parce que l’UMATIC avait tout remplacé. C’est comme cela que ça évolue. On peut voir encore traîner dans les télés des boîtes de films, des UMATIC personne ne les entretient. C’est conservé dans des conditions vraiment pas normales, dans la chaleur, on ne peut rien en tirer.

KDO: Et vous par rapport aux documentaires que vous avez faits jusque là, quels étaient les moyens de diffusion que vous avez pu trouver?

MM: C’est plus sur les chaînes de télévisions. Comme j’ai fait des documentaires, j’étais plus à la télévision na- tionale, donc ils sont passés dans le même circuit dont on a parlé, TV5 et consort.

KDO: Et que pensez vous de créer des systèmes de relais pour la jeunesse parce que la problématique c’est que si la télévision ne diffuse pas les documentaires nous sommes en 2013 où il n’y a quasiment plus de salles de cinéma, donc on ne peut pas projeter de films, comment envisagez de relancer un intérêt sur le documentaire par rapport à la jeunesse?

MM: C’est très simple. Les jeunes quand même ont des centres d’intérêt, et on a affaire à des gens qui achètent des films. Par exemple moi je vois les films que je produis, quand cela concerne nos traditions, les jeunes demandent, où est ce qu’on peut acheter, ils demandent en même temps si quelque chose passe sur la télé, où est ce qu’on peut acheter le DVD, le CD donc y a un engouement.

 

INTERVIEW DE NOELLIE AGUIAR – LALOUPO DOCUMENTARISTE & Intervention

DE NNH: (Directrice du Festival Lagunimage)

KDO: Je vais juste vous demander de vous présenter et d’expliquer un peu votre parcours. Comment avez-vous commencé dans l’audiovisuel et à quelle période avez-vous été prise de passion pour les archives? Et j’aimerais aussi avoir votre sentiment sur les premiers films qui ont été tournés entre les années 60 et les années 80 en super 16, en 35 millimètre et en inversible? Ils ont disparu du fait qu’ils ont été amenés dans les labos français et puis ils sont revenus en positif. On les a projetés et on ne retrouve plus leurs traces, ensuite, on passe à l’époque de la télévision.

NAL: Je suis Noëllie Aguiar épouse Laloupo, la soixantaine, je suis documentaliste depuis les an- nées 70, disons. En fait, au départ j’étais beaucoup plus portée vers le journalisme parce que, à l’époque j’avais ma grande sœur qui était journaliste. Il y avait donc déjà une passion pour la presse, puisque notre papa était imprimeur. On avait dans la famille, une passion pour les lettres et la presse en général. Mais en voyant tout ce que ma sœur rencontrait comme problèmes au cours des reportages, j’ai vite changé d’idées. Au même moment, je me suis rendu compte que notre papa aussi faisait un genre d’archivage, il reliait par mois tous les journaux qu’ils produisaient à l’imprimerie nationale dont il était le promoteur et le directeur général. A l’époque le quotidien s’appelait « Togo Presse » (aujourd’hui « Nouvelle Marche »). J’ai donc trouvé ce que Papa faisait comme archivage très intéressant, surtout que cela permettait à ma sœur de faire des recherches pour pouvoir rédiger des articles de qualité. Mais un beau jour, je me suis dit qu’au lieu de faire du journalisme, moi qui n’aime pas le monde, je préfère embrasser quelque chose de plus discret.

C’est ainsi qu’après le Bac, 2 opportunités s’offrirent à moi 2 concours ont été lancés, un pour le journalisme, pour un recrutement local et un pour rentrer à l’INA (Institut National de l’Audiovisuel) de France à Brie sur Marne. J’ai donc passé les deux et quand les résul- tats ont été publiés, ayant réussi aux deux, j’ai opté pour la formation à l’INA, en France.

En 1977 à Paris, une fois la formation démarrée, mes Professeurs me disaient « Noëllie, vous avez une voix radiophonique, choisissez la production radiophonique ». J’ai dit non, je n’aime pas le monde, le monde me fait peur et comme on avait plusieurs options, j’ai choisi et je me suis lancée dans la documentation audiovisuelle. Mais au cours de la formation, on a fait de la production, on allait en reportage, on faisait de la prise de son, on a fait la prise de son interne et en studio, on a fait de la régie, on réalisait des émissions et à la fin de mon parcours, j’ai opté défini- tivement pour la documentation audiovisuelle.

Une fois de retour au Togo, le pays qui m’a envoyé en formation à l’INA, je n’étais pas mariée à l’époque. En- suite j’ai travaillé un an au Togo. Après mon mariage, j’ai rejoint mon mari au Bénin, c’est ainsi que j’ai servi à l’Office de Radio Télévision du Bénin depuis les an- nées 82. Au départ, j’ai eu à gérer la discothèque après j’ai insisté pour qu’on m’affecte à la télévision, vu ma très grande passion pour les images. Ce qui fut fait.

J’ai mis sur pied et démarré le premier service de docu- mentation à la télévision. Mais je ne vous cache pas que cela n’a pas été facile. C’était un vrai un chemin de croix que de travailler dans un monde qui n’a pas la cul- ture des archives, mais qui à un moment X de l’histoire, a besoin d’archives et te met la pression pour entrer en possession des éléments.

C’était une bataille de longue haleine, mais heureuse- ment, elle a porté ses fruits, mais pas comme je l’aurais souhaité. J’ai quand même réussi à faire inscrire le copyright à la fin des productions, à faire situer les émissions dans le temps, à faire inscrire le nom du jour- naliste sur les éléments d’actualité, ce qui ne se faisait pas avant, et ce qui est une grave erreur parce que dans dix, vingt, trente ans, on se dira « Mais quand est ce qu’on a réalisé l’émission X. Voilà qu’on n’a pas pris la précaution de marquer le copyright! »

Le Service Documentation était démuni en matière de ressources humaines, on était à peine 3. J’ai dit à mes patrons qu’il fallait mettre les moyens à la disposi- tion de la Documentation. En leur précisant, que « Si aujourd’hui, sur Yahoo ou sur Google, on cherche des informations et que quelques secondes après, la réponse apparaît, cela veut dire que derrière cette interface y a des milliers de personnes qui y travaillent 24 heures sur 24 pour mettre à notre dispositions les informations dont on a besoin. Pourquoi, n’allons-nous pas suivre le mouvement, surtout qu’aujourd’hui nous avons des partenaires comme le CIRTEF, (Conseil International de Radios-Télévisions d’Expression Française), l’OIF (Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie), la FIAT (Fédération Internationale des Archives de Té- lévision), et l’INA (Institut National de l’Audiovisuel) en France qui nous soutiennent.

KDO: Vous pouvez nous expliquer le lien avec le CIRTEF, et comment a démarré le système d’archivage?

NAL: En fait, le Cirtef, est le Conseil International de Radios-Télévisions d’Expression Française); Chaque année, il organise un Séminaire de Formation dé- nommé « SEFOR » qui regroupe des cadres de radio et de télévision. En 2000, cette formation s’est tenue à Dakar où il y a eu, entre autre, un atelier qui regroupait documentalistes, responsables de documentation et directeurs techniques. Les termes qui étaient utilisés étaient tellement rébarbatifs, trop techniques, qu’on a proposé dans les recommandations qu’au prochain SEFOR, un atelier soit exclusivement consacré aux documentalistes, parce notre souci, à nous, documen- talistes africains, c’était de pouvoir, au moment où on parle du numérique, retrouver rapidement nos éléments et servir les utilisateurs. C’était notre souci, car nous avions des milliers d’émissions à gérer. Et si on ne pou- vait pas satisfaire l’utilisateur, dans la minute qui suivait la demande, on n’était pas efficace. C’était ça notre préoccupation, préoccupation qui été prise en compte au SEFOR de l’année suivante avec le soutien de l’OIF, et qui a vu la naissance du logiciel AIME. Par la suite, à chaque SEFOR, les responsables de documentation des organes audiovisuels publics ont été formés, avec pour eux l’obligation de former leurs collaborateurs.

Ces séminaires de formation où on se retrouve entre responsables d’archives, nous permettent d’échanger nos expériences, de nous recycler, d’être informés des nouveautés dans le domaine de la technologie docu- mentaire. Des experts assurent les formations. La priorité était donnée aux responsables des archives des organismes publiques des pays francophones.

KDO: Est ce que vous pouvez m’expliquer un peu dans quel cadre vous êtes partie en formation en Chine juste- ment dans le cadre de ces archives?

NAL: Parmi les partenaires qui nous soutiennent, il y a la FIAT qui est l’organisation professionnelle la plus importante dans le domaine des archives Radio et Télé. Elle a été créée en 1977 à Rome et regroupe plus de 180 membres et est composée de plusieurs som- mités des archives, des archivistes qui sont à la retraite depuis des décennies, mais qui sont toujours actifs. Il y a également les partenaires CIRTEF et l’OIF qui ont signé des accords de partenariat avec l’INA, qui aussi est partenaire de la FIAT (Fédération International des Archives de Télévision). La FIAT, dans le cadre de ses activités, organise une Conférence annuelle dans un pays choisi en fonction d’un événement historique qui s’y commémore. C’est ainsi que la FIAT s’est tenue en 2009 en Chine qui venait de commémorer son 60ème anniversaire. Donc, toujours dans le souci de promou- voir les archives surtout les archives audiovisuelles, la FIAT qui est une fédération internationale où les membres du bureau, mus par la passion des archives, font du bénévolat. C’est la même préoccupation qui a amené l’UNESCO à choisir le 27 octobre pour que chaque année, à cette date, une sensibilisation se fasse dans le monde entier, pour attirer l’opinion interna- tionale sur l’urgence à sauvegarder les archives audio- visuelles qui sont en péril. C’est donc pour amener l’Afrique à prendre conscience elle aussi, que le CIR- TEF soutenu par l’OIF a invité les organismes africains publics de l’audiovisuel à adhérer à la FIAT. On en tire énormément profit. Ça permet aux responsables d’archives de participer à la conférence annuelle de la FIAT et de découvrir tout ce qu’il y a comme nou- veauté dans le domaine technologique, dans le domaine des archives et des nouvelles méthodes de gestion. On échange dans tous les domaines même dans la gestion du personnel parce chaque génération a sa méthode. Ce ne sont pas des réunions, des rencontres inutiles, on se rend compte que de l’autre coté (dans les pays du Nord), ça bouge, et ça bouge à une vitesse grand V. Ça nous incite, nous documentalistes africains, à suivre le mouvement. Nous payons des cotisations annuelles. Le groupe OIF a même été formé par les responsables d’archives des organismes publiques de l’audiovisuel qui ont été dotés du logiciel AIME. Et ce qui est intéres- sant, c’est qu’à chaque réunion du SEFOR ou de la FIAT, on fait une évaluation du logiciel AIME, ce qui permet de relever les problèmes que nous rencontrons en utilisant le logiciel AIME et à la formation suivante ces problèmes sont corrigés.

KDO: Donc ça vous permet de relever les carences du logiciel et de l’améliorer éventuellement?

NAL: Oui! En fait, c’est un logiciel qui est convivial, mais quelques problèmes se posent dans son utilisa- tion et cela varie d’un organisme à un autre. Comme problèmes, il y a l’indifférence de nos supérieurs hiérarchiques, l’instabilité du courant électrique, la lenteur ou l’instabilité de l’internet, la non-maîtrise du logiciel, et bien d’autres problèmes. Cela ne marche pas comme on l’aurait souhaité. Il faut reconnaître que les problèmes cités plus haut rendent le logiciel très lent à l’exploitation. Normalement, le logiciel nous permet d’indexer au moins deux à trois heures d’émissions par jour mais quand tu es seule par exemple à gérer les archives, tu es en train d’indexer des émissions, voilà qu’un utilisateur vient il te dit « Moi j’ai besoin sur le champ de quelques éléments pour réaliser telle émission. » Tu es obligé de laisser l’indexation que tu es de faire sur le logiciel pour t’occuper de l’utilisateur. Vous voyez un peu la perte de temps que nous subissons alors que si on avait des personnes ressources comme en Chine par exemple, les étudiants en bibliothécono- mie, en archivistique et autres sont envoyés en stage à la CCTV (China Central Television) pour faire l’étiquetage, le catalogage, l’indexation, et autres. Chez eux c’est une vraie industrie des archives qui emploie une centaine d’agents. Ils font même de la restauration des images dégradées.

Nous sommes appelés deux fois par an à faire le bilan. On fait l’état des lieux en groupe, c’est vraiment une ambiance très conviviale avec les experts et nous es- sayons de voir comment apporter des solutions aux différents dysfonctionnements pour que le logiciel AIME fonctionne mieux. Je me rappelle qu’au SEFOR du Cameroun j’ai demandé qu’une démo du logiciel soit faite aux Directeurs Généraux et aux Directeurs des Programmes pour les amener à appréhender l’utilité des archives que leurs institutions génèrent en lon- gueur de journée et pour qu’ils puissent s’approprier le logiciel AIME. Ce qui a été fait. Nombreux étaient les directeurs généraux qui ont dit « Maintenant on com- prend mieux l’importance des archives et l’utilité du logiciel AIME » et une fois retournés dans leur pays, ils allaient tout mettre en œuvre pour faire de leur struc- ture d’Archivage, la pièce maîtresse de leur institution. Et pour ce faire, ils donneront plus de moyens! Mais la réalité est tout autre!

KDO: Ils n’ont pas donné les moyens?

NAL: Non seulement, les moyens n’ont pas été don- nés, mais il m’est revenu que certains moyens étaient achetés et détournés vers d’autres cieux. Il m’est arrivé d’acheter mes propres équipements pour travailler pour l’Etat. Ce que j’ai récupéré en partant à la retraite.

J’ai même eu l’impression à un moment donné qu’on ne me donnait pas les moyens exprès, pour me décourager! Quand j’exigeais de meilleures conditions de travail, on pensait que c’est parce que j’avais de meilleures conditions de vie et j’irai plus loin, on me privait et s’attendait à ce que j’aille quémander le minimum pour travailler.

Entre autres problèmes, il y avait les conditions de conservation des productions, vous vous imaginez, mais vous avez des productions sur des cassettes qui sont archivées dans des locaux qui prennent l’eau à chaque saison des pluies, là y a un problème sérieux qui se pose.

Bref, le problème du cadre de stockage des supports est aussi à prendre très au sérieux. Le plus souvent ce sont des locaux de fortune, inappropriés qui sont mis à disposition pour le stockage des supports.

Un autre délicat problème se pose, moi je l’ai connu. C’est la décision prise par le chef du centre de détruire les productions sur supports analogiques stockés (qui soit disant ne servent plus à rien), faute d’équipements de lecture pour procéder à la migration sur supports ac- tuels! Un refus d’obtempérer a valu une sanction à une collaboratrice. Cette dernière a profité de la première occasion pour quitter l’office. C’était une bagarre entre elle et le chef des programmes. Donc les cassettes ont été jetées et exposées au soleil et à la pluie. Des photos ont été prises du triste spectacle que cela offrait. Ces images ont fait le tour du monde, les images des cas- settes jetées sont restées en plein air pendant des mois.

KDO: Et ça c’est en quelle année?

NAL: C’était en 2005, et ces photos ont fait le tour du monde!

Il y a un obstacle non moins négligeable, celui de la po- sition de la structure des archives dans l’organigramme d’une institution de l’audiovisuel. La hiérarchie pense que la structure d’archivage doit être sous la coupe du Service des Programmes, mais c’est une erreur. La documentation doit être une direction parce qu’en documentation il y a plusieurs services, (la vidéothèque, la discothèque, la sonothèque, la documentation actualité, la photothèque-diapothèque, l’informatique, et dans chaque service, il y a le secteur administratif, le catalogage, la restauration, le prêt, etc. il faut aussi compter avec le secteur des langues nationales. Chez nous malheureusement une seule ou deux personnes assurent la gestion des archives. Quand on prend la chaîne documentaire c’est toute une équipe qui doit y travailler mais ici en Afrique on se rend compte que c’est une seule personne qui fait tout et c’est à prendre ou à laisser.

NNH: Et du coup le logiciel n’est plus utilisé au Bénin par exemple?

NAL: Je n’ose pas répondre à cette question, car il y a mille et une manières d’utiliser le logiciel! Vous savez il y a une réalité, qu’il ne faut pas occulter, celui de la connexion internet, celui de la sécurité des équipements informatiques, les antivirus, de la maintenance des équipements.

KDO: Et comment vous expliquez-vous qu’il y ait autant de partenaires finalement parce qu’il y a le CIRTEF, l’OIF, autant de partenaires qui s’intéressent aux ar- chives dans le cadre de l’audiovisuel des pays africains francophones, et que pourtant il y ait si peu de moyens au niveau du personnel de la télévision. Est-ce que c’est un manque de volonté politique des responsables des télévisions qui ne s’impliquent pas assez, qui pourraient demander plus de subvention pour maintenir un service d’archives correct parce que finalement il y a des parte- naires donc forcément il y a de l’argent?

NAL: Au delà de ce manque de volonté politique, il y a cette absence de la culture des archives, l’ignorance dans le domaine, parce qu’il faut que les responsables comprennent ce qu’est une archive, que les archives constituent une mine d’or!

Prenons, le cas de l’INA en France, qui aujourd’hui gagne des milliards grâce à ses archives, vous imaginez ce que ça rapporte. Quand Emmanuel Hoog lançait ce projet, il avait fait une prévision. Il pensait rentrer dans ses fonds en quatre ans mais c’est en quelque mois qu’ils ont récupéré tout ce qui a été investi tellement l’engouement des utilisateurs était grand.

NNH: Bien sûr, et ce qui est le plus révoltant c’est que l’INA vend beaucoup d’archives africaines.

NAL: Prenons le cas de la commémoration du cinquan- tenaire des indépendances en Afrique, ce sont nos propres archives que l’INA a conservé qui nous ont été rétrocédées à la demande des Responsables des archives publiques.

KDO: Tu peux parler de la série de documentaire que le CIRTEF avait produit pour le cinquantenaire?

NAL: L’INA nous a rétrocédé nos archives. C’était au cours d’une conférence annuelle de la fédération internationale des archives que la vice présidente Dominique, la responsable des archives à l’époque, vice présidente de la FIAT, nous a demandé « Mais qu’est ce que vous voulez bien avoir comme souvenir? » On lui a dit que dans le cadre du cinquantenaire, on aimerait bien avoir des archives africaines! Et nous les avons reçues. Tenez vous bien quand cela a été envoyé chez nous, nous avons exigé qu’elles soient remises en mains propres aux responsables des archives. Mais ce qui est tout à fait normal, la France a préféré les remettre au Ministère de la Communication. Dans certains pays, ces archives n’ont pas été rétrocédées à la documentation. Chez nous, par exemple, c’est le Directeur de la Radio, à ce qu’il paraît, qui les a reçues, qui a les a remises à un réalisateur. Et comme moi au retour de mission, j’ai informé les journalistes et producteurs de la prochaine arrivée des éléments d’archives pour la commémoration du cinquantenaire, le réalisateur à qui la cassette a été remise a eu le réflexe de me les apporter.

Dès la réception, je les ai dupliquées. Et en ai envoyé à la rédaction, la production, et j’ai joins la liste de tout ce qu’on avait en archives, parce que quand il y a un

événement comme celui-là, je fais des propositions d’émissions d’archives ou d’extraits d’archives, que j’ai pu récupérer des supports analogiques et je les envoie au programme, je les envoie à la rédaction.

NNH: Moi aussi, je me sens triste surtout que dans ce cas précis, il y aurait de l’argent, des subventions dis- ponibles pour travailler à la récupération des archives, il n’y aurait pas de problèmes. Tout le problème c’est l’ignorance des équipes dirigeantes de ces télévisions. Ils ne savent pas qu’en prenant mieux soin de ce maté- riel ils peuvent engranger des subventions et d’un autre coté c’est le manque de personnel.

KDO: Surtout en sachant qu’il y a beaucoup d’organismes qui s’intéressent aux archives et que des subventions qui sont disponibles et qui ne coûtent pas grand chose à l’Etat, mais ça c’est incompréhensible, ce sont les paradoxes de l’Afrique.

NAL: C’est un drame le problème des archives, et moi, qu’est ce que j’ai fait aussi pour la promotion des archives, pour amener les utilisateurs à comprendre le bien fondé des archives! Toutes les anciennes émis- sions que j’ai récupérées sur supports analogiques et transférées sur ces supports actuels, j’en fais une copie à chaque fois et les offre à l’auteur de l’émission comme souvenir. Et quand il le découvre « Mais ça fait dix, vingt ans que j’ai réalisé cela, mais bon Dieu comment tu as fait pour le récupérer? » J’ai dit que ce sont les partenaires qui nous soutiennent qui font qu’aujourd’hui on peut récupérer toute cette produc- tion, et je fais mes rapports au jour le jour.

Je vous donne un exempleà Madagascar, c’est la pre- mière monteuse de la télévision malgache, Monique Razafy qui a créé son association, « FLA », elle a pris le problème des archives cinématographiques de Mada- gascar à bras le corps, elle n’a eu aucun soutien des siens. Autour d’elle, les gens se disaient « Laissez-là, si elle veut s’amuser avec les films, c’est tant pis pour elle! » Elle avait sa petite équipe de moins d’une dizaine de bénévoles. Mais c’est sa passion des archives qui l’a poussée à un vrai travail de sauvegarde des archives cinématographiques de Madagascar.

En 2010, elle a réalisé un documentaire sur son projet et l’a présenté aux Awards de la FIAT. Les Awards de la FIAT est un prix qui est décerné à toute production réalisée à base d’archives par un membre de la FIAT. Monique dans le cadre des Awards a réalisé un documentaire pour montrer le travail immense qu’elle fait avec son équipe de bénévoles pour sauver les archives cinématographiques de Madagascar. Elle a été primée parce qu’elle a eu le cour- age de montrer les problèmes que sa structure rencontrait malgré sa passion pour les archives.

NAL: Les partenaires sont prêts à nous soutenir! Une place au sein du Comité Exécutif a même été réservée au Groupe OIF. C’est ainsi que je suis membre du Comité exécutif de la FIAT après mon homologue sénégalais. Parce que Dominique, la Vice Présidente de la FIAT, soucieuse du devenir des archives est une dame qui a une passion inimaginable pour les archives africaines. Donc soucieuse du devenir des archives africaines, elle s’est battue pour que l’Afrique Noire soit représentée au sein du bureau de la FIAT, au comité exécutif, ce qui n’est pas rien. C’est ainsi qu’il y a deux ans, c’était mon homologue sénégalais qui a été membre du bureau de la FIAT, du Comité Exécutif de la FIAT. Entre temps, il s’est retiré pour faire des recherches dans le cadre de son mémoire, de sa thèse de doctorat. J’ai donc été désignée par mes homologues pour le remplacer au sein du CE. Etant membre jusqu’à ce jour du comité exécutif de la FIAT, je représente toute l’Afrique Noire, mais j’ai demandé à être rem- placée, puisqu’étant à la retraite, que quelqu’un d’autre me remplace au sein du comité exécutif. Si j’ai intégré la FIAT, c’est bien parce que j’étais agent de l’ORTB, aujourd’hui n’étant plus agent de l’ORTB, je n’ai plus droit de participer aux conférences de la FIAT, à moins que j’y participe à titre privée.

NNH: Donc personne du Bénin ne sera à la FIAT 2012 en Angleterre?

NAL: Les partenaires attendent le nom de mon remplaçant.

KDO: Et personne ne vous remplace!

NAL: Pour le moment, non c’est dramatique. Moi je ne vais pas leur forcer la main. C’est eux qui en ont besoin. Moi ça me fait mal de constater que toute la bataille que j’ai menée n’a servi à rien! Je leur demande de me donner des moyens pour que je sauve les archives, je leur demande de me donner des moyens en ressources humaines. Le travail pour lequel je suis payée évitera que demain, nous soyons obligés de courir de partenaire en partenaire, afin de récupérer nos propres archives, les archives que nous avons produites.

NNH: Ce qui serait honteux quand même! C’est incroy- able on ne se rend pas compte, on n’imagine pas qu’un tel drame se joue sous nos yeux!

KDO: C’est incroyable! Et qu’est ce que vous préconisez si par exemple toutes ces organisations s’intéressant aux ar- chives, finalement investissent. Ne serait t-il pas possible de créer une entité pour les archives de toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest Francophone, financée par toutes ces organisa- tions, mais qui serait complètement indépendante des télévisions, est ce que vous pensez que ce serait une pos- sibilité?

NAL: Ce serait une possibilité, mais aujourd’hui quand je vois tous les méfaits de la politique sur la culture en Afrique, je mets un point d’interrogation sur cette idée. Quand je vois tout ce que nous vivons dans nos différentes structures d’archivage, moi je dis que nos problèmes viennent de notre hiérarchie. Vous imaginez, quand on enregistre une émission, après la diffusion, la cassette disparaît. Moi en 1995, 1996, j’ai été Chef des Programmes, j’ai instauré un système de sécurité avec les chutiers du montage film qui ne servaient plus. A l’époque on ne produisait plus en film donc j’ai pris d’anciens chutiers que j’ai amenés aux menuisiers. Ils les ont fermés et ils ont juste laissé l’ouverture pour y coulisser des cassettes. Il y avait le chutier « information » et le chutier « programmes ». Donc j’avais instruit le réalisateur pour qu’à la fin de la diffusion, il sache quelles sont les cassettes de l’information, de l’actualité qui doivent être coulissées dans le chutier. Il y avait une clé avec un cadenas. J’avais la clé en tant que chef des programmes, la responsable de la documentation qui me remplaçait à l’époque avait une clé, le rédacteur en chef avait la clé du chutier « Actualité ». Là aucune production ne disparaissait, mais le jour où j’ai quitté les programmes, ils ont fait sauter les verrous et le commerce a repris, je l’ai même dénoncé. Ce sont les sociétaires de l’entreprise même qui entretiennent ce marché. C’est un commerce très lucratif aujourd’hui. Tout ce que j’ai récupéré risque de disparaître.

NAL: Je disais plus haut que l’UNESCO a pris con- science de l’urgence à sauver les archives audiovisuelles, et c’est dans ce cadre que l’UNESCO a choisi le 27 octobre comme date pour la promotion et la sensibili- sation de l’urgence à sauver les archives audiovisuelles en péril. Le 27 octobre de chaque année, nous respon- sables d’archives, devons initier un programme pour amener les autorités à comprendre que nous avons des archives et qu’il faut les sauver. Les partenaires nous demandent à chaque SEFOR ou bien à chaque FIAT de dire quels sont les programmes que nous avons élaborés. Au niveau du ministère on devrait prendre le problème à bras le corps et se direil faut qu’on fasse quelque chose, faire le bilan et voir comment repar- tir sur de bonnes bases. Qu’est ce qu’on a fait jusqu’à ce jour? Moi j’ai fait des propositions de réalisations d’émissions pour montrer le processus de production d’une émission, l’état de nos archives, faire l’état des lieux en images de nos archives à l’ORTB. Trois agents du Service Production et un du Service Actualité ont déposé des projets d’émission dans ce sens, les patrons ont mis le coude sur ces différents projets, aucun n’a abouti. Au delà de cet état de lieux, qu’est ce que nous faisons?

KDO: Parce que normalement après l’état des lieux, il faut des actions?

NAL: Il y a des actions qu’on doit mener, on doit se dire « Vous croyez que les agents, des documentalistes aujourd’hui par ce temps de crise vont accepter d’aller travailler pour des prunes? Mes collaborateurs m’ont dit « Madame vous avez travaillé des décennies sans primes, mais nous on ne le fera pas! » J’ai dit « Merci de me le dire, mais moi c’était une passion! ».

KDO: C’est difficile quand même!

NAL: C’est difficile, il faut reconnaître!

KDO: Et juste pour conclure maintenant, je voulais te faire une remarque. Ce qui me trouble et qui me touche beaucoup dans la mesure où quand on parle des archives globalement en Afrique et pas uniquement au Bénin, mais dans tous les pays africains francophones; effective- ment c’est un triste constat mais en même temps je pense qu’il faut continuer la lutte, parce que le problème c’est que les images d’archives représentent l’avenir de nos enfants et en dehors de l’avenir de ce continent les images d’archives concernent finalement l’histoire du continent africain. C’est le patrimoine mondial, c’est en se basant sur le fait qu’il s’agit du patrimoine mondial, c’est la seule solution parce que je ne vois pas comment on peut mettre des choses en place pour sauver le problème des archives.

NNH: Et moi justement, l’échange que nous avons me fait penser qu’il faut absolument qu’on trouve un mode de fonctionnement qui permette que l’ORTB soit obligée ne serait ce que par l’UNESCO ou par l’OIF de céder la matière à une agence ou une association.

KDO: Il faut trouver un consensus de toutes les organisa- tions qui s’occupent des archives, qui ont les moyens de donner de l’argent au niveau de l’Afrique Francophone. Il faudrait mettre en place d’une entité indépendante qui conserve toutes les archives de toutes les télévisions; de tous les pays de l’Afrique francophone – parce que fina- lement, ça sort du giron de la télévision nationale – au niveau d’un continent et au niveau mondial. Pourquoi les autres pays, les autres continents le font et ça leur rap- porte de l’argent? Pourquoi ne pas le faire en Afrique? Il n’y a pas de raison que nous, nous allions payer les archives ailleurs et que ces gens là ne puissent acheter des archives chez nous, il faut trouver un consensus indépen- dant, en dehors des télévisions.

NNH: Et surtout qu’on ne retrouve pas toutes les archives à l’INA. Mais ça il y a moyen de le mettre en place, dans un intervalle de deux ans, je pense, car il y a énormément de fonds aujourd’hui.

NA: L’idée, je l’ai eu en 2004 à New York. On était parti à la FIAT à New York, et j’ai dit – l’idée est partie de moi – « Je souhaiterais que ce musée soit domicilié au Bénin parce que c’est mon idée à moi! » J’ai invité les partenaires à me soutenir pour qu’on puisse monter ce musée au Bénin. Quand je vois un équipement audiovi- suel sous la pluie, ça me fait mal, on peut le mettre dans un local, mettre de telle date à telle date, voilà le micro qu’on a utilisé, voilà la caméra qu’on a utilisée, voilà les mélangeurs qu’on a utilisés, voila comment la tech- nologie évolue. Parce que si on prend les caméras avant, elles pesaient des tonnes, aujourd’hui on a des caméras numériques très légères au point que le journaliste peut prendre sa caméra aller faire son tournage revenir sans problème. Et ce musée, vous mettrez la visite à cinq cent mille francs, ça vous fait des rentrées de fonds!

KDO: Puisque entre temps, il y a une école d’audiovisuel (ISMA) qui a été mise en place et qui aurait bénéficié de tout cela avec des cours?

NNH: Le problème c’est qu’ici c’est en même temps un enjeu économique si tu veux.

NNH: Ah, vu les conditions dans lesquelles tu es obligée de travailler. C’est vrai qu’il y avait la possibilité que tu restes après la retraite, mais il fallait que ça soit à dans certaines conditions.

NAL: C’est eux qui devraient m’appeler, qu’on s’entende sur une méthode en tout cas un certain chronogramme pour le faire.

ECOLES/ FORMATION

ISMA (INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DES MÉTIERS DE L’AUDIOVISUEL)
ICO (INSTITUT CINÉMATOGRAPHIQUE DE OUIDAH)
OUIDAH

BP 368 Bénin

tel. +229 34 15 32 fax+229 34 15 32

[email protected] site http://www.festival-ouidah.org/lico

Première école africaine gratuite de l’Image, du Son et de réalisation de films d’Animation

L’I.C.O. – L’Institut Cinématographique de Ouidah – a pour vocation de former de jeunes Béninois, de jeunes Africains et des jeunes d’autres continents aux Métiers de l’Image et du Son ainsi qu’à l’Animation.

L’I.C.O., école nationale supérieure des Métiers l’Image, du Son et de l’Animation, accessible sur dossier avec Bac+2 ou équivalent, et à toute personne titulaire d’un baccalauréat, pouvant justifier d’une activité professionnelle d’au moins quatre ans dans tout domaine, assure un enseignement technique, artis- tique et culturel consacré aux Métiers du Cinéma, de l’Audiovisuel et de l’Animation.

Cet institut est un établissement à caractère social, sous forme d’association loi 1901 à but non lucratif et recon- nue d’utilité publique, sous le parrainage du Ministère de la Culture, de l’Artisanat et du Tourisme ainsi que du Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique.

L’I.C.O., le premier du genre au Bénin et dans la sous- région, doit occuper une place prépondérante dans le monde audiovisuel. Films, dessins animés, téléfilms, émissions, réalisations multimédia, porteront demain à leur générique les noms des étudiants de l’I.CO., une école professionnelle appelée a être une école d’art à part entière.

  • L’originalité de l’ICO est qu’il est
  • Les étudiants qui sont sélectionnés sur dossier sont pris en charge intégralement billet d’avion pour les étudiants étrangers; billets de train et de bus pour les étudiants Béninois; et frais de séjour pour tous les étudiants.

Le matériel scolaire est à la charge de l’I.C.O. La poli- tique de l’ICO s’articule autour de trois axes

  • Affirmer son statut d’école nationale supérieure de qualité, en recherchant l’excellence d’un enseignement, financièrement accessible à
  • Valoriser sa capacité d’insertion professionnelle, en ajustant le parti pris pédagogique, en partageant le savoir des aînés, et plus généralement en mettant en contact étudiants, enseignants et professionnels de l’Image et du Son dans le cadre de productions et de réalisations cinématographiques et audiovisuelles internes et extra C.O.
  • Favoriser la création, la recherche et la diffusion de ses savoir-faire ainsi que son rayonnement culturel au plan national, continental et

Chaque promotion réunit une trentaine d’étudiants Béninois, Africains et non Africains avec un quota de 10 places réservées d’office aux Béninois, et les 20 restantes à concéder au reste du monde. Au cours de leur formation, les étudiants réalisent individuellement ou collectivement plusieurs œuvres dans un cadre cor- respondant aux réalités de la production.

L’institut organise également des formations courtes, à destination de professionnels en exercice désireux d’approfondir leurs connaissances techniques ou de jeunes souhaitant se former à des métiers techniques du cinéma ne nécessitant pas une formation longue (projectionniste, maquilleuse, machiniste.).

La direction pédagogique de la formation est assurée par un professionnel hors pair, incarnant les valeurs de L’I.C.O.

A la fois école où l’on vient apprendre, puis atelier où l’on s’exerce à réaliser des films, L’I.C.O. doit être un des tous premiers lieux de rencontre avec les meilleurs professionnels du cinéma et du film d’animation; l’une de ses ambitions est de contribuer au développement créatif et qualitatif du cinéma et du film d’animation, dans la compréhension du public auquel il s’adresse.

Découpage / Durée des études

Les études à L’I.C.O. durent vingt quatre mois divisés en trois cycles qui organisent l’aller-retour entre exer- cices pratiques et réflexion théorique, entre réalisation et évaluation.

L’enseignement est organisé en trois cycles de durée inégale
  • Premier cycle: tronc commun
  • Deuxième cycle: spécialisation
  • Troisième cycle: professionnalisation
PRODUCTIONS FONDS CIRTEF
Liste des productions des trois dernières années (2009 -2010 -2011)
Série: 5/5 AFRIQUE 2009 (sujet de 13 minutes)
  • Emission 1: Sénégal (Le viol) de Aïcha Thiam Burkina Faso (Les OGM) de Do Pascal Sessouma
  • Emission 2: Burkina Faso (Tiken Jah Faclly) de Do Pascal Sessouma Burkina Faso (Sécurité aérienne) de Do Pascal Sessouma
  • Emission 3: Burkina Faso (Les grossesses précoces) de Do Pascal Sessouma Bénin (La dot) de Marc Tchanou
  • Emission 4: Burkina Faso (Scolarisation des filles) de Do Pascal Sessouma Bénin (Les Miss) de Marc Tchanou
  • Emission 5: Bénin (Dépigmentation) de Marc Tchanou Sénégal (Télénovellas) de Aïcha Thiam
  • Emission 6: Niger (La fistule) de Idi B. Abdourahaman Burkina Faso (Le Jatropha) de Do Pascal Sessouma
  • Emission 7: Burkina Faso (La vie chère) de Do Pascal Sessouma Niger (L’agriculture) de Idi D. B. Abdourahaman
  • Emission 8: Niger (Le plastique) de Idi B. Abdourahaman Sénégal (La dense) de Aïcha Thiam
  • Emission 9: Burkina Faso (Loterie) de Do Pascal Sessouma Niger (Pétrole) de Idi D. B. Abdourahaman
  • Emission 10: Bénin (Erosion) de Marc Tchanou Burkina (Spiruline) de Do Pascal Sessouma
  • Emission 11: Niger (Médicaments de rues) de Idi B. Abdourahaman Burkina Faso (Energie solaire) de Do Pascal Sessouma
  • Emission 12: Burkina (Mendicité) de Do Pascal Sessouma Bénin (Religion) de Marc Tchanou
Série: Quoi de neuf Docteur 2010 (sujet de 2 à 7minutes)
  • Bénin (Paludisme, Choléra; Circoncision; l’Eau) de Modeste HOUNGBEDJI
  • Cameroun (Cancer de seins)
  • Sénégal (Dépigmentation de la peau, hygiène dentaire)
  • Niger (Le dépistage du VIH}
  • Mali (L’excision, la cataracte)
  • Madagascar (La lèpre, la peste)
  • Togo (dépistage du VIH)
Série: Les Précurseurs I 2010 (sujet de 26 minutes)
  1. Bénin (Emile .D. ZINSOU, l’incompris) de Soulé SALAMI
  2. Sénégal (Maître Lamine GUEYEdoyens des hommes politiques) de Alé SECK
  3. Côte d’Ivoire (Aké ASSI, le génie de la brousse) de Edgar GORAN
Les Précurseurs II 2011 (sujet de 26 minutes)
  1. Mali (Sira DIOPle fleuve intarissable) de Fatoumata COULIBALY
  2. Burkina Faso ( Jackie la panafricaine) de Florentine YAMEOGO
  3. Togo (Paul AHY Ile patriote) de Kocou AGBEMADON
  4. Côte d’Ivoire (Houéphët BOIGNY l’énigme) de Edgar GORAN
Les fonds CIRTEF 2011 (sujet de 26 minutes)
  1. Burkina Faso (Aux portes de la sagesse) de Florentine YAMEOGO
  2. Togo (Régina la perle) de Adjikè ASSOUMA
  3. Sénégal (Plus loin avec les femmes) de Lobé NDIAYE
  4. Togo ( Jacques, la vue d’un non voyant) de Kocou AGBEMADON
  5. Burkina Faso (Le cheval, symbole d’une nation) de Pierre KANDAOGO
  6. Burkina (Drame des filles-mères) de Kadidia SANOGO
  7. Sénégal (Les bolongs) de Lobé NDIAYE
  8. Côte d’Ivoire (Henriette Salade lagunaire) de Binta DIALLO
Les fonds CIRTEF 2012 (sujet de 26 minutes)
  1. Bénin (Gestion des déchets biomédicaux au Bénin) de Emile HOUENAGNON
  2. Côte d’Ivoire (La plantation hydroponique) de Edgar GORAN
  3. Sénégal (Le fruit de grenier) de Lobé NDIAYE
  4. Iles Maurice (Rodrigue mon îles) de Avinash BISSONDOYAL
  5. Cheval l’honneur de Baatonum de ADJE
  6. Tambour parleur de Joseph NAKA EPOKOU
Série: Un musée, un objet (sujet de 2 à 3 minutes)
  1. Bénin de Florentine LOKONON
    • Le tapis talismanique
    • Le somkpaka
    • Adjogan
    • Baba Agba
    • Le Gosin
  1. Burkina Faso de Max-Alain YAGO
    • Pierres tombales
    • Le Ruudga
    • Le Koto
    • Le Bianu
    • La robe de Djoro
  1. Côte d’Ivoire de Joseph EPOKOU NAKA
    • Le Bia (siège royal)
    • Le tambour en fente
    • La cuillère cérémonielle
    • Le masque Goli
    • Le balafon
  1. Mauritanie de Jémila MINT TOLBA
    • Le Erha
    • Le Gerba
    • Le Tbal
    • La Ruhla
    • L’Ardine (la harpe)
Série: Es Sciences 2011 (sujet de 5 à 7 minutes)
  1. Bénin de Jémima CATRAYE
    • Babadjidé
    • Zinkaka
    • Scode lux
    • Dossou-Yovo
  1. Togo de Kocou AGBEMADON
    • Tenue moustiquaire
    • Awilou
    • Effets visuels
    • Musique plus
    • Machine à foufou
    • La pompe de Polin
    • Les fibres végétales aux panneaux de plafond
    • Entre abondance et pénurie
    • Recyclage de déchets
    • Portrait de Glitho
  1. Iles-Maurice
Liste des productions extérieures (Indépendants) 2009 à 2011
  1. Congo (L’Odysée Gotèneun peintre dans la main de Dieu) de Jean-Blaise BILOMBO et de Arthur-Vé BATOUMENI (53’)
  2. PSI/ABMS Bénin (Traduction Les méthodes modernes de planification familiale) en Fon; Mina; Nago; Dendi; BaribaWama et (26’)
  3. Bénin (Deuxième Bureau) de Savi PANOU Nombre d’Episodes (7) de (26’)
  4. Bénin (Les calebasses) de Jean-Paul AMOUSSOU Nombre d’épisodes (2) de (1h15’)
  5. Bénin (Nadya) de Modeste HOUNGBEDJI (26’)
  6. Bénin (Toxusu) de Modeste HOUNGBEDJI (26’)
  7. Bénin (C’était les ficelles de Sacapin) de Tola KOUKOUI (1h25’)
  8. Bénin (Le bal de N’dinga de TCHIKAYA U’TAM SI) de Tola KOUKOUI (1h15’)
  9. Bénin (Le Bénin 50 ans déjà) de Mariette Chantal MELE (26’)
  10. Bénin (Le PADZAB) de Marc Tchanou (26’)
  11. Bénin (PADSA 4 de nombreux acquis pour le Bénin) de Maxime AHOTONDJI (26’)

ARCHIVES

OFFICE DE RADIODIFFUSION DE TELEVISION ET DE TELEVISION DU BENIN

Appel à la sauvegarde des archives de l’ORTB en péril
  • Projet réalisé par Mme Noëllie LALOUPO
  • Documentaliste Audiovisuelle
  • Service Documentation et Archives Janvier 2007
SOMMAIRE
  1. Preambule
  2. Justification du Project 3 Bref Etat des Lieux
  3. Objectifs Generaux
  4. Objectifs Specifiques
  5. Resultats Attendus
  6. Moyens
  7. Actions a Entreprendre
  8. Chronogramme
  9. Mise en Oeuvre du Project
SAUVEGARDE DU PATRIMOINE AUDIOVISUEL DE L’ORTB
  1. PREAMBULE

Le Bénin a connu dans les années 90, une révolu- tion audiovisuelle marquée par la démonopolisation de l’espace médiatique, audiovisuelle et la création de nouvelles stations de Radio et de Chaînes de Télévision. Cette explosion médiatique et la concurrence ont intensifié les activités de l’ORTB (Office de Radiodif- fusion et Télévision du Bénin). Les temps d’antenne ont été prolongés avec l’ajout de nouvelles émissions.

Il ressort de cette croissance, une masse incontrôlée de documents, qui vient s’ajouter au jour le jour au fonds documentaire existant et déjà très impressionnant, qu’on n’arrive pas à retrouver à cause du manque criant d’espace, à cause de la dispersion sur plusieurs sites, à cause de la destruction (pour ce dernier cas, l’exemple de la destruction en 2004 de toutes les productions sur support Films Noir et Blanc double bande et sur support IVC), de l’effacement des documents sans un critère de sélection précis, que ce dernier présente une utilité ou non. Ainsi, nous assistons à des dispari- tions, à des vols ou à des difficultés à retrouver, dans les meilleurs délais la documentation audio-visuelle que l’Office a pourtant produite à grands frais. La mémoire des gestionnaires de la documentation seule ne suffit pas.

Pourquoi élaborer un projet pour la sauvegarde des archives audiovisuelles qui représentent le patrimoine audiovisuel du pays?

Au Bénin, l’ORTB (Office de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision du Bénin) est l’organisme qui détient les archives audiovisuelles les plus anciennes du pays, pour avoir été pendant plusieurs décennies le seul média à occuper le paysage audiovisuel. Malheu- reusement à la date d’aujourd’hui, après 53 ans de Radio et 28 ans de Télévision, cet organisme con- tinue de se chercher en matière d’archives. L’absence de personnel est loin d’être la principale raison de cette insuffisance.

Cependant pour être rediffusés et/ou exploités, ré exploités, voir commercialisés, tout ce fonds doit nécessairement être récupéré de toute urgence, sauveg- ardé sur des supports d’archivage actuels, utilisables aujourd’hui et même demain et numérisé.

La question de la sauvegarde du patrimoine audiovisuel est depuis des décennies, une préoccupation majeure pour les responsables de l’ORTB, mais tarde à se maté- rialiser par des actes concrets.

Les raisons qui justifient cette insuffisance sont
  • l’absence de législation,
  • l’absence d’une politique d’archivage bien définie et
  • l’indifférence, le peu d’intérêt accordé à la « chose documentaire » à l’ORTB,
  • les dysfonctionnements au sein de l’ORTB,
  • le flou dans la position du Service de Documentation et Archives dans l’organigramme de l’Office,
  • l’absence de locaux propres au Service Documentation et Archives à la TV et à la Radio (les locaux de conservation demeurent toujours dans leurs états de départ des locaux de Les locaux abritant la Documentation écrite sont des locaux de fortune obtenus après d’âpres luttes par mes prédécesseurs. Ces locaux qui datent des années 48 sont fissurés de toute part et laissent entrer l’eau après chaque pluie.)
  • L’éparpillement des archives sur plus de 4 sites, (Ancienne Maison de la Radio, les Relations Publiques, la Télévision, la Nouvelle Maison de la Radio), à cela s’ajoutent les embryons d’archives qui existent dans tous les tiroirs et armoires des agents de l’Organisme,
  • L’absence de budget de fonctionnement (qui rend difficile l’approvisionnement de la Documentation en périodiques, magazines, quotidiens, monographies, supports de conservation audiovisuel .)
  • La diversité des formats de diffusion au sein de l’ORTB. Ces documents audiovisuels (radio et Télé) sont toujours disponibles pour la plupart sur des supports analogiques et conservés dans des conditions difficiles, (voir photos 1+2+3)
  • L’obsolescence et/ou l’inexistence des appareils de lecture, appropriés.
NOUVELLE MAISON DE LA RADIO

Cet état de choses ne favorise, ni une bonne conser- vation du fonds, ni son exploitation judicieuse, d’où l’opportunité de nos jours, de porter une attention particulière et salvatrice au patrimoine audiovisuel béninois qui s’étiole à petit coup.

  • Que répondrons – nous au Président de la République, si dans 4 ans, l’ORTB ne pouvait plus réaliser images et sons à l’appui le bilan exhaustif de son parcours?
  • Que répondrons à la jeunesse sur les débuts de la Radiodiffusion et de la Télévision?
  • Que dirons – nous aux partenaires qui ont financé la réalisation de nos meilleures productions?

C’est cette série de chapelet de questions qui m’amène à rédiger ce projet.

2. Justification du Project

Le projet de sauvegarde, de préservation et de numéri- sation du fonds d’archives de l’ORTB, trouve son fon- dement dans la nécessité d’un devoir de mémoire d’une part et d’autre part d’une obligation de sauvegarde du patrimoine audiovisuel béninois, le plus ancien, détenu par l’ORTB.

La question de la sauvegarde du patrimoine audio- visuel est depuis des décennies, une préoccupation majeure pour l’UNESCO, la FIAT, le CIRTEF et l’OIF, cela se ressent à travers les nombreux appels de ces institutions à tous les acteurs, surtout des images en mouvement, de la nécessité et surtout de l’urgence d’initier une bonne politique de conservation de leur patrimoine audiovisuel.

C’est d’ailleurs, consciente, que le patrimoine audio- visuel mondial est en péril, et menacé de mort à très brève échéance, en particulier dans les pays du Sud, que la Conférence générale de l’UNESCO a approuvé la proclamation du 27 octobre «Journée Mondiale du Patrimoine Audiovisuel». La 1ère édition a été célébrée à Madrid en Espagne en 2006.

La mise en œuvre de ce projet permettra de rassembler en un fonds unique tous les documents audiovisuels, aussi bien sonores qu’audiovisuels, peu importe le sup- port de conservation, avec l’adoption d’un système de recherche mieux élaboré et entièrement informatisé.

L’intérêt de ce projet est national. Car en rassemblant ces divers supports en un fonds général, des pans entiers du patrimoine national audiovisuel jusque là condamnés à des détériorations certaines et à des disparitions fatales seront sauvegardés. Or, il n’ y a pas de sauvegarde sans une vision ultérieure d’exploitation, d’où la nécessité d’insister sur le volet organisationnel des archives.

Ce projet très coûteux, revêt un intérêt historique.

Si on consent d’énormes sacrifices pour la réalisation de ces œuvres audiovisuelles, pourquoi ne devrait – on pas instaurer un système de conservation adéquat qui en assurera la pérennité?

Notre patrimoine audiovisuel est notre patrimoine historique vivant. Il est temps de le sauver des pertes fatales.

Retenez que l’histoire citera tous ceux qui se sont suc- cédé à la tête de l’Organisme sans avoir pris à cœur le problème des archives. Je me rappelle en 2001, un journaliste de RFI qui a réalisé un coffret sur les dis- cours du Président Senghor déclarait à la cérémonie de présentation de ce coffret que « l’Afrique est frustrée de son histoire et c’est à l’Europe de la lui revendre très chère. ».

3. Bref Etat des Lieux

L’ Office comme ses archives ont une longue histoire.

L’ORTB est la résultante de l’évolution plus ou moins heureuse des médias audio-visuels en Répub- lique du Bénin.

L’ORTB a connu plusieurs dénominationsde « Radio – Cotonou » en mars 1953 à l’ « Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision du Bénin » en Octobre 1981, en passant par « Radio – Dahomey » et « la Voix de la Révolution ».

La TV quant à elle, a vu le jour le 31 décembre 1978 Elle a commencé en NB et en 1984, elle est passée à la couleur avec un matériel analogiqueles supports utilisés UMATIC, BVU, le HI8 super 8. En 1987, la Betacam entre en jeu et en 2000 ce sera le DVCAM et le DAT. Par la suite, le démarrage du processus de numérisation.

La gestion de tout le fonds documentaire est officielle- ment confiée à la Documentation qui est dirigée par un Chef Service et est assistée à ce jour de 3 personnes (1 documentaliste, 1 archiviste et 1 aide – documentaliste).

Au niveau de l’Ancienne Maison de la Radio La Documentation écrite
  • Les Locaux abritant la Documentation écrite sont des locaux de fortune obtenus après d’âpres luttes menées par mes prédécesseurs. Ces locaux qui datent des années 48 sont fissurés de toute part et laissent entrer l’eau après chaque pluie.
  • L’ORTB y dispose d’un fonds de documents écrits non négligeable (environ 10.000 documents) et plusieurs périodiques dont 13 titres de quotidiens béninois reliés par trimestre depuis les années 76 et environ 000 périodiques étrangers.
  • Les toutes 1ères productions qui datent des années 59 sur supports magnétiques 6’25 y sont également stockées.
  • On y trouve environ 000 disques (nationaux et étrangers) sur vinyle (45 T, 33 T, 78 T), (voir photo 4+5)
A la Nouvelle Maison de la Radio

L’archiviste « squatte » la Régie des Programmes. Le local n’offre donc aucune garantie de sécurité aux ar- chives parce qu’il est fréquenté par plusieurs personnes.

On y distingue comme documents
  • Des bandes magnétiques 6’25, (difficile à quantifier)
  • Des cassettes DAT (difficile à quantifier)
  • cassettes audio (difficile à quantifier)
  • CD (difficile à quantifier)
  • Un fonds assez important de productions est stocké dans le serveur du PC de la Régie.
A la Télévision
  • Le local censé abriter la Documentation porte comme inscription « Documentation – Polythèques », mais sert plutôt de Secrétariat aux Programmes, de Régie des Programmes et de salle de visionnage du personnel.
  • Le local de stockage est un des garages de cars de reportage mis à la disposition des Thèques après de longues Ce local mal éclairé, mal climatisé et poussiéreux, reçoit une forte quantité d’eau après chaque pluie, (Photo 6 et 7)
Comme supports
  • Des cassettes UMATIC (environ 817 K/7 dont 1.817 productions nationales et environ 13.000 productions étrangères),
  • Des cassettes BETA (8086 dont 2067 productions nationales et 6019 productions étrangères),
  • Des cassettes Hi8 (non répertoriées),
  • Des Photos (2 albums de 100 photos chacun),
  • Des diapositives classées dans un meuble offert par la France (environ 2.000), munies de fiches descriptives, (photo 8)
  • Des cassettes DV-cam (non répertoriées),
  • Des DVD.
TELEVISION – VIDEOTHEQUE
A la Direction des Relations Publiques

Les bureaux des Chefs Services Publicité et Marketing Radio et TV servent de locaux de stockage de bandes et de cassettes.

Il est important de rappeler que des évènements im- portants de la vie de la nation dahoméenne et béni- noise sont aujourd’hui conservés dans des conditions déplorables et délicates et risquent, dans un bref délai, d’être irrécupérables.

Il existe encore dans ces archives des sons et des images des toutes premières personnalités poli- tiques des débuts de l’indépendance, des personnalités politiques, économiques et sociales actuelles, de la musique moderne, musique traditionnelle dahoméenne et béninoise etc., bref ces archives représentent un gisement précieux à cause de leur valeur historique.

4. OBJECTIFS GENERAUX
Les Objectifs Généraux du présent projet sont
  1. D’assurer une sauvegarde efficiente du patrimoine audiovisuel national par une politique subséquente du traitement du fonds existant et d’un suivie approprié du fonds contemporain. Ceci requiert une condition sine qua non qui passe par la centralisation des archives en un dépôt unique et précis,
  2. D’assurer la restauration, la conservation et la numérisation du patrimoine audiovisuel de la nation,
  3. De valoriser les dites archives à des fins éducatives, scientifiques et culturelles pour des hommes des médias, des chercheurs, des historiens, des étudiants béninois et même des étrangers,
  4. D’exploiter ce fonds à travers d’autres supports tel que l’Internet, la vidéo à la demande,
  5. Et au besoin de le commercialiser, ce qui représente une richesse, une source de revenue inestimable pour l’ORTB.
5. OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES

La réalisation d’un pareil exploit passe nécessairement par un certain nombre d’actions qui sont au fait des éléments préalables et subséquents de la chaîne documentaire.

Il s’agira donc au préalable
  1. De recenser tous les documents des divers fonds existants au niveau de toutes les structures de l’Office. Ce recensement des supports ainsi fait, permettra à coup sûr d’estimer à sa juste valeur, le fonds existant et de faire des estimations sur une longue période pour la construction d’un dépôt d’archives digne du nom qui pourra servir sur plusieurs années,
  2. De classer les documents collectés lors de la 1ère phase dans le dépôt d’archivage ad hoc pour faciliter le repérage et leur utilisation ultérieure,
  3. De sauvegarder les documents. Cette variable pose inévitablement la caducité du matériel d’exploitation, de Elle a démarré en 2006 grâce au don de 3 magnétoscopes réformés, en décembre 2005, par la FIAT. Cela permettra de sauver quelques productions propres à l’Office et d’assurer leur migration sur support numérique. Il en est de même pour les collections sur support Betacam qui, il faut le souligner demeure à ce jour le support de conservation par excellence et jusque là jamais égalés par un autre support aussi contemporain soit – il.
    Il existe une masse importante de productions audiovisuelles tant à la radio qu’à la Télévision. Certaines productions sur support Film Noir et Blanc Double Bande et sur support IVC ont malheureusement été détruites en 2004, à la suite d’une grave erreur d’appréciation des dirigeants de la TV de l’époque.
  4. De faciliter l’exploitation des dits documents à travers un fichier informatique bien élaboré et qui répond mieux aux besoins des utilisateurs.
    C’est ici le lieu de saluer l’arrivée du Logiciel AIME, (don du CIRTEF et OIF) à l’ORTB.
  5. De procéder au transfert de la musique nationale et internationale sur disques sur vinyle, sur CD pour faciliter son exploitation,
  6. De prendre une note de service par la Direction Générale obligeant tous les réalisateurs, producteurs, journalistes et autres à reverser à la Documentation dans les meilleurs délais toutes les productions issues de leurs Ce texte devra prévoir des sanctions contre les mauvaises volontés et surtout prévoir des sanctions contre l’inobservance des délais de dépôts des productions.
6. RESULTATS ATTENDUS Au terme du projet
  • Assurer la sauvegarde, la conservation dans de meilleures conditions,
  • Mettre en valeur le patrimoine audiovisuel de l’ORTB,
  • Rendre accessible et exploitable le fonds d’archives audiovisuelles pour les besoins de la Radio et de la Télévision,
  • Reconstituer l’histoire politique, économique, culturelle, sportive du Dahomey et du Bénin en son et en image,
  • La mise sur un site du patrimoine audiovisuel du
7. CHRONOGRAMME

Nous proposons que ce projet soit étalé sur une durée de quatre ans au plus.

Nous annexerons à ce projet la planification des activi- tés et l’affectation à elles des ressources nécessaires.

8. ACTIONS A ENTREPRENDRE
  • La Construction de locaux modernes, de grande capacité répondant aux normes de conservation, dotés de rayonnages métalliques modernes, de système de climatisation, de système d’extinction et d’épuration d’air,
  • La Centralisation de toutes les archives tous supports confondus,
  • La Mise en place d’une politique d’archivage bien élaborée,
  • L’Acquisition d’équipements de contrôle, de traitement, de sauvegarde (ces équipements seront proportionnels aux supports utilisés par l’Organisme),
  • L’établissement d’un plan de sauvegarde du patrimoine audiovisuel (établissement d’un inventaire exhaustif de ce fonds, avec les indications techniques et descriptives des productions (titre, durée, personnalités, date, nombre de support par sujet ) Ce plan est en cours d’élaboration.
  • La Mise sur pied d’une chaîne de traitement documentaire mieux élaborée grâce au Logiciel AIME offert par le CIRTEF et l OIF (étiquetage, indexation, gravure et recherche) s’étalera sur plusieurs années qui prendra également en compte les productions journalières. Pour ce faire, il va falloir que l’ORTB dispose d’un
  • La mise en place d’un système d’exploitation à caractère commerciale des archives. En effet, les archives sont de plus en plus demandées par des privés.
  • L’instauration d’un circuit officiel de commercialisation des archives revêt d’un double intérêt.
  • D’abord, il s’agira de décourager la vente frauduleuse et le vol des archives par des sociétaires de l’organisme pour leur propre compte, ce qui est souvent la source de disparition de nombres de documents, mais aussi utiliser le circuit pour renflouer les caisses de l’Office et les destiner exclusivement pour la maintenance de la qualité du fonds et sa pérennité.

Il n’est un secret pour personne que les archives sont les parents pauvres de l’organisme et qu’il y a certaine ré- ticence à injecter de l’argent dans leur fonctionnement.

  • L’exploitation onéreuse du fonds permettra à ce service de disposer de ressources financières pouvant l’aider à s’auto suffire dans le meilleur des cas, ou tout au moins, à faire face à de petites dépenses de fonctionnement,
  • Enfin, l’octroi de bourses pour la formation du personnel professionnel comme non professionnel engagés. Car la qualité du travail dépend en grande partie de la compétence voire de la formation.

La phase de transfert et de numérisation du fonds documentaire existant nécessitera plus de temps et doit être inévitablement accompagnée de moyens humains et d’une dotation en matériels techniques supplémentaires.

FESTIVALS

FESTIVAL LAGUNIMAGES COTONOU

LE FESTIVAL THEMATIQUE DE FILMS, DE DOCUMENTAIRES ET DE TELEVISION DU BENIN «FESTIVAL LAGUNIMAGES» SE TIENT A COTONOU AU BENIN TOUS LES DEUX ANS DEPUIS L’AN 2000.

Dirigé pendant sept année par la réalisatrice Congo- laise Monique Mbeka PHOBA, il a pour objectif:

Mettre les œuvres audiovisuelles africaines à la disposi- tion du grand public africain en valorisant surtout les films réalisés par les africains.

  • Créer un creuset de partage, de partenariat et d’échanges pour les réalisateurs du continent, mais aussi pour ceux venus d’ailleurs et qui ont filmés l’Afrique.
  • Sensibiliser acteurs et décideurs de l’audiovisuel du continent Africain et d’ailleurs, ainsi que les investisseurs de tous horizons, au potentiel économique du secteur audiovisuel.
  • Réaliser une symbiose entre la télévision et les producteurs de documentaires et d’autres genres télévisuels, mais aussi entre les secteurs du numérique et du cinéma.
Il est organisé en fonction de 5 schémas directeurs:
  • Une thématique, comme facteur d’attraction pour le Elle permet d’identifier chaque édition et de balayer un large spectre de films existants, sans privilégier les plus récents, remontant à la surface des films oubliés.
  • Un atelier d’échanges et de discussions, réservé aux
  • Des hommages à des personnalités du Cinéma et de la Télévision qui ont partie liée avec le thème ou l’atelier
  • Une section compétitive avec des films faits par les africains ou des non africains sur notre
  • Un pays invité que le public découvre à travers les œuvres cinématographiques de ses réalisateurs.

L’ASSOCIATION LAGUNIMAGES COTONOU

L’association LAGUNIMAGES est née au cours de l’année 2007, avec pour objectif principal, l’organisation des futures éditions du festival.

Suite au départ de Madame Monique PHOBA, réalisatrice et initiatrice du festival, il fallait trouver une formule fédératrice, permettant d’impliquer tous ceux qui au cours de ces sept années, s’étaient investis de près ou de loin, pour que les différentes éditions du festival LAGUNIMAGES soient un succès.

Ne pouvant tous les atteindre, et pressée par le temps, Madame Monique MBEKA PHOBA, a réuni un nombre restreint de personnes au cours d’une as- semblée Générale constitutive, avec comme mission pour le conseil d’administration, de mener à bien les démarches légales d’enregistrement de l’association, et de faire passer l’information pour ramener au sein de l’association, le maximum de professionnels et d’amoureux du cinéma.

Le conseil d’Administration de l’association est composé des membres suivants:
  • Un(e) Président(e) d’Honneur
  • Un(e) Président(e)
  • Un Secrétaire Général
  • Un Trésorier
  • Deux commissaires aux comptes
  • Des Membres

Le Bureau actuel (2007 – 2011) de l’association LAGUNIMAGES est composé de 3 membres:

  • Présidente: Madame CHABI-KAO Christiane
  • Secrétaire Général: Monsieur BILHA Souleyma
  • Trésorier: Monsieur DAGBA Réthice

L’association LAGUNIMAGES a donc pour ambition, d’organiser bi-annuellement le festival thématique de Films, de Documentaires et de Télévision du Bénin, de regrouper les professionnels de l’audiovisuel et tous les Béninois amoureux du cinéma autour d’activités organ- isées dans le cadre de la promotion des arts audiovisuels au Bénin et en Afrique.

Cette promotion passe par des projections publiques de films, des formations techniques dans le domaine du Cinéma, des ateliers d’ouvrages et de discussions, ainsi que des soirées de divertissements.

Au cours des deux années qui séparent les différentes éditions du festival, des formations, des rencontres pro- fessionnelles, des projets communs de réalisation seront proposés aux membres de l’association.

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.associationlagunimages.org

FESTIVAL DU FILM DOCUMENTAIRE PORTO-NOVO
BéninDocs – Festival International du Premier Film

Documentaire est la première biennale de cinéma documentaire en Afrique, entièrement destinée à la jeune création.

Le festival se tiendra à Porto-Novo, capitale admin- istrative et politique du Bénin, du 25 au 28 novembre 2011. De décembre 2011 à Février 2012 les films primés lors du festival BéninDocs à Porto Novo seront projetés à Paris et dans dix communes du Bénin.

BéninDocs

aura lieu tous les deux ans. Le festival présente une sélection de premiers films documentaires (court ou long métrage du réalisateur). Ce sera également un lieu d’échanges et de rencontres entre professionnels et amateurs du cinéma.

La 1ère édition du festival a choisi de traiter du « Ci- néma documentaire africain contemporain », et donner ainsi une visibilité à la nouvelle vague de documenta- ristes africains et/ou ayant travaillé sur l’Afrique.

Premiers Films

Benindocs entend par premier film, le seul et unique film documentaire de création réalisé par de jeunes auteurs réalisateurs de tout continent, trois ans au plus avant l’édition de la biennale. La sélection prend également en compte le second film d’un réalisateur, les films d’écoles ou de fin d’études qui respectent le critère d’année de réalisation.

Ateliers / Workshop

Des ateliers, débats et leçons de cinéma seront égale- ment organisés pendant le Festival. Le thème abordé cette année présentera l’état des lieux de la production cinématographique documentaire en Afrique, notam- ment au Bénin quelles alternatives existent aux cir- cuits traditionnels, quelles opportunités présentent les nouveaux médias, les mobiles qui justifient l’absence des documentaristes béninois sur les marchés interna- tionaux du film documentaire de création?

Modalités de sélection

Les films présentés lors de BéninDocs seront sé- lectionnés par un jury composé de professionnels et de cinéphiles. La date limite d’envoi des copies des films est fixée au 1er Octobre 2011 (le cachet de la poste faisant foi).

Les critères de sélection des films et les conditions de participation sont téléchargeables sur le site www. beninactu.com / www.africadocnetwork.com www. clapnoir.org

Une initiative d’Africadoc-Bénin

Africadoc-Bénin s’associe aux partenaires ci-après, pour proposer le premier rendez-vous dédié à la jeune création documentaire africaine au Bénin. Forte du succès du programme Africadoc, pour le développe- ment du cinéma documentaire de création en Afrique, Africadoc-Bénin à travers l’organisation de Benin- Docs se veut être le rendez-vous de toute la nouvelle génération de cinéastes africains avec le monde. Pour lui permettre de valoriser son patrimoine audiovisuel et culturel, montrer son propre regard sur les réalités du continent.

Nous vous prions de prendre le rendez-vous de votre génération avec nos partenaires.

DIFFUSEURS

LES CHAINES DE TÉLÉVISIONS DU BENIN
Télévision nationale: Office des Ration et Télévision du Bénin (ORTB)

Directeur: Fidel AYIKOUE / Pierrette DJOSSOU

Téléphones: 30 06 28 / 30 17 16 / 30 46 19 / 30 18 85

Route de l’aéroport

Boîte Postale: 01 BP 366 COTONOU-BENIN

E-mail ort[email protected] http://ortb.info/

ATVS

Monsieur Jacob AKINOCHO

Téléphone 31 43 19 / 31 27 72

Boîte Postale: 01 BP 7101 COTONOU-BENIN

E-mail jakinoc[email protected]

LC2

ResponsableMonsieur Christian LAGNIDE Directeur GénéralMonsieur Jérémie AKPLOGAN Téléphone 33 47 49 / 33 40 38 Fax 33 46 75

Boîte Postale: 05 BP 427 COTONOU-BENIN

E-mail [email protected] www.lc2international.tv

TELCO

Monsieur Joseph JEBARA Téléphone 31 34 98 / 31 26 08 Boîte Postale: BP 1241 COTONOU-BENIN

E-mail [email protected]

TV + INTERNATIONAL/TV5

Monsieur Claude Karam

Téléphone: 30 10 96 / 30 14 37

Boîte Postale: 01 bp 366

COTONOU-BENIN

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@ADEPt_y
Thu, 09 May 2024

ADEPt – West Africa (Francophone)

Masterclasses

Ces pays ont été marqués par la présence française et sont toujours imprégnés de la culture d’occupation et d’une forme de domination économique, stratégique et géopolitique importante.

En ce qui concerne la partie de la recherche que j’ai assumée, mon enquête a porté uniquement sur huit pays francophones membres de la CEDEAO. (Bénin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Mali, Niger, Sé- négal et Togo) qui regroupe également huit autres pays (Iles du Cap Vert, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée Bissau, Libéria, Mauritanie, Nigeria, Sierra Leone) mais dont les enquêtes ont été réalisées par d’autres chercheurs.

Un accord économique et culturel de la CEDEAO a posé les bases d’une politique culturelle des seize pays sur trois plans:

  1. Développement de la créativité par le progrès social et l’amélioration du niveau de
  2. Stimulation d’une conscience communautaire par un sentiment d’appartenance à une communauté culturelle liée aux réalités géopolitiques, historiques et
  3. Intégration régionale par un développement communautaire respectant les réalités socioculturelles des populations, ainsi que les identités

La relation avec l’Union Européenne est consolidée à trav- ers le groupe de ces seize pays d’Afrique, plus des pays des Caraïbes et du Pacifique dénommé Groupe ACP.

Ces pays font également partie de l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UE- MOA), à l’exception de la Guinée. L’UEMOA est une organisation régulant l’intégration économique des États membres, à travers la compétitivité des ac- tivités, dans un marché ouvert et harmonisé.

C’est dans ce contexte économique et culturel, et avec l’héritage d’un passé sous influence française, que les réalisateurs et les producteurs doivent exercer leur métier. Cela oriente parfois les projets soumis par les auteurs de films documentaires, car l’essentiel des fonds alloués proviennent des guichets français, CNC (Centre National de la Cinématographie et de l’Image Animée – Paris), OIF (Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie), Fonds Images Afrique du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères – Paris (en collaboration avec le CNC) et aussi avec les fonds attribués par la Commu- nauté Européenne.

La langue d’échange entre ces pays africains est toujours la langue française, mais une particularité importante est que tous les groupes ont conservé leur propre langue. Cette diversité des expressions linguistiques en Afrique de l’Ouest est un apport très important à remarquer et à souligner. Les auteurs de films documentaires ont la possibilité de travailler dans des contextes très particuli- ers; en privilégiant des points de vue très originaux, très proches des populations, en s’appuyant sur les expres- sions culturelles très distinctes de chaque communauté.

Le cinéma documentaire évoluant en Afrique de l’Ouest autorise alors l’approfondissement très net des particularités régionales, locales, transversales et permet d’encadrer les sujets dans une notion historique du passé à redécouvrir. Cela peut se faire dans un esprit purement documentaire dans le sens de la conservation des identités culturelles et du patrimoine. Et dans une orientation des projets vers une conception du docu- mentaire de création avec des analyses sur la société, sur l’environnement, sur la politique. La recherche d’archives et leur intégration dans les films est égale- ment une préoccupation majeure des réalisateurs.

Développer et amplifier la production de films docu- mentaires de création en Afrique est la seule façon de réduire la domination des productions extérieures. Ces produits d’importation stimulent des modes de penser inadaptés, via la diffusion sur les télévisions africaines des programmes occidentaux et en provenance d’autres pays émergents (Brésil, Inde).

C’est à travers tout cela que le cinéaste confirmé ou en devenir, doit acquérir sa volonté de passeur d’images, et peut intégrer, progressivement, par son propre développement, en phase avec l’évolution de sa propre société, un esprit d’engagement. Cet engagement se fait actuellement dans un contexte favorisant de plus en plus de liberté d’opinion et d’expression.

Le point positif c’est l’attachement que les réalisateurs ont pour les nouveaux projets en cours de développe- ment ou à développer, que ces films soient en direction du nord, ou en direction de leur propre pays.

L’aspect particulier, c’est la restructuration de la ciné- matographie en Côte d’Ivoire et en Guinée présent- ant au stade actuel quelques faiblesses vu le contexte politique de ces deux pays.

Mais la volonté farouche des réalisateurs et des pro- ducteurs de ces pays, confirme la voie vers une perspec- tive très positive et très dynamique. Il faut donc sou- haiter une restauration économique et politique de ces deux pays, et par voie de conséquence, de leur devenir culturel, incluant la cinématographie.

J’ai constaté que le saut technologique par la révolu- tion numérique en Afrique est un avantage évident, aussi bien pour la question de la fabrication que de l’exposition des films.

Tout en considérant une faible densité des salles de ci- néma dans ces pays, la diffusion peut se faire grâce aux propositions suivantes: soit le cinéma itinérant dans les campagnes et dans les villes, soit la diffusion VOD par internet dans les capitales.

Le coût réduit de l’équipement et des industries techniques permet une légèreté d’action, de la pro- duction à l’exploitation, tout en améliorant la qualité des œuvres.

Il faut constater aussi la carence des films documentaires créés en Afrique à l’intérieur des grilles de programmes des chaînes de télévision africaines. L’économie libérale, via les chaînes de télévisions encombrées de publicités et de telenovelas, est plus un obstacle à la diffusion de documentaires – engagés ou non -, qu’une éventuelle censure politique ou administrative.

Ma démarche méthodologique a été d’acquérir l’essentiel des informations et des éléments sur la situa- tion du cinéma documentaire de ces huit pays.

Dans un premier temps, c’est à distance que j’ai recueilli les éléments informatifs, dans le but de préparer mes voyages d’enquête. Cette préparation a permis de cibler les institutions, et surtout les personnalités pouvant m’informer sur l’état du cinéma documentaire de ces huit pays. Les enquêtes que j’ai menées sur place (excepté le Niger et le Togo que j’ai traité uniquement à distance), ont été fructueuses, l’accueil par les responsables a été très favorable et les échanges ont été agréables et ont bénéficié mes recherches.

J’ai noté une très forte volonté de développer le docu- mentaire de la part des responsables des cinématogra- phies des huit pays, qui consolident le volet juridique au sein de leurs institutions, permettant des accords de coproduction en partenariat sud – sud et nord – sud.

J’ai rencontré la même volonté de la part des pro- ducteurs et des réalisateurs qui ont le souhait de dével- opper leur projet dans les conditions idéales de produc- tion, tant au niveau de l’écriture que du développement et de la production.

J’ai privilégié l’emploi d’interviews sonores que j’ai enregistrées, ce qui a permis une liberté de ton et d’expression qui est en correspondance avec la liberté d’opinion grandissante dans ces pays.

Ces interviews sonores ont été transcrites, ce qui a permis le recoupement avec les informations acquises précédemment, et ces éléments ont structuré la forme finale de mon dossier.

Ce qui est à noter au travers de ces interviews, globale- ment, c’est que cette volonté générale de produire du cinéma documentaire engagé est soumise aux con- traintes dues non seulement à la réduction des apports financiers des pays du nord, mais aussi à la faiblesse des subsides attribués au cinéma des huit pays.

— Kadidiatou Diallo-Oriach

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ADFF_Preface & Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

by Alessandro Jedlowski

Guides

PREFACE

In the last 30 years, Africa has borne the brunt of: the legacy of Cold War power games; militarization; structural adjustment programs and other destructive imposed debt conditionalities; the extractives industries; large-scale land grabs and food insecurity; the flight of finance capital and the acceleration of global capitalism; the escalating impact of the climate crisis; and the erosion of many of the gains of independence.

All of these factors must be taken into account when considering the lack of diversity and capacity in Africa’s economic and social institutions and the inability of many African governments to invest in social development, including the cultural sector. At the same time, the centralization and corporate control of the international news media and upheaval across film distribution avenues has resulted in the marginalization of African perspectives on many important issues, at a time when they have arguably never been more necessary.

And yet, on a continent where the average median age is 19, and where progressive peoples’ movements are a significant force, there is optimism from the next generation. The above-described threats can also be seen as opportunities for Africa to shape new forms of partnerships based on greater transparency, equality and accountability founded on mutual/common interests. The resurgence of middle-income countries and even Africa’s own economic expansion offer an entirely different environment and policy space than that of the 80s and 90s.

There is scope for a more pro-active African voice in shaping international partnerships and institutions, and in this respect an African film industry could be enormously significant. The success of fiction film industries in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and elsewhere on the continent reveals a big audience in Africa for films that tell African stories. This begs the question, why not documentary?

There have been, and currently are, a number of initiatives on an international level to support African filmmakers in the production of documentaries for international markets, mainly outside of the African continent. The limiting factors have often been the same: initiatives with a short time span have come and gone without lasting effects; initiatives have reached only a limited number of filmmakers without creating film communities or audiences; distribution of films has been short term and limited, very often with only a few transmissions by mainly European TV-stations. Few African documentaries have reached African audiences or the most important international festivals during the last decade.

And it must be acknowledged that documentary itself once served to position Africa within the discourse of authority that colonialism engendered, and must therefore be completely reimagined and reintroduced to the African public, by Africans.

In 2011, a group of people (the initial Advisory Group) came together informally to brainstorm about how the landscape of documentary filmmaking in Africa might be positively transformed. In the belief that culture itself is a value to support, that supporting non-fiction/ documentary storytelling is a path to reinforcing freedom of expression and a more vigorous citizenship, that creating points of entry for engagement results not only in audiences but in the potential to create movements, and in recognition of the enormous capacity, talent and creativity that exists across the continent and that is struggling to manifest itself, the group proposed to establish an African Documentary Film Fund (ADFF).

In the interests of achieving that goal, and by extension a thriving documentary film culture in Africa based on the principles of self-determination and dignity, the group proposed a research phase across the African filmmaking community to formulate recommendations for how to take the ADFF forward and implement it.

The Bertha Foundation funded this research, working with nine researchers across all 54 countries of Africa in 2012-2013. The approaches in each region were necessarily different, but the results of that research were organized and combined in thematic areas of: historical context; production; infrastructure and emerging technologies; distribution; training; and legal frameworks and advocacy organizations.

The analysis of the findings, outlined in the Executive Summary, permits us to draw a number of general recommendations toward the establishment of a fund. While looking at them, it is important to keep in mind the existence of profound country and regional differences, which make some points more relevant in certain areas of the continent than in others.

The first general recommendation that emerges in all the reports is that the ADFF should operate on the basis of an in-depth and up-to-date knowledge of the situation in the field, and should be able to conciliate regional and continental integration with a careful consideration of the existing local specificities. A second general point is the emphasis on the need for a multilayered and diversified intervention. If lack of funding is perceived as the most critical issue affecting documentary filmmakers in the continent, all reports underscore the fact that no support to film production will achieve durable and sustainable results if training, education for media literacy and content development, distribution, audience building, and advocacy are not equally taken into account.

The findings are published in this report and available for download on the http://adff.org website, in English and French languages as appropriate, and with further translations pending. In the recognition that: the continent is enormous; that countries and regions are different; that approaches to conducting interviews and collecting information must therefore vary; that nine researchers on a limited budget can only cover so much terrain; and that information constantly changes — we have also created a mechanism on the website where updates can be submitted to supplement or amend the report.

To everyone who participated in making this report possible — and there were many — we extend our sincere gratitude. It is our collective hope that this report will be a significant, if preliminary, step toward the eventual establishment of the ADFF. In the meantime, to everyone reading it, we hope you will find it a helpful contribution to strengthening the documentary film community, and to deepening the story.

— Joslyn Barnes

 

INTRODUCTION:

As highlighted in the proposal for the creation of the African Documentary Film Fund, “supporting nonfiction/documentary storytelling is a path to reinforcing freedom of expression and a more vigorous citizenship”. Documentary film is, in fact, an invaluable tool for the development of an open and dynamic public sphere within which political, moral and cultural issues of collective and individual interest can be debated and negotiated. In this sense, then, documentary filmmaking can be seen as a tool for democracy and, in the same vein, the support of indigenous documentary film production and dissemination can be considered as a way to promote and consolidate locally-generated processes of social and political democratization.

Starting from this assumptions, ADFF’s priority focus is to support the creation of a solid, sustainable and durable African documentary film industry, whose production would be firstly and mainly geared toward African audiences. Production sustainability and legitimacy with local audiences are here considered as two of the most important factors for achieving a global recognition for the African documentary film industry and, thus, the most effective tools to make African voices and points of view become more influential in the formulation of international discourses and representations about Africa.

While the project proposal recognizes “the enormous capacity, talent and creativity that exists across the continent and that is struggling to manifest itself ”, it also acknowledges the need for more precise and detailed information about the reality on the ground. What is the history of documentary filmmaking in Africa? What are the main economic, political and cultural factors at play within this context? What are the infrastructures available on the field, and how effective are they? What is the impact that the introduction of new technologies has had on film production and distribution over the past few years, and what are the prospects that this transformation offers for the future of filmmaking in Africa? What are the legal frameworks and the political sensitivities that define the film production environment in African countries and how do African documentary film directors position themselves in respect to them? These and many others are the questions that guided the research in seven regions (North Africa, West Africa – Anglophone, West Africa – Francophone, East Africa, Central Africa, the PALOP countries, and Southern Africa) launched by the ADFF’s Advisory Group to investigate the state of documentary filmmaking in all African countries and to assess the feasibility of the ADFF initiative.

This executive summary aims at briefly introducing the reports by highlighting the most significant information that they made available. The information has been organized and combined in relation to six different thematic areas: (A) Historical context; (B) Production; (C) Infrastructure and new technologies; (D) Distribution; (E) Training; (F) Legal framework and advocacy organizations.

(A) HISTORICAL CONTEXT

The specific social, historical and economic context within which African producers, directors, distributors and audiences are located has profoundly conditioned the evolution and the present state of documentary filmmaking in the continent. In order to summarize Africa’s very complex and articulated historical itinerary in terms of documentary filmmaking, it is possible to identify four key periods, each of them defined by a set of economic and political characteristics whose specificity has been highly influential in shaping the local filmmaking environment: (1) the colonial era [1880s – 1960s]; (2) the era of early independences, Cold War, and mono-party states [1960s – 1980s]; (3) the era of Structural Adjustment Programs [mid-1980s -1990s]; (4) the era of geopolitical multi-polarization and the growth of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries [2000s – …].

  1. The Colonial Era [1880s – 1960s]:

As is the case for fiction filmmaking, the history of documentary filmmaking in most African countries is rooted in the colonial era. With the significant exceptions of Egypt and South Africa, where, for a number of reasons, local independent film industries autonomously emerged since the early twentieth century, in all African countries the first documentary films were financed and produced by the colonial authorities, be they British, French, Portuguese, Belgian, German or Italian, in order to support the colonial project.1 Most of the films produced during this era were informed by racist and exotic prejudices, and their main objectives were, on the one hand, to mobilize the national support for the colonial enterprise by documenting the “successes” achieved by the colonial administration and, on the other hand, to discipline the colonial subjects by “teaching” them what position they were allowed to occupy and what behavior they were supposed to keep within the structure of the colonial state.

Beyond the colonial film archive produced over this period, however, the colonial masters left behind also a set of infrastructures (theatre halls, recording studios, mobile cinemas, etc.) and implemented a number of policies which had a profound influence on the birth and growth of local filmmaking practices. The Colonial Film Units created by the British in the late 1930s, for instance, were indigenized in the early 1960s by the newly independent nations of Ghana and Nigeria, and these institutions’ pre-existing organization and internal structure profoundly influenced the emergence of national film industries in these countries (see report on Anglophone West Africa).2 In the Francophone area, the work of the French Ethnographic Film Committee and of people like Jean Rouch, a French anthropologist and documentary filmmaker who was active during the occupation and after the end of colonialism, profoundly influenced the education of the first generation of local filmmakers (see the report on Francophone West Africa). The power of Rouch’s work and personality produced an interesting as much as controversial trait-d’union between colonial power, anti-colonial criticism, independent filmmaking, neocolonial paternalism and postcolonial cinema. His legacy is today both proudly embraced and harshly contested by the Francophone West Africa filmmakers’ community. Other examples exist also in the Belgian, the Portuguese and the Italian colonies, but the role of these initiatives in the birth of local film industries has been less influential.

 

2. The Era of Early Independences, Cold War, and Mono-Party States [1960s – 1980s]:

After the achievement of political independence, many governments, and particularly those characterized by a socialist or communist orientation, gave a central place to cinema in the architecture of the New Nation. Cinema was, in fact, considered as the ideal tool for the ideologization of the masses, for the education of the illiterates, and for the creation of a truly shared national culture and identity. Within this context, documentary filmmaking often occupied a central role and, as a consequence, a large number of documentary films were produced during this period (unfortunately, in many cases original copies have been badly preserved and the images shot over these years are hardly accessible – see section on Infrastructures and New Technologies below). As a matter of fact, 1 The analysis of the history of documentary filmmaking during the colonial era goes beyond the scopes of the ADFF-commissioned reports, but more information may be found, among others, in M. Diawara (African Cinema: Politics and Culture, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992) and in P.J. Bloom (French Colonial Documen- taries: Mythologies of Humanitarianism. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 2008). 2 It is important to underline that similar infrastructures existed also in other British colonies, such as Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), but they were not indigenized, and film production in these countries closed down after independence, only to eventually re-emerge in the following years as the result of newly conceived local initiatives. in a number of countries, such as Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Guinea, Angola, Cape Verde, Morocco and Algeria, these can be considered as the Golden Age of documentary filmmaking. Considerable efforts were invested in building new infrastructures and restructuring those that had been left behind by the colonial administration, and newly conceived artistic and educational program saw the light. During this period, for instance, a number of avant-garde initiatives took place, the most known among them being probably the one that took place in Mozambique just after independence in 1975, which saw the participation of internationally recognized directors such as Jean-Luc Godard, Ruy Guerra, and Jean Rouch in the creation of the Mozambican National Film Institute (see report on PALOP countries).

These years were particularly significant also in those countries where cinema was not invested of a particular ideological role. These were, in fact, years during which the role of the state was central in the economic and social life of most (if not all) African countries, and the strategic geopolitical position of the African continent within the Cold War scenario was making external money flow abundantly in the states’ strongboxes.

Within this context, public spending was a widespread strategy to maintain people’s support in situations of often openly undemocratic, mono-party or military regimes, and documentary films were often used as tools of propaganda.

Over this period, the existence of African documentary filmmaking, be it the expression of socialist and communist avant-gardes, the propaganda tool in the hands of some authoritarian regimes, or both things at the same time, was inevitably and inextricably connected to state power, and to its complex, often clientelistic networks of resource allocation. As is the case for much locally-based media production in African countries over this period, be it television, cinema, radio or documentary film, the individual media producer could hardly overlook the role of the state and its ideological and bureaucratic framework.

Beyond this context, however, two important factors contributed to the development of African documentary filmmaking during this period, and remained highly influential also in the following years: (a) external funding and (b) diasporic

(a) External economic support, such as France’s cooperation programs in support of African film production, and Russia and Cuba’s scholarships programs for young African directors and technicians, has importantly fostered African fiction and, to a smaller extent, documentary film production. Nevertheless, these contributions have also generated a number of highly controversial effects (economic dependency, outwards orientation of film’s plot and style, inability to reach local audiences, etc), to the point of making the accusation of “neocolonial paternalism” toward some forms of cultural cooperation widespread.3

(b) The role of diaspora has been less controversial. Over this period important fiction and documentary films have been produced by directors based outside Africa and their work has provided important examples of aesthetic experimentation and political criticism. The relationship among locally-based and diasporic directors, however, has not been always easy, and during the post-independence era, as well as today, cooperation and conflict between diasporic and locally- based filmmakers

(3) The Era of Structural Adjustment Programs [mid-1980s – 1990s]:

As a consequence of the global economic recession of the early 1980s, the increasing accumulation of foreign debt that followed it, and the end of the Cold War, between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s most African countries were forced to subscribe to the principles suggested by the Structural Adjustment Programs, a set of policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These policies implied the withdrawal of 3 I am here referring particularly to the debate around the role of Francophonie, and of the cultural policies con nected to it, within the wider context of the neocolonial power structure known as Françafrique. More about this topic can be found in F.-X. Verschave (Françafrique: le plus long scandale de la République; Paris: Stock, 1998) and J.-L. Amselle (L’art de la friche. Essai sur l’art africain contemporain; Paris: Flammarion, 2005). the state from the national economic and cultural sectors, and the progressive centralization of the market within these fields. A direct consequence of these transformations was the progressive collapse of state-run television and cinema infrastructures, theater halls, archives and training institutions. If for a large number of African countries the early post-independence era can be considered as the Golden Age of documentary filmmaking, the Structural Adjustment era can unmistakably be defined as its darkest age. The few existing state-run initiatives collapsed, the film professionals that had been trained over the previous decades were in most cases obliged to find alternative ways to make a living, and the few infrastructures that had been put together since independence or kept alive from the colonial era were abandoned, sold or destroyed.

However, even within this dark scenario, an important innovation took place: the introduction of new recording, editing and screening technologies (see also section on New Technologies below).

The transformations this innovation provoked had impactful consequences over these years, but probably showed their full significance only in the following decades. It is partly in relation to these transformations, in fact, that African documentary filmmaking, and African film production in general, have witnessed a remarkable renewal and represent today a highly dynamic field for investigation. As it will be later shown, the challenges for documentary filmmaking are still countless, but it is uncontestable that, if compared to the 1980s and 1990s, the 2000s represent an era marked by the rise of new possibilities and potentialities.

(4) The Era of Geopolitical Multi-Polarization and the Growth of BRICS Countries [2000s – …]:

This is the era that concerns us most closely, and upon which the reports are more attentively focused. The main factors to be taken into account in relation to this period are the economic transformations generated by the multi-polarization of the international geopolitical scenario, the extremely fast technological and infrastructural developments that are modifying the landscape of the contemporary African metropolis, the growth in number and economic weight of middle classes around the continent and, finally, the unprecedented social, economic and political relevance of the role played by migration and diaspora in the life of African people and states.

In terms of documentary filmmaking, all these transformations have had important consequences. The multi-polarization of the international geopolitical scenario has given African countries the possibility to access diversified business and loan partners (namely the BRICS countries and, among them, China more than others), and has injected fresh money into highly indebted economies, thus provoking quick economic and infrastructural transformations, which are often chaotic, but nevertheless effective, in creating a new entrepreneurial and cultural dynamism. While, until today, BRICS countries’ initiatives in the world of filmmaking are still relatively limited (see the report on Benin for an example of Chinese cooperation, the report on Ethiopia in what concerns Indian cooperation, and the report on PALOP countries for an example of the role that Brazil has started to play within this context), they are likely to assume a more relevant role in the years to come in terms of training, funding, infrastructural and technical support.

As will be better discussed below, new technologies, and, amongst them, mobile phones in particular, have made African people move, in a matter of a few years, from the “prehistory” of mass communications (until a decade ago most African countries had almost no landlines and relied on very poor telecommunications networks) to the avant-garde of it. Today Africa is one of the largest world markets for internet, mobile phones and new media technologies in general, and multinational companies compete on its soil introducing new products and new, more competitive prices on a daily basis. However, the optimism surrounding these transformations is, in some cases, excessive. As some reports demonstrate (see for instance the reports on Southern and Central Africa), it is important to be cautious and not to overemphasize the role that these technologies are today able to play in terms of film distribution and audience development.

A few more years are probably needed for this technological revolution to fully achieve its potentials, but its importance must nevertheless be taken into account (see section on Distribution below).

Finally, even if partly left aside in the regional reports, the role that the African diaspora plays today in the continent cannot be overlooked. Remittances constitute today an important section of the national GDP for numerous African nations. In relation to documentary filmmaking, diaspora can and do play multiple roles:

  • it is a large market, made up of people who are often eager to access African contents;
  • it is an important site of production, where many exiled directors have established their enterprises, and which sometime plays an influential role for the revitalization of film production culture in the homeland;
  • it is a natural partner for international co- productions and for the organization of training and fund-raising initiatives;
  • it is a strategic ally for developing international awareness about the importance of the production and circulation of African images about
(B) PRODUCTION

Each regional report describes the existing documentary film production by country. As all reports evidence, in general terms, documentary filmmaking occupies a marginal position within the landscape of film production in the continent. However, there are profound differences which can be summarized by grouping the analyzed countries into four different categories:

(1) Key countries:

  • South Africa: the size of the television and cinema industries in this country makes its situation profoundly different from those that can be observed in most other countries in Africa. Here, the documentary film industry is relatively well structured and the number of documentary films annually-produced is significant.
  • Mozambique and Senegal: the activities promoted in these countries have fostered the emergence of a new generation of young documentary
  • Egypt: despite its longstanding film industry, in this country documentary filmmaking was not particularly developed until recently, but the Arab Spring movement has fostered the emergence of a large number of film collectives and filmmakers who are highly active and and politically engaged.
  • Nigeria and Kenya: these are two of the most populous countries and two of the largest economies in Over the past few years, both of them have witnessed the development of extremely active video film industries (known by the name of “Nollywood” and “Riverwood”) which offer an example of the possibilities that new technologies have createdfor the emergence of autonomous and sustainable media industries in the continent (see section on Infrastructures and New Technologies below). Documentary filmmaking is not yet particularly developed in neither of the two countries, but a set of initiatives is emerging (see section on Distribution below), and the countries’ size, economic dynamism and competition in the media sector make them undoubtedly two of the key players in the field of documentary film production.

(2) Emerging countries:

Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Tunisia.

In these countries documentary filmmaking is not particularly developed, but a number of factors suggests that they might become future key players in this field.

Ghana and Ethiopia are two of the fastest growing economies in the continent and over the past few years they have witnessed the emergence of extremely active video film industries, that adopted an economic model similar to the one developed by the Nigerian and Kenyan video industries mentioned above (see East Africa report and Anglophone West Africa Report).

As a result, training initiatives, film festivals and other media related activities that aim at consolidating the sector of film production and distribution have begun to emerge.

The Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon are countries with thriving urban cultures which, over the past few years, have witnessed the emergence of a number of fiction and documentary filmmaking activities that have created the basis for the future development of the media production sector (see Central Africa report).

Tunisia, Mali and Burkina Faso are all countries which accumulated significant filmmaking experience in the past, and which today host influential training institutions and film festivals. Within this context, documentary filmmaking has not yet been highly developed, but the professional and infrastructural resources available in the field make these countries privileged, creating the basis for important future developments.

(3) Countries where a low intensity documentary filmmaking activity takes place:

Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

These are all countries where documentary filmmaking does exist, but where there is a critical lack of resources for a solid and durable development of the sector. The situation of the documentary film industry varies from place to place, but some generalization can be made:

  1. Some of these countries witnessed the evolution of important video industries over the past few years (i.e. Tanzania, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Rwanda) whose development has revitalized the media production sector and has fostered the emergence of new generations of young self-trained directors. However, until now, there is a radical disjunction between the video production sector, which generally focuses on fiction films, and the documentary film industry.
  2. Other countries (i.e. Côte d’Ivoire) are home to extremely active popular culture and television industries, but have not enjoyed the right social and political environment needed for the emergence of a spontaneous and solid documentary film industry.
  3. In some countries (i.e. Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, Zimbabwe) there is a growing interest for documentary filmmaking, but the political environment tends to be hostile toward initiatives that risk to challenge the central authority. Morocco has a highly skilled film community, but it has been for the most part targeted toward servicing large scale fiction film projects from overseas. There is increasing interest in the country in local independent film, which has been supported by the recent emergence of film funds in the Arab world (mainly from the Gulf ), but thus far support for documentary lags behind.
  4. In other countries (i.e. Burundi, Gabon, Niger) the emergence of locally-organized documentary film festivals has generated a renewed interest in documentary filmmaking, attracting also some forms of international
  5. Some countries have recently witnessed the return of state interest in the media sector (i.e. Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea) and might thus develop interesting production activities in the coming
  6. Others have a significant history of documentary filmmaking (i.e. Guinea) but they lack the resources and the political environment needed to reactivate this sector.
  7. n most of these countries (i.e. Botswana, Burundi, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Zimbabwe) NGOs are very active and they have often used documentary film production as part of their intervention strategy, but directors tend to be unhappy with the situation because of the scarce creative freedom that NGOs allow them to

Generally speaking, all the countries included in this category have a lot of potential, but are in desperate need of economic and professional support.

(4) Countries where almost no documentary filmmaking activity is taking place:

Central Africa Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Mauritania, Mauritius, São Tomé e Principe, South Sudan, Swaziland, Western Sahara.

These are countries where, for a number of reasons (political censorship, conflict, profound economic distress, general lack of infrastructures, etc) documentary production is almost inexistent.

To summarize the situation, it is possible to say that, while the continent is traversed by widespread dynamism and a number of interesting experiences have emerged over the past few years, documentary film production is still everywhere affected by a general lack of resources, first of all in terms of funding, but also in terms of professional skills, and in terms of pre- and post- production facilities. Over the past few years, some countries (i.e. South Africa, Algeria, Tanzania, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Gabon, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal) have developed state-directed initiatives to support film production (National Film Funds, National Film Institutes, etc), but their efficacy is often criticized by local filmmakers who denounce the clientelism and political nepotism often involved in fund allocation. Beyond these controversial initiatives, local investment is almost absent, and it is related either to the production of documentary films for limited circulation within corporate business initiatives (see, for instance, the report on Nigeria, which highlights the fact that many local documentary filmmakers make their living out of producing films for international oil companies and other corporate businesses based in Nigeria) or to the production of electoral and propaganda films commissioned by the politicians in power.

Beyond these forms of investments, the only resources available on the ground come from external agents, such as NGOs, transnational television channels (i.e. Channel Four, BBC, Al-Jazeera, Al-Arabiya, Arte, TV5 Monde, Canal France International, M-Net), international Film Funds and governmental institutions (see report on East Africa, for a precise list of the Funds and Institutions active in sub-Saharan Africa, and the report on North Africa for a list of the Funds and Institutions active in the so-called Arab World countries). Within this context, it is important to underline again that the NGOs’ action is often criticized by filmmakers because it does not allow creativity to develop freely, and it imposes specific themes and agendas to the documentary filmmakers whose work is supported.

(C) INFRASTRUCTURES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES 

The state of infrastructure in Africa makes often the life of documentary filmmakers particularly hard.

As mentioned earlier, during the 1980s and 1990s the application of Structural Adjustment Programs has pushed the majority of African states toward the privatization of most state-owned media infrastructures (film schools, recording studios, theatre halls, television stations, etc). In many cases these infrastructures have been reconverted and destined to other uses (i.e. most theatre halls have become churches), thus creating an infrastructural void that is still hard to fill.

The main problem concerns distribution and exhibition venues, since, except for a few countries such as South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Algeria and Morocco, most cinema theatres in the continent have been closed down. Some countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya are witnessing the emergence of multiplex theatre halls, but these venues are focused on commercial distribution, target elite audiences and screen mainly foreign films. A few projects that envisage the construction of a network of community screening centers equipped with digital projectors have emerged over the past few years (i.e. Mozambique, Nigeria), but, in general, most people watch films and television in informal places, such as video clubs and neighborhood screening halls.

Another highly impactful infrastructural deficiency is related to the erratic provision of electricity in most African countries. One of the worst countries in this sense is probably Nigeria, but unpredictable power cuts do happen in most sub-Saharan countries, and have multiple impacts on film production. For instance, they make film budgets increase since, in many cases, in order to guarantee the right functioning of all technical equipments (on set and during post- production), power has to be locally-produced through expensive gas-powered generators. Power disruption also problematically influences television budgets (i.e. in Nigeria most television channels, both private and state-owned, have to generate the power they consume) dramatically reducing the budgets eventually available for film production.

Furthermore, the general infrastructural collapse that happened in the 1980s and 1990s has provoked the quasi-complete abandonment of the existing national archives, whose documents (U-matic tapes, celluloid recordings and so on) needed specific as much as expensive cares in order to be correctly preserved. While a few initiatives of restoration have seen the light over the past few years (i.e. South Africa, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Kenya, Namibia, Madagascar), in many cases films and other materials have been lost, creating a major problem for filmmakers who intend to use archival materials as part of their projects. This is a tragic and epic loss for the world.

Within this context the introduction of new technologies has opened a new set of possibilities, which has not yet been fully explored. I will better focus on the role that new technologies have today and might have for the future development of documentary filmmaking in the section on Distribution (below).

Here it is important to underline how the introduction of digital technologies has revitalized film production all over the continent. Apart from the well-known video industry that has emerged in Nigeria (Nollywood), similar enterprises have seen the light in many other countries, such as Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Benin, Rwanda, Guinea, Gabon, Madagascar, Cameroon, and are likely to happen elsewhere. Digital technologies have also revitalized television production all over the continent (i.e. Côte d’Ivoire is today a major fiction television series producer in the region), and have had an important impact on the rejuvenation of fiction and documentary film production sectors in countries that already had an important filmmaking tradition (i.e. Tunisia, Egypt, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mali).

The emergence of a new generation of, in most cases young, digital filmmakers has contributed in creating a generational argument which is opposing, on the one hand, the old school of highly-trained celluloid filmmakers and television operators who, because of their attachment to old and expensive technologies tend to have a very low rate of production, and, on the other hand, a new generation of, in most cases un-trained or self-trained, digital filmmakers, who, thanks to the use of new technologies, manage to produce and circulate a large quantity of films though often of highly questionable quality. As underlined in numerous reports (i.e. report on Central Africa and on Francophone West Africa), older professionals consider the new generation as pretentious, under-trained and often politically superficial, while the new generation considers the old one as nostalgic and attached to its own privileges. It is, in most cases, the old generation that controls the redistribution of the few national resources available for the local film industries and which, very often, prefers to redistribute them among the restricted circle of the old-school members, thus provoking the resentment of the emerging talents.

The emergence of creative documentary on the world stage in the past decade may offer opportunities for both generations if only structures can be put in place that enhance cooperation rather than competition, and people with vision decide to work together.

(D) DISTRIBUTION

Beyond funding, distribution is certainly one of the major problems affecting documentary filmmaking in Africa. The difficulties experienced by most African documentary filmmakers in making their films circulate is not only related to the infrastructural problems reported above. It is also strictly connected to the problem of the (missing) relationship between African audiences and documentary films. In most countries, the documentary format is still considered a very marginal product by both broadcasters and audiences, and directors encounter countless difficulties in getting their films screened or getting exhibitors (television channels, theatre halls or others) to actually pay for the right to screen the films. The numerous festivals that have emerged all over the continent during the past few years are doing an important job in creating an audience for documentary films, but this process still needs time and a lot of support in order to be fully achieved.

The first and probably the most dramatic problem that an African documentary film director encounters in distributing his or her film is the relationship with local televisions. In most African countries, local television channels almost never commission films or contribute to production expenses. On the contrary, in most cases, televisions ask filmmakers to buy airtime from them in order to screen their films. The director/producer then has to sell advertising slots in order to recover the expenses. This is, for instance, the model applied in Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Botswana, Kenya and Uganda. Similar dynamics also happen in most Francophone West African countries, where local televisions (both private and public) in many cases do not sell airtime, but pretend to have the right to screen the film for free, for as many times as they want. This unfair behavior is the consequence of a number of factors, such as:

  • the inefficacity of copyright laws in most African countries (see also section on Legal Framework below)
  • the traditional role played by national televisions within the local media environment, that is, an unchallenged monopolistic role which has made them used to acting beyond commercial fairness; 4
  • the absence, in most countries, of an apt legal framework for the protection of local producers’ interests (i.e. laws imposing a quota of local productions on the content screened per day);
  • the highly problematic role played by international television broadcasters, which in many cases offer African televisions package-deals that allow them to screen foreign content for free, thus practically killing the possibility of commercial competition for local productions;
  • the difficulty that local televisions have in competing with the commercial offer made available by international satellite TVs, which have invaded the market of most African countries over the past few years and which can generally afford to offer much better quality content than local television stations;
  • the state of the local advertising market, which is generally underdeveloped and does not mobilize significant revenues for television stations, thus reducing their purchasing

Because television, which is generally the main partner of documentary film production, fails to perform its role, African documentary film producers and directors have experimented with a large number of alternative distribution strategies. The most common examples are:

  • Mobile cinema screenings (a few examples are the work of PSI in Madagascar, GFC and Lovelife in South Africa, Touchline in Tanzania, MobiCine in Senegal and Mali, Cinema Numérique Ambulant in Benin, Togo, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal and Cameroon).
  • Independently organized screenings (in collaboration with NGOs, foreign cultural centers, community centers, etc).
  • Sale to international satellite television stations (i.e. BBC, Channel Four, TV5 Monde, Arte, Canal France International, Vox Africa, Africable, Al-Jazeera, Al- Arabiya, RTP International, M-Net).
  • Internet distribution for free on Youtube, Vimeo, and other similar
  • Internet distribution through VOD platforms and internet sites dedicated to the promotion of African cinema (i.e http://www.thematv.com/index. php; http://www.africadocnetwork.com; http:// africafilmonline.tv; http://www.a24media.com; http://www.africafilms.tv; http://coteouest.tv; http:// documentary.net).
  • Internet distribution through online TVs (i.e tv, Met Tv Africa, Southtel TV, and Zoopy in South Africa; droitlibre.tv in Burkina Faso; Marbos TV in Togo).
  • Distribution via film festivals, which can be grouped into three categories:
    • International film festivals which accept documentary films (i.e. Durban International Film Festival [Durban, South Africa], Festival Panafricain du Cinéma de Ouagadougou [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Journées Cinématographiques de 4 It is important to underline that since the early 1990s the television market has been liberalized in numerous countries, but only in very few cases has thisprovoked any real transformation in the way the television market is administered, the privileged position of state-owned televisions being still unchallenged in most countries. Carthage [Tunis, Tunisia], Zanzibar International Film Festival [Zanzibar, Tanzania], Amakula Kampala International Film Festival [Kampala, Uganda], Kenya International Film Festival [Nairobi, Kenya], Festival International du Film de Marrakesh [Marrakesh, Morocco], Colors of the Nile International Film Festival [Addis Ababa, Ethiopia], International Images Film Festival for Women (IIFF) [Harare, Zimbabwe], Festival Ecrans Noires [Yaoundé, Cameroon], Zuma International Film Festival [Abuja, Nigeria], Burundi International Film Festival [Bujumbura, Burundi], Salaam Kivu International Film Festival [Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo]).
    • Festivals whose main focus is documentary film (i.e. Encounters South African International Documentary Film Festival [Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa], Dokanema Documentary Film Festival [Maputo, Mozambique], iREP International Documentary Film Forum [Lagos, Nigeria], Rencontre Internationale du Documentaire Africain [Saint Louis, Senegal], Addis International Film Festival [Addis Ababa, Ethiopia], Rencontres Cinématographiques de Béjaïa [Béjaïa, Algeria], Real Life Documentary Film Festival [Accra, Ghana], Festival de Film Ciné Droit Libre [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Forum Africain du Film Documentaire [Niamey, Niger], Festival International du Film Documentaire et du Court-Métrage d’Ismaïlia [Ismaïlia, Egypt], Festival International de film Documentaire d’Agadir [Agadir, Morocco], DOC à Tunis [Tunis, Tunisia], Les Escales Documentaires de Libreville [Libreville, Gabon]).
    • Film market events (i.e. DISCOP Africa (itinerant Pan-African film and television market); Marché International du Cinéma et de la Télévision Africains (MICA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Rencontres Tënk de Coproduction, Saint Louis, Senegal).

All these strategies are importantly participating in the creation of an African audience for African documentary films, but the circulation that an average African documentary film manages to achieve today is still, in most cases, insufficient.

The strategies that, according to the reports, seem to be the most effective are:

  • mobile cinema screenings, because of their capacity to reach the audiences beyond the conventional screening places while keeping screening fees very low;
  • privately organized screenings and screening in community halls, for the same reasons;
  • film festivals, because they participate in creating awareness about the social and cultural significance of documentary filmmaking by organizing public events, training sessions and, in some cases, itinerant

Beyond these strategies, the most popular screening venues all over the continent are undoubtedly the local neighborhood video clubs which generally screen pirated DVDs and international television programs for very low entry fees. Documentary films are rarely if ever screened in these venues, but as a number of reports suggest (see, for instance, reports on Madagascar and Senegal), they might be the ideal distribution vector to use in order to build an audience for documentary films in the continent.

In what concerns new distribution technologies (internet, satellite televisions, VOD platforms, etc), their potential for film distribution is generally recognized, but numerous directors and distributors are still cautious since they see them as yet not fully viable. The main reasons for this are the following:

  1. in what concerns internet distribution, online televisions, and VOD platforms there are still the following problems:
    • bad quality of internet connection in most countries;
    • erratic stability of local mobile telephone networks, which makes film content download on mobile phones hard for most countries’ audiences;
    • expensive price of internet connection packages, which makes internet access an urban elite’s privilege;
    • (for VOD platforms) relatively low credit card penetration among African audiences and, for those who do have a credit card, incompatibility of bank cards issued in Africa with most internationally accepted systems of online payment;
  1. in what concerns satellite televisions:
    • (for producers and directors) difficulties in accessing international satellite television channels;
    • (for the audience) expensive price of satellite television decoders;
    • (for the audience) erratic provision of electric power, which makes satellite television consumption even more expensive (in order to watch television, in many cases an audience member does not only need to have a television, a decoder and to pay the television fees, it also has to generate its own power and buy the fuel for it).

Within this context, according to many professionals in the continent, the main role that new technologies, and internet in particular, can play today is related to:

  1. distribution for the diasporic market: this is a market that has generally easier access to these technologies and that is more accustomed to making use of them;
  2. advertising and audience building: while most people do not have access to good internet connections sufficient for downloading films, many people and above all journalists and media operators, do access social networks and similar platforms, which can thus be used for advertising purposes and for audience building

(E) TRAINING 

Formal and well-structured film documentary training institutions are lacking in most African countries, and the existing institutions are concentrated in those countries that have a longer and more established filmmaking tradition (i.e. South Africa, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Tunisia). The most dynamic and methodologically up-to-date training opportunities around the continent are often connected to festival activities (i.e. Dokanema Documentary Film Festival, iREP Documentary Film Festival, Rencontres Cinématographiques de Béjaïa, Forum Africain du Film Documentaire, Les Escales Documentaire de Libreville, International Images Film Festival for Women (IIFF), etc) and foreign cultural centers. Beyond these initiatives, there are, however, a number of both institutional and informal training opportunities around the continent, which can be summarized as follow:

  1. Public film schools (i.e. the National Film Institute (NFI) in Jos, Nigeria; the National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) and the Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts (GAFTA) in Accra, Ghana; the Institut Supérieur de l’Image et du Son (ISIS) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; the Ecole Supérieuredes Métiers de l’Audiovisuel in Dakar, Senegal; the Kilimanjaro Film Institute in Arusha, Tanzania; the Ecole Supérieure de l’Audiovisuel et du Cinéma (ESAC) in Tunis, Tunisia).
  2. Private schools (i.e. the South African School of Motion Picture Medium (AFDA) in Durban, South Africa; the Kibera Film School in Nairobi, Kenya; the Institut Imagine in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; the Institut Panafricain des Métiers de l’Information et de la Communication Audiovisuelle (IPMICA) and the Média Centre in Dakar, Senegal; the Maisha Film Lab in Kampala, Uganda; the Blue Nile Film and Television Academy (BNFTA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Ecole des Arts et du Cinéma (EDAC) in Tunis, Tunisia; the Pencil Film and Technical Institute (PEFTI) in Lagos, Nigeria; the Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN) Training School in Lagos Nigeria; the We Own TV training courses in Freetown, Sierra Leone; the Institut Supérieur de Formation aux Métiers du Cinéma et de l’Audiovisuel de l’Afrique Centrale (ISCAC) in Yaoundé, Cameroon; the Rwanda Cinema Centre (RCC) in Kigali, Rwanda; the Burundi Film Centre in Bujumbura, Burundi).
  3. Universities: many universities all over the continent offer undergraduate and master programs in journalism and communication-related Practical courses in filmmaking are, however, missing at the university level in most countries, and university training is often seen by professionals as unable to give students the required expertise. A remarkable exception is the Master program in documentary filmmaking at the University Gaston Berger in Saint Louis, Senegal, supported by the Africa Doc Network and the Stendhal University of Grenoble.
  4. NGOs and project-based training program (i.e. the Sudan Film Factory in Khartoum, Sudan; the Ethiopian Film Initiative in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Media for Development Initiative in Zimbabwe and Tanzania; the African Media Initiative based in Nairobi, Kenya, but with Pan-African vocation; the Conseil International des Radios Télévisions d’Expression Française (CIRTEF), based in Brussels and active in all Francophone African countries; the “Congo in Four Acts” initiative in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo).
  5. Training on set: in most countries training happens on a learning-by-doing basis on film In some regions of the continent, particularly in East African countries such as Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, and in Morocco and South Africa, local filmmakers also learn the rudiments of filmmaking by participating in foreign productions.

 

(F) LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ADVOCACY ORGANIzATIONS

In most African countries the legal framework for documentary filmmaking is inefficient or outdated. The major problems concern:

  1. Piracy and copyright legislation: in most African countries copyright law was introduced during colonialism, but local concern for it emerged only recently and only in those countries which have significant local production in music, film or other media related contents. With the exception of a few countries (i.e. South Africa, Burkina Faso, Senegal) in which the existing laws have been updated to face recent social, economic and cultural transformations and some concrete results have been achieved, the legal framework concerning intellectual property and copyright seems to be inefficient in most of the continent. Some countries (i.e. Nigeria, Ghana) have witnessed artists’ mobilizations claiming the government’s intervention to better protect their work, and these grassroots movements have provoked some modifications in the copyright regime. However, all around the continent the existing laws tend to remain virtual and, apart from some anti-piracy raids conducted over the past few years (i.e. Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Ghana), anti-piracy enforcement is generally lacking. As a result DVD and internet piracy is rampant in most of the continent, but it generally does not target documentary filmmaking. It does, on the contrary, create problems for satellite television providers, who often see their decoder used for collective screenings (i.e. most video clubs use individual accounts for collective and commercial use). According to professionals, however, the copyright problem does not relate only to the legal framework but also to the lack of collective awareness about intellectual property regulations and to the absence of lawyers and policy makers specializing in these issues.
  2. The relationship with television stations: see section on Distribution
  3. Insurance and contracts: apart from a few exceptions (i.e. South Africa), most countries do not have specific legislation imposing insurance and contracts for film industry Working conditions on set are, thus, in most cases, dealt with according to the film’s director and producer discretion, with great differences from case to case. It is possible to say that independent film production in most countries, especially since the introduction of digital technologies and the multiplication of small scale production enterprises, belongs to the informal sector of the local economies. It thus positions itself at the margins of existing legal and fiscal frameworks, and produces little official figures for policy makers’ analysis.

Within this framework the activity of advocacy groups could be particularly relevant. However, many countries lack efficient organizations of this kind.

Among the existing advocacy groups it is possible to define three categories:

  1. National institutions:
    • Local copyright commissions (i.e. Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC), The Copyright Board of Kenya, Office National de Droits d’Auteur (ONDA – Algeria), Society of Authors, Composers and Publishers of the Arab Republic of Egypt (SACERAU), Organisme Tunisien de Protection de Droits d’Auteur (ODPT), Bureau Sénégalais de Droits d’Auteur (BSDA), Bureau Burkinabé de Droits d’Auteur (BBDA), Tanzanian Copyright Society (COSOTA), Copyright Society of Botswana (COSBOTS).
    • National guilds and filmmakers associations (i.e. Centre Cinématographique Marocain (CCM), Ghana Academy of Film and Television Arts (GAFTA), Ethiopian Filmmakers Association (EFPA), Centre National du Cinéma Malien (CNCM), Namibian Filmmakers Association (FAN), Institut Angolais du Cinéma, de l’Audiovisuel et du Multimédia (IACAM), Institut National de l’Audiovisuel et du Cinéma (INAC – Mozambique), Sierra Leone Film Industry Labor and Marketing Guild (SLFLM), Movie Union of Liberia, the Gambia Film Producers Association, Rwanda Cinema Centre (RCC), National Centre of Cinema (CENACI – Gabon), Burundi Film Centre, National Association of Media Art (NAMA – Zambia).
  1. Independent organizations (i.e. Independent Producers Organization (IPO – South Africa), Documentary Filmmakers Association (DFA – South Africa), Independent Television Producers Association of Nigeria (ITPAN), Association Mozambicaine de Cinéastes (AMOCINE), Tanzania Independent Producers Association (TAIPA), Ethiopian Film Initiative (EFI), Association Tunisienne d’Action Cinématographique, the Institute of Creative Arts for Progress in Africa (ICAPA – Zimbabwe), Association des Cinéastes Congolais (Republic of Congo), Association des Producteurs Indépendants Camerounais (APIC), Association Rencontres du Film Court (RFC – Madagascar), La Maison des Cinéastes (MCD – Muritania), Sudan Film Factory, Juba Media Collective ( JBM – South Sudan).
  2. International organizations: the Africa Doc Network; the Documentary Network Africa; the Media for Development Initiative; the African Media Initiative; AfricAvenir; Basic Leads (organizer of DISCOP), Arterial Network; the Conseil International des Radios Télévisions d’Expression Française (CIRTEF); East African Broadcasting Association; Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA).

CONCLUSION

The data provided above allows for some general conclusions. Documentary filmmaking in Africa has great potential and can undoubtedly have a highly influential role in positively influencing local social and cultural transformations in the future. The present situation of the documentary film industry is, however, complex and requires strategic interventions in numerous fields.

The reports highlight the following areas as priority targets for intervention:

  1. production funding;
  2. training in all aspects of the filmmaking process, but primarily in project elaboration, scriptwriting and post- production
  3. audience building;
  4. distribution, particularly in what concerns local television policies toward local productions and international satellite televisions’ attitude toward African productions;
  5. policy making, in relation to copyright, film distribution and television

Beyond these more urgent problems, according to the reports, documentary filmmaking in Africa is affected by a number of contingent deficiencies which slow down its development, such as

  1. lack of pre-production in-depth research on film topics (related to lack of funding);
  2. lack of freedom of expression that affects numerous African countries and that makes the position of documentary filmmakers often politically fragile;
  3. clientelism and nepotism in national resource allocation, connected to generational conflict between older and younger generations of filmmakers;
  4. lack of professionally trained documentary film critics able to introduce local audiences to the best of local and international documentary filmmaking;
  5. widespread lack of media literacy, which makes audiences unable to appreciate the value of documentary film genre;
  6. lack of training in project writing, which makes the access to international funding particularly hard for African filmmakers;
  7. general lack of coordination between the local institutions operating in the field of media and communication (i.e. in particular, lack of coordination between the Minister of Communication and the Minister of Culture, multiplication of media practitioners guilds with resulting overlap, misunderstanding and widespread mistrust, etc);
  8. disjunction and lack of communication between Francophone, Anglophone, Arabophone and Lusophone countries, which makes continental cooperation

The above-list might seem pessimistic and provoke discouragement. Indeed, as the reports highlight, the challenges for the establishment of a durable and sustainable documentary film industry in the continent are numerous. But it is important to remember once again that, over the past few years, the continent has experienced an unprecedented growth in media dynamism and media-related entrepreneurial activities which makes the present an open and extremely exciting space for the invention of new solutions.

Today as probably never before, African audiences have access to and consume large quantities of local content, and they are eager for more. Technological progress has made film production more accessible than before, and internet is creating new avenues for media circulation. Furthermore, new South-South political, cultural and economic connections have emerged, creating the space for innovative entrepreneurial and artistic activities all over Africa.

All these important and unprecedented innovations need support and coordination in order to transform their potential into real change. Young directors’ explosive creativity needs to be better channeled through well-structured, in-depth and up-to-date training programs, as well as with well-crafted production funding schemes. Existing infrastructures need to be rejuvenated and more need to be created. Film schools and film festivals around the continent have to coordinate and partner, in order to maximize their impact on professionals and audiences around the continent. Well structured and innovative distribution models, able to make the reality of African informal economies and the dream of economically sustainable film production enterprises meet, need to be invented and implemented through creative solutions.

The establishment of a solid and durable link between African producers and African audiences is the absolute priority. A truly autonomous and efficient documentary film community and industry will naturally follow.

Josh Mwamunga
@josh123
Wed, 27 Mar 2024

Getting funded

Getting funded is one of the major challenges to getting your project off the ground and on its way. So this little resource is to provide a brief outline of the steps involved.

Reports

Get Funded

Funding a documentary project involves several steps. Let’s break down the process:

1.            Research and Preparation:

  •          Understand the eligibility criteria, submission deadlines, and delivery methods for various funding opportunities.
  •          Explore different funding sources, including grants, private investment, crowdfunding, and regional/niche opportunities.
  •          Be aware of regional and alternative funding options.

2.            Types of Funding Sources:

  •          Grants: Many organizations provide grants for documentary filmmakers. Look for themes or social issues that align with your project.
  •         Crowdfunding: Platforms like Kickstarter and Indiegogo allow you to raise funds from individual contributors. Build a dedicated audience for your project.
  •          Private Investment: Seek investors who are interested in supporting your documentary. Be prepared to negotiate terms and returns.
  •          Film Festivals: Submit your documentary to festivals that offer funding opportunities, awards, or cash prizes. Increased visibility is an added benefit.

3.            Create a Compelling 

  • Craft a summary of your documentary that engages potential funders. Include:
  • Genre: Describe the type of documentary and its focus.
  • Logline: A one-sentence hook that captures your film’s essence.
  • Budget Needs: List expenses such as location fees, equipment, editing costs, etc.
  • Style Inspiration: Explain how your documentary will be filmed (voice-over, interviews, presenter, etc.)

4.            Pitch Your Vision

  • Combine a written narrative with visuals.
  • Create a captivating pitch deck that showcases your story, characters, and film vision.
  • If possible, shoot a sizzle reel or film scenes that convey the essence of your story.

5.            Fiscal Sponsorship:

  • Consider fiscal sponsorship as an alternative to starting your own nonprofit.
  • It allows you to seek private and government grants and tax-deductible donations for your documentary.
  • IDA’s Fiscal Sponsorship Program supports independent documentary projects and provides fundraising platforms.

6.            Stay Informed:

  • Regularly check funding deadlines, best practices, and industry tips.
  • Explore resources like the Documentary Core Application to standardize application requirement.

Remember, persistence and effective communication are key.

Julie Nguyo
@jnguyo
Wed, 27 Mar 2024

ADFF - East Africa

Most of the documentaries produced in Kenya have been commissioned works from NGOs operating in the country, corporate organisations, and government departments. Some Kenyan film producers have also successfully applied to international film funds with documentary proposals, but these productions are not common. All in all, budgetary considerations are the key factor in Kenya.

Reports

SURVEY

Factors determining annual trend of documentary film production in the country

Most of the documentaries produced in Kenya have been commissioned works from NGOs operating in the country, corporate organisations, and government departments. Some Kenyan film producers have also successfully applied to international film funds with documentary proposals, but these productions are not common. All in all, budgetary considerations are the key factor in Kenya.

Factors determining film length trends in the country, and why

Most commissions for documentary film come with a brief specifying the documentary length and subject matter. Otherwise, budgetary considerations come to the fore and it is generally more expensive to make a longer documentary.

Producers’ funding methods

When crafting and pitching an idea for a documentary, it will usually be at the producers cost. Should the pitch be successful, funds may be available for development, but what usually happens is that a budget covering development, production, and completion is prepared by the producer with an idea of the amount of funding available.

Producers’ documentary film production budget estimation methods

With no official industry guidebook on standard remuneration levels for crew members, producers will rely on their previous production experiences and some production houses will have rate cards which are often negotiable.

Most successful producers and why

The most successful producers in Kenya do a lot of co- production work with crews coming into the country to shoot documentaries in the country. Some other producers find success by building relationships with the bigger NGOs or the UN who have a significant presence in the country.

Local documentary production funding sources

These range from commission funding, which include NGOs, corporate organisations, and government agencies, to privately sourced funds from self, friends, and family. There are also international Film Funds who will, from time to time, call for documentary proposals which receive funding if selected. More recently, there has been a call for documentary proposals from Zuku Life, a pay-TV operator.

Funding eligibility criteria used by local documentary funding sources

To be eligible to pursue such funding, a producer needs to be local in as far as their production is house is fully incorporated in the country. Many commissioning sources will also require previous experience.

Submission requirements used by local documentary production funding sources for funding

Requirements include a synopsis, a detailed treatment and approach, detailed outline, and a preliminary budget.

Ownership issues in documentary film production

These are usually dealt with in the contractual agreement terms and will be subject to the laws of the land.

Documentary film production ownership issues, resolution methods and experiences

The negotiated contract agreement is satisfactory when all ownership issues have been ironed out in the terms. Breach of contractual terms and provisions will be subject to arbitration, judicial process or both.

Revenue allocation issues in documentary film production

When there is revenue generated from a documentary film, how that revenue is allocated will be subject to contract.

Documentary film production revenue allocation issues, resolution methods and experiences

The negotiated contract agreement is satisfactory when all revenue allocation issues have been ironed out in the terms. Breach of contractual terms and provisions will be subject to arbitration, judicial process, or both. However, because the prospect of generating revenue from a documentary is such a remote prospect, funders are usually quite happy to allow producers to benefit from supplementary revenues accruing from DVD sales and box office receipts with permission.

Agreements between fund sources and producers in documentary film production in the country

These will be legally binding and made after a successful pitch and some negotiations.

Deliverables in documentary film production in the country

Delivery requirements often depend on the mode of exhibition, and may be as simple as as DVD copy, but Zuku Life, for instance, has in their commission- ing brief for a documentary series this year specified a delivery format as:

  • HD
  • Digi-Beta or DV CAM 184
  • File delivery via ftp or hard drive as IMX 30 files
  • 16:9 Aspect Ratio
  • Music & Effect (M&E) tracks
Reporting requirements during documentary film production in the country

According to the contractual terms, documentary filmmakers may have to give account of their progress from time to time during the duration of the project.

 

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

Current professional development methods in the country
  • Film workshops provide an invaluable avenue for professional development.
  • Film festivals in the country usually have film workshops in their programme: Lola Kenya Film Festival, Kenya International Film There are other film workshops organised by NGOs in the country including One Fine Day, Global Voices, Synarcade Audio-Visuals, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences global Outreach.
  • The Mohamed Amin foundation also has advanced crash courses for industry
Professional development service providers for the filmmaking community in the country

Mohamed Amin Foundation (MoForce)

Professional development needs in documentary film production in the country

Alumni of MoForce are very sought after for their skill in all aspects of film production. This means that in the industry as a whole, the level of skills has potential for great improvement.

Potential funding partners in the country, Africa, and beyond

There are some corporate organisations in the country with vast resources and significant corporate social responsibility programmes.

Film schools in the country
  • Kenya School of Mass Communications
  • University of Nairobi
  • Catholic University of East Africa
  • Mohamed Amin Foundation (MoForce)
  • Kibera Film School
Documentary film production training programmes in the country

In its seven years in operation MoForce has had over 500 students pass through its doors, but this is not specific training for documentary film production.

Film festivals in the country
  • Lola Kenya Film Festival
  • Kenya International Film Festival
Business management schools in the country
  • University of Nairobi
  • Daystar University
  • Kenya Institute of Management

These have no direct formal involvement with the film industry in the country.

Journalism schools in the country

An estimated 23 institutions are offering standardised media training at various levels. These include:

  • University of Nairobi offers a postgraduate Diploma, a BA and an MA in Journalism which integrate radio and television production, feature and news writing, public relations, photojournalism, communication theory, media law, and
  • Daystar University has a Bachelor’s Degree in Communications and a Certificate and a Diploma in the
  • United States International University offers a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, and a minor in the
  • Tangaza College, a constituent college of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa, has a Diploma course in Communications and Media covering journalism, photography, radio production and
  • Maseno University has a Department of Communications and a Media Technology
  • The Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology ( JKUAT) trains journalists at the degree
At college level
  • Kenya Institute of Mass Communication is perhaps the most specialised public institution offering media The courses covered include film production, radio and television training.
  • All Africa Conference of Churches, which has a communications training centre, offers a Diploma in media production, photography, radio and television production and public
  • East Africa School of Journalism
  • School of Media Studies
  • Blanes College
  • Institute of Communication Studies and Development, Media Network
  • Foundation College
  • Job Institute, Kenya School of Professional Studies
  • School of Media Studies
  • Mohamed Amin Foundation
  • Andrew Crawford Productions

Journalism training is undertaken by various institutions, including at least six universities and several colleges, but the training is expensive, lacking in modern equipment and facilities, and often too general in orientation, not providing the necessary specialist journalism skills.

Nature of involvement of journalism schools in the professional development of documentary filmmakers

There is no direct formal involvement these institutions maintain with the film industry in Kenya.

Technical schools in the country

The above listed universities and several polytechnics such as the Kenya Polytechnic and Mombasa Polytechnic Kenya College of Communications Technology

Nature of involvement of technical schools in the professional development of documentary filmmakers

There is no direct formal involvement these institutions maintain with the film industry in Kenya.

Professional and peer mentorship in the filmmaking community

These usually happen at film workshops that are held over the year. There are also mentorships that do occur during productions.

Categories of relevant tech-related companies in the country and their numbers

In Nairobi there are several computer shops and software companies. Camera shops can also be readily found. There are also several engineering fabrication companies and electronics supplies businesses.

Film sales companies operating in the country

There are no specialised film sales companies in the country. However, there are distribution networks that have been set up by Riverwood producers.

Film distribution companies operating in the country
  • A24 Media, an Internet distribution platform
  • Obablo Media Centre
  • Third Force (Riverwood)-Riverwood distributors are one and the same with their producers so will finance various professional development
Filmmaking community advisory groups in the country
  • Kenya Film Commission
  • Kenya Filmmakers Association
  • Kenya National Film Agency
Nature of involvement of advisory groups in the professional development of documentary filmmakers
  • They mainly organise film
  • Kenya Film commission has developed a website with a film industry directory.
Local advocacy groups operating in the country
  • Climate Change advocacy groups, Road to COP Taskforce
  • Kenya Land Alliance
  • Kenya Human Rights Commission
  • Kenya Association for the Promotion of Adolescent Health
Nature of involvement of advocacy groups in the professional development of documentary filmmakers

Some of these NGOs will commission documentaries.

Documentary and news archives in the country and its volume
  • The Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service (KNADS)
  • Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
  • National Museums of Kenya (NMK)
  • Department of Film Services (DFS)
  • Kenya Film Commission (KFC)
  • Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) Educational Media Service (EMS)
  • The Permanent Presidential Music Commission (PPMC)
  • Private Institutions, Local broadcasters
Method of archive access and use by documentary filmmakers

Filmmakers can make formal applications to these archives for access.

 

DISTRIBUTION AND AUDIENCE BUILDING

Existing forms of documentary film distribution in the country
  • TV
  • DVD
  • Theatrical
  • Internet
Distribution options taken by local documentary filmmakers
  • Many filmmakers use the DVD form of distribution.
  • Some NGOs will buy airtime on local broadcast networks to show their
Educational film distributors operating in the country

Educational Media Services

Non-profit film distributors operating in the country

Not yet determined.

Benefits local documentary filmmakers get from educational and non-profit

Should a documentary filmmaker’s work secure distribution, they can build a reputation and it will be easier to get more commissioned work.

Laws and regulations governing the distribution of documentary films in the country

Film industry issues are considered under various legislations including: The Film and Stage Plays Act, Cap. 222 of 1968, The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation Act of 1988, The Kenya Film Commission Order of 2005 and the Kenya Information and Communications Act of 1998, the Copyright Act, 2001.

Laws and regulations governing audience-building for documentary films in the country

It depends on the audience building strategy chosen.

If the media is used, then the laws touching on the media, including: The Defamation Act, Cap 36; The Copyright Act, Cap 130; The Films and Stage Plays Act, Cap 222 (1962); The Kenya Broadcasting Act, Cap 221 of 1998; The Media Act, 2007.

Experiences of documentary filmmakers with legal framework

Experiences have been largely negative because of the filming licenses and permissions that need to be obtained, and the lack of adequate copyright enforcement.

Audience-cultivation strategies used in the country
  • Printed media as promotional coverage in newspapers is a common way of raising awareness for a new film If the film is showing on TV it might be promoted beforehand by trailer.
  • Word of mouth and social media are also
Originators and executors of audience-building strategies for local documentary films in the country

Filmmakers, Broadcasters

Revenue generation strategies for local documentary films in each distribution channel in the country

DVD sales

Social movements in the country and nature of engagement with local documentary filmmakers

  • Mungiki
  • Mombasa Republican Council
  • Green Belt Movement
African civil society groups in the country
  • Kenya Land Alliance
  • Green Belt Movement

These NGOs have commissioned documentaries raising awareness for their work.

Potential ADFF partners and other activist groups in the country

These include civil society groups involved with media freedom, such as the African Media Initiative.

Issues concerning distribution rights in each distribution channel and their resolution; Securing and administration of distribution rights in the country

Distribution rights are negotiated and agreed upon by the copyright holders, upon which distribution agreements can be entered.

Prevalence of copyright piracy of film in general and documentary works in particular in the country

Piracy is rampant in Kenya and is often blamed for the problems and stagnation of the film industry. Africa’s cinema industry as a whole is said to be struggling because of illegal movie pirating and the rising popularity of home entertainment.

To create a bootleg one used to have to wait for the movie screening at cinemas, sneak a camcorder into the theatre hall and record the whole movie. The recorded movie would then be mass produced and sold through various outlets in the city and residential areas.

Though they were inferior in quality, movie makers made a killing as newly released movie titles would usually take a while before reaching the Kenyan movie market.

The infamous camera copies have now been replaced with clear movie downloads that are readily available on numerous websites. Cyber café operators are constantly monitoring movie websites for the latest

releases which are being shared online. Increased broadband internet connection has also led to faster download speeds making it possible to preview, rate and download entire movies all in a matter of a few hours.

Measures in place to deal with copyright piracy in the country and their effectiveness

The Copyright Board of Kenya has been conducting raids on stalls and exhibitions that sell pirated movies around cities but have so far not been successful in shutting down operations. The Copyright Board of Kenya requires an authentication device to be placed on all audiovisual material meant for sale.

Internet penetration in the country
  • Population - 41,070,934 ( July 2011 )
  • Internet country code - .ke
  • Internet hosts - 47,676 (2010)
  • Internet users - 996 million (2009)
Potential subscribers for an online local documentary library and/or Internet channel

The current number of Kenyans in the Diaspora is estimated at 3 million and Internet users in the country number about 4 million. So, if we assume a 5% subscription rate on a 7 million population we come up with a potential subscriber base of 350,000.

Internet usage by local documentary filmmakers

Local documentary filmmakers are using the Internet to post their work for promotional purposes.

Political sensitivities

Ethnicity is quite a sensitive topic in Kenya especially since the violence occasioned in the country after the 2007 general elections.

 

COMMUNICATION

Modes of communication between local documentary filmmakers and funding sources

This can be done by telecommunication or by face-to- face communications. Written communiqués are also made through e-mail communications.

Channels of communications that allow private exchange of information in the country

Both fixed and mobile communications are possible as is IP telephony via applications such as Skype, but the most secure private communications are by face-to-face exchanges in private premises.

Information sources used by local documentary filmmakers

Members of the filmmaking community in Kenya rely on their industry network to find the information they need.

Kinds of information that local documentary filmmakers would benefit from being in a directory or guidebook

All aspects of the film industry would be very usefully put in such a guide-book. Information on funding, job and training opportunities would be particularly well received.